An analysis of Guatemalan wind potential

Solar&WmdTechnolo#yVol 4, No 3, pp 331 336,1987

0741 983X/87 $ 3 0 0 + 0 0 Pergamon Journals Ltd

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A N A N A L Y S I S OF G U A T E M A L A N

WIND POTENTIAL

MARIO E. RIVERA G . Solar and Wind Energy Sechon, Mlmstry of Energy and Mines Dmgonal 17, 2%78 zona 1I, Guatemala City, Guatemala

(Recewed 3 August 1986, accepted 25 Auyust 1986) Abstract--This paper contains an analysis of Guatemalan wind potential based on hourly measurements of wind velocity made by the National Institute of Meteorology (INSIVUMEH), using anemometers at a helght of 10 m, m seven different places Due to the complex terrain of the country the results must be considered as representative only of the parttcular place m whtch the measurements were made I. INTRODUCTION In 1984, the General Direction of New and Renewable Energy Sources, began research work in order to evaluate the wind potential of Guatemala; in that year, a preliminary qualitative analysis was made using mainly daytime average values of wind speed Then, in 1985, the National Group of Solar and Wind Energy decided to continue these activities Initially, a survey was carried out m order to identify the sources of data available, then we looked for the appropriate methodology (see Refs [2, 3]), in this, the National Group was helped by different international organizations, such as OLADE (Organlzaoon Latinoamencana de Energm) and especially by OAS (Organization of American States). The OAS gave special support by the adwce (see Refs [4-6]) and help of Dr Humberto Rodrlguez The restitutions that form the National Group of Solar and Wind energy are

2 2. To organize and present in one paper the wind potential data of Guatemala 3. METHODOLOGY

3 1. Avadable data The Guatemalan station's network IS shown in Fig 1, the stations can be classified as. 3.1 1 T y p e " A " Stations Puerto Barrios (1), Santa Elena (2), Huehuetenango (3), San Jose (5) and Guatemala (6), this kind of station made 24 measurements per day. 3 1.2. Type "B" Stations. Retalhuleu (4) and Poptun (7), this kind of station made 12 measurements per day, from 0600 to 1800 h The records series used m this paper are variable and Table 1 shows that at least 5 years of continuous measurements were used.

The General Direction of New and Renewable Energy Sources (Ministry of Energy and Mines), The Meteorology, Seismology, Volcanology and Hydrology National Institute (INSIVUMEH), The National Institute of Electricity (INDE), The Englneenng Research Center, University of San Carlos de Guatemala (CII), The Central America Research Institute for Industry (ICAITI)

3 2. Wind velocity frequency dtstrtbutzon Using the original data, six different frequency distributions were computed for every month, five according to the following periods of the day. 01000800 h, 0900-1200 h, 1300-1600 h, 1700 2000 h and 2100-2400 h [7], and one for all the data of each particular month All these frequency distributions were considered intermediate results and were presented in another paper [8]

2. OBJECTIVES

3 3 Wetbul's dtstrtbutton parameters For every frequency dlstrlbution, the parameters, c (scale parameter) and k (shape parameter) were computed using the maximum likelihood method [9] These parameters were considered to be intermediate results and were presented in another paper [8]

2 1 To compute for every place under study, the monthly averages of the following parameters. 2 1.1 Wind velocity m s 2 1.2 Power density W m:

331

332

MARIO E. RIVERAG

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~....

