Ammonia-based carbon dioxide capture technology: Issues and solutions

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470 www.e...

321KB Sizes 0 Downloads 71 Views

Report

PDF Reader
Full Text

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

!

" !# # $ %&' (

& & )&*'&+, ' +- *' .&/ , '0 '0% '

' #1 2 ' %% # ' ' % %2 2 ' !# /3 %& ' 2' &' '&# ' %,& # & ' 2 !# /3%& 2 & & % # ' & %' 4& %' + & # # % % ' # % & &2& ' %% # 2 ' ' " % ' ' # ' ' 2& 2 # % ' /3 2 / 4&+' % 4& 5& ' &# 2 &# # + ' # # & # % ' & 2 3' + 4& # # 4& & ' # & + /3 % ' % & 267 & ' 28 784& + /3 %

2 &# % ' 2 ' /3 %& ' ' & 9 % 2 # % # & 26:/37 ' 6:/375% /367 ' ; ' # # & ' & #

< 67 % ' 2& ' %& /3 - %& ' # % ' ' %& %2# 2

# #/3%&%2 67 '# #

c= - " ' ⃝ 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

(+' &+//>+ +% ! #& # $ %&+/3+' + &# + &# # +' % + %+# #+ #+ %%+ &##

/ % &' (?!@7!A:7!ABB02$(?!@7!AA!A77; !(4<'&C

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.012

1460

Q. Zhuang et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470 "# $ %&&'(&&)&&&*&&&

D ' # % & ' ' % ' & 1 2 2 ' # EF D + $ ' # & ' ' 24& + 22 ' &' &' ' 2 2 + % EF

' +'G / %'"'# # & ' ' % 2 & /3 E7FD 9 '2 2& #& ' & 2/3 D'% $ ''#2 & % ! #& /3%&2 2 2&% %E:F D & & + /3 %& % 2 # ' %' # % % " /3%&' 2'% 2 ' % !# ' ' & & & '4& % 2# # ' '/3 % # #

& 0 %% ' ' ' /3! & 2 ' %&/3"' &'' ' '#&2&%% % %&/3 & %& 2 + % & 2 %+ ' %& 2 + & !2 #

2& /3 %&+ %% ! !2 > '# ' $% # " # # >3+ 63$+ % & $ %% /3 %&' !2 #

+>3 63$ '2&&# & # %%E;F+ 22 & $% &H&' + &## &% '' ' D ' ' 2 &## + !# /3%&' '# % % -# #' /3# % ''# & '%E@FD % ' /3# % ' + !# /3 % ' &' ' ' % &+ >3+ 63$ $ 3 + ' & # & '2 2 ' ' % " #'%' " >%& &% ! EB+IF +' 2&% # ' & '%2 2' ' 4& % '# &' '' & 9 ' #1 2' %% % '' 2' &' # /6,J' & ' '67!3!/3& & % ' 2

# & + $ & /3 % % & 4& 67 + 67 %+ % # # '+ & # # & 2 + 4& '& 2'% ' %%

/3%&# 4& # #2 2 & & % '# %% 2 K&+ # % # # % #+ %% % '% " /32 '# #2 '# ' '# % 4& & '# #2 ' %D&' &&2 +/32 ' # # ' 4& # #+' '# ' /3 '/3! '# # 4& ' % 2' % "!#

'# 2' #'&%' /3! '# # ' % <% 2' % '# # /3 "&+'% & /3 2 &% D ''&% 2 % & /3+ /3 ' 2 4& # # # $ ' #2 ' % &6 +'# # #9 ' % 2'# # # #/3D% 2 & '$'2'2 ' # # ' ' # # ' # % ' # ' %' % % 4& +% % 2' D ' '2#' 4& %'+%9 ' & 2 # ''# # ' EAF "4& & ' # # # 2 # ! /3 %& D ' ' # % % + & # # "./ & # "/ 2 &% /3 # % "% % 2 '2 !# /3%&2 % 2& ' !" "% % #" +2&#' %&#L/ L/EBF"' % 2 # ''# # ' #' % & %

1461

Q. Zhuang et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470

"# $ %&&'(&&)&&&*&&&

7

+) ,-

.

*

#

+! !

! ! ) !

"

)/

$

( !

)! &'

#

$

*

% -

!" # H 2' !# /3%&%

$%" ' %2 2 ' !# /3 %& % & & & ( ' # & %&+%& & % # ' 4& %', 4& # & & H>M 2EF ' ' 'H>M #& +' ' % # ' ' ' '% & < # ( 6 : /3 74 /3 3 6 : /3 74 6 7 3 6 :

/3 3 /3 7

/3 7

4

4

3

4

4

4

/3 7

3

3 4

7

4

:

;

4

4

' %N% O && +' ' #' D2 % % %& +% & '' # #' 9 2& "# % !# 2 # # ' ' #% %EF > % 2 ' % ' # % ' EF P& # # 22 ' #$' & 22 ' # & & "' % $% +'# && 2' # & % ' # 2 '# & ' # ' "&# 2 2 &2&' %

( "# # Q4& 678 # # 4& "# #/3' Q/38 # # 4& /3 % Q' 22 /3' # ' /367 # # 4& Q 0 # $% ' + 67/3 , '# #Q'# #2/3# % -# #Q'# #2 /2&Q2&2/3'## # 2 "/Q &# +6:/37

1462

Q. Zhuang et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470

:

"# $ %&&'(&&)&&&*&&&

"./Q &# # +6:/37

&' +,,(-.

5& 8

5& %&

8

R' 2& ' 4& & & + /3 # # # ' & 2 & # # # ' + $ 4& & & & ' $ & &# ' . ' %

+ &# # &# % % & 2' & D'/3!67!3+ /3+67 3$ '%' ' & #'% 2 2' 90""13" 0$"13" 0$13" *0$"13" 0""13" 40""13" *0$"13" %0$"13" $0""13" 0""13" 0$"13" 0$"13" "0""12"" "0""12"" 0"" 0" 0%" 04" 0." 0"" ( ) 5& 6 . 7 !" %'%&&67/3 # # & I7G+E67FQB8

H &' '& 2/3# % B84& &67 & I7G %'D' &&2 +' H % ' ' % 2' # #'2&%'/3 '# # # # 4& ' ' H % '# 2'# #'2&%'/3 ' '2 '# #$ '# #"'67/3 H +'%'/3 67 4& # & '' & '/3 !2 2& % # &7 8E7F+ ' '& 67/3 2# &7& '& H K +' 67% & ' ' % '2& & H !" &+ # 2 ' ' ' # # ' 2 ' % /3 67

% ' & "./ ' &# 2 &# # 2 K ' +"./ 2 67/3 2# &B; # R'/3 2&'# # ' # # 4& + "./ & % % & 2 ' # # & D2 ' # % % %& G' '+' &# 2"./ ' # % % 67/3 2# &@' !" $D' 4& ' ' ' "./% % + '67% &' &#/ 4&+' ! 22#"./ 2 67% & %

Q. Zhuang et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470

5&%&

0*$13" 8

0$"13" 0$13" 0""13" *0$"13" $0""13" 0$"13" "0""12"" 0" )

"# $ %&&'(&&)&&&*&&& 0*$13"

;

0$"13"

5& 8

1463

0$13" 0""13" *0$"13" $0""13" 0$"13"

"0""12"" 0 "

0$"

0*"

09"

5& 6 . 7

0" (

!" $%'%&&67/3 # # & A7G+E67FQB8

5& 8

5&%&

8

' ' 2 22 %9 &' ' ' ' ' D2 % % + & #' %9 ''$'2 ' % 2 & 3 2 & 67 ' # # & & ' E:F !" & ' ' & 2 67 D # ' 67 2:;8+"./ 2 ''67/3 '# # & '7K ' +'/3 % 2'# #

#% " %9 && ' % & #& ''"./% % & #' #' !2 # # 4& # 4& &9"% %9 # % /6,J H '# & #'2# % ' 4& &67% & ' 2&" + '% #/3 % +'67 & & #

"./ 2 &

# '2 +'"./& ' '# #' #% ' 0""13" 40$13" 04"13" $0""13" 0*$13" 0"13" .0""13" 0$"13" 0$13" %0""13" "0""12"" "0""12"" 0"" 0" 0%" 04" 0." 0"" 0" 0%" ( ) 5& 6 . 7 !" & %'%&&67/3 # # & I7G+E67FQ:;8

1464 @

Q. Zhuang et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470 "# $ %&&'(&&)&&&*&&&

+,(,--$

' !# /3%&% & & % "2/3 # # '# #+ ' /3 # # 4& 2 ' + ' /3 ' ' # # '#9 '# # '' & ' ' +7 : '%&/3' 2 % 4& , ' % ''4& % ##

'# 2' !" (' ' & ' & # %& '2' 2'2 &' ' & ' '# 2' + ''# # 4& ' &%##

' # #' 2 #9 '# # ' '' '2 & ' ' % 2' + ' '# # 4& ' '/3$ D'& +G%& 222 '# ' % & D2+'%&% 2 2' 4& %' ' # 22 ' & ' & %% $ ' 2 ' & 0"" "0." 5& & "04" "0%" "0" "0"" "0%" "0%$ "0$" "0$$ "04" "04$ "0*" 65& . 7 !" ( # , & # %&+ "./ Q;A8

D # 2 !" ( ' ' /3 %& 2 ' # ' % 2 ' ' 67 % &' ' %% " & '/3&'''% # ' ' ' 4& %'R'/3 2 ' 4& + 67'%'"' !" () '/3' % 2' '67% &

' '+ '' 2'/3 D'# # 4& '# +2' +'/367 +' ' '# # D2'# # 2&' /3+'# # & '

' '67% & ' 2 #9 ' % 2'# #& 67 % ' 2& , & %&'#% % &67% &%& /3EB+F D &+ % && % & ' ' %& ' ' ' ' &'%& # < + & ' ' 22 + 4& % 2

% " ' !" *) 2 &+' %& #' ' +' 67% & '/3 # .&' /3 # % 4& &%

Q. Zhuang et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470

"# $ %&&'(&&)&&&*&&&

1465 B

+ ' '%& /3 % " '%

'' < 2' #&' 2 % & %& "0" 40" 5& & 0" .0" %0" "0" "0%$ "0$$ "04$ "0*$ 65& . 7 !" * , & + "./ Q;A8 K # %&+' & 2/3 2 ' '# # '67% & 22%& ' !" +D#'2 ;8/3'%&' & ## &7::G '67 & # %%"' '%&+' &' /3 & # +'67% & & 4& 9 '&+' '# #' & # % 4& & '1 % # 2 % '& 2 % &

'%' ' % & % '/3 '2&'# # #9 '# #+

' & 5% & ";8/3+ 2'/3 67 '2 2 &# '# # 4& ' % & % % ' # &';8/3

2 22 67% & '/3/ 4&+'&/3# % #"/ "./ ' 9 # # & 6:?+/37! /37!% "' !" ,+ ;8/3 '67 %% $ %%+' ' '2 2' %& # %& ' ' &%

2 ' '%& # %& 5& ' '%&+' %&

' 2 7:G!7;G

"" )#:

"""" 5&

."

."""

4"

4"""

%"

%"""

"

"""

"

5&

" ""

"

%"

4"

."

)/ + 7

!" +"# # # %&+E"./FQ:I8

1466

Q. Zhuang et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470

I

"# $ %&&'(&&)&&&*&&&

$%

$%

!"#

!" ,"# # +E"./FQ:I8

29

)#

'(!(*"&+

! " !# $ $ ! " " ! % &' (% " !'! $$ " $ ) $ *+' # !$ ,$ ! $" !- './ # "

# # ! 0 !" 1 2'#3 " " 0! ! 0 " " ! 4 $ ! 0 % 5! 1!

! #! #!# ! " $(' (' 0 " !- ' # # 4 *' 6 #7 ./ 8 65 ! #! " " # $!

4 # " " 0 ! 65 " " ! "

$%&'(!()#

96" " 0! ! 0 % " " !

Q. Zhuang et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470

!"

1467 2

$%%/ ")# &, '(!(*-"

4 $ " " 65 # " " ! ! 0 6

65 #!1 #!# ! 0 $(' ('65 # ! $ " " ! $- ' +-'

3 $ !!# $%)# &,'(!(*-"-. 96# ! $65 $ " " ! 0!" "

#$#$% & '()& 1 #" 0! ! ," #"! ! $ !#!" ! .:*/# ! $! # $ !0 !" 0 ! !" 0!0 ! !! 0

4" ! " # ! $ ! ! " -( #.-/4 0 ! ; ## " # - #1 , #"! !! # !; ""

1

# ! $ #! 62< # ! $- ' !" " -( # = # $ $ # ! $ #6 $ 0 4 # $" "#! ! # " -(# " 0 ! ># ! $ ! # #3,! ! # $ $ ! 0 # " # ! # 0$ # ", ! $ " $ "3 # 4 " $ $ $ % ! 0 "!.:/ 1 # ! " " # 0 # ! !" ! # 4" $ ! #! #"# 0 .&/

1468

Q. Zhuang et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470

(

!"

$%23

96" " $ !

04 1!0,

? #" !

$%23

01!0,

#$*$+ 0 !! $ ! !## $! $ $$ #!.:/4 #! 0 ! 6 ! " 0 " " ! $ 65 6 @ " (- ! "0 "! $0 ! " # ! , ! " ! $ A ! ! ## ## !#" ! 6## !#" # ; 0 ## 4 ! , ! # ! " ! # ! ! ## " ! ! " " !

#3 ! " " ! " ! ! ##

! $ 6$ ! 65 "! ! " " ! ! " ! @! ,!$ 6 "3 " " !## #3,!#!" !! " $## ## ! ! ## # " ! " #!#" " ! $ #3,!" !## 0 # " # 4 # # ## ," ! ! ! ## ! ! 3 " " ! ! !## 4 0 "" " ! $ ' ! "! ! 0

Q. Zhuang et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470

!"

1469

!

" ##" " "

0 !! $ ! !## 0!

#$,$

$ 65 # #!#

$ # # ! 4 ! !# $## ," !

$$ 0

# " $ !# ! " -(B8" !# ! ,$ " " + B8# ! 0 +&CD$ 4$$ !#!"

"$ " "

! -2 B8 !# 0 #

! $ !#" #

# ! 8 #

" ## ! 0

$$ $" !-CD

%

! "

! #$

!

! #$

! &'( )

*+

% %

% ,&

!

! ,

% -./0

!

9 # " $ ## !

1470

Q. Zhuang et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1459–1470

! "

#

"

$

$

% &'( ) &" "

$ &'( "

$

$ $

&'(

&'(

*

$ !+

&'( $ , $ - (, $ - $ $

$

$

!

*

$

./0

.0

1 $ 23*

$ % 4 2 % 5 ! $ 6

6 1

.0

.0

*4 ,, *4 ! 5 $$$

7 ! + 8 (9, * :, ) ,,/ ;;/

.(0 < 4 =>>> ?> >/(,

.90 *2! @,,9A B4

) C

.D0

E E

! (F @;/A ::; :D:

.;0 G 7 5 <4 5 <' H 4 " # $ # /;@9DA ,,D

D((D9;

.F0 <I J 4 ! % 2 5 5

K

,,: 9:9;

./0

%E 5

7E K

@,,:A ,F,(9

.:0

< 2G < E

! L

% %$ #% ; @,,(A ;(

.,0 =>>$$$ >

.0 M N 4 5

+

.0 K 8 < H H

2 )

&'()* + ) / @,,/A /

.(0

) 7L @2A

B J 4$ ) C 2 * H :/

.90 K

& K

+ , ,

=>>$$$ >>J2> ? $ >& ?K

.D0 "#( 4$ = 2 ! ) 7 ,,(

.;0 < K 2 5 % < ! < -., # / " L

L ) / @,,/A

.F0

4 24

0% %(% /( @:,(A ;/

./0 ' % %1% $ ) ) 2 6 & $ ) H

) ! J ,,F

Ammonia-based carbon dioxide capture technology: Issues and solutions

Ammonia-based carbon dioxide capture technology: Issues and solutions

Recommend Documents