:',,

-,..--

•R~lhuxpi

, L w N._~i~l_...r.-. }'-..'..-'~ . %./ • " ' ~

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~./"

/

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Type B Stolionll

Fig 1

3 4. Mean veloctty and mean density power

4. RESULTS

K n o w i n g the Welbul's distribution parameters, the m e a n veloctty a n d the density power were c o m p u t e d using the typical equations available m the references used [2-5] Stlrhng's asymptotac formula was used to estimate the values of the g a m m a function [10]

4.1 Monthly averayes Table 2 shows the m e a n velocity a n d power density m o n t h l y average for all the stations, it also shows the absolute calms observed during that particular

Table 1 National network of stations No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Station Puerto Barrios, Izabal Santa Elena, Peten Huehuetenango, Huehuetenango Retalhuleu, Retalhuleu San Jose, Escumtla Guatemala, Guatemala Poptun, El Peten

LaUtude (degrees)

Longitude (degrees)

Hetght (meters)

Record's length

Measurements (hourly basis)

Equipment used

15 73

88 60

0001

1973 1984

78,209

16 92

89 89

0115

1980-1984

40,288

15 32

91 47

1902

1980-1984

39,795

14 53

91 68

0239

1980-1984

23,087

13 94

90 84

0006

1980-1984

42,875

14 59

90 53

1502

1973 1984

69,804

16 33

89 42

0475

1980-1984

23,612

Anemometer Dine's type Anemometer Dme's type Anemometer Dme's type Anemometer Dme's type Anemometer Dme's type Anemometer Dme's type Anemometer Dme's type

Stalaon

Puerto Bamos, Izabal

Santa Elena, Peten

Huehuetenango, Huehuetenango

Retalhuleu, Retalhuleu

San Jose, Escumtla

Guatemala, Guatemala

Poptun, Peten

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Calms

P/A [W m-~l

V[m s -Z] RHO [m s - q

P/a lw m-'l Calms

V i r e s -l] RHO [m s-l]

Calms

V[ms -~] RHO [In s-l] P/a [w m 2]

P/A [W m -2] Calms

RHO [In s-l]

V [ m s -l]

P/A [W m -z] Ca/ms

V[ms -l] RHO [m s-q

V [ms -l] RHO [In s-l] P/A [W m -z] Calms

Calms

P/A [W m-:]

V [m s -l] RHO [m s - 1 ]

Variable

4.7 1.2 63.8 47.0%

74 2.0 242.2 10.0%

5.4 1.3 95.2 57 2%

47 12 62.7 38 7%

5.7 1.6 109.2 67.4%

3.5 0.9 26.7 67.7%

5.8 1.9 115.9 36.5%

Jan

52 1.6 83 5 49.6%

7.3 2.0 232 7 10.0%

58 1.6 120.0 53.5%

5.1 1.5 81.9 36 3%

58 1.5 116.3 64.2%

4.1 1.2 40.4 59.0%

6.1 2.0 134.9 35.2%

Feb

54 1.4 94.3 33.8%

6.8 1.9 186 6 14.2%

6.0 1.6 132 7 50.6%

4.7 1.3 63 9 36.7%

6.7 1.9 181.6 64.8%

4.1 1.2 40.6 45.6%

6.2 2.1 140.7 34.8%

Mar

5.1 13 79.4 32.4%

6.1 16 136.7 16.4%

5.9 1.5 121.9 50 9%

4.1 1.0 40.3 42 0%

62 1.8 145.4 69 0%

4.1 1.1 41.3 38.0%

5.9 1.8 125 3 34.3%

Apr

5.2 15 85.1 36 3%

5.4 1.4 92.2 21 0%

5.4 1.4 92 4 47.2%

4.2 1.I 45 1 51.0%

5.4 1.5 93 5 75.9%

4.0 1.1 39.7 48 1%

5.3 15 88.0 38.5%

May

4.5 1.1 53.4 55.1%

5.2 1.3 84.4 21.8%

50 1.3 76.8 47 4%

3.9 1.0 35 8 56.6%

5.9 1.6 124.9 73.1%

3.9 11 36.2 63 8%

Jul

4.6 I 1 57.9 48 0%

5.9 15 120.4 11 0%

5.1 1.4 80.2 47 4%

4.4 1.3 52.3 56.5%

6.2 1.6 140.8 58.3%

4.0 1.2 39 5 68.6%

5.4 1.5 96.5 34.9%

Month

5.4 1.6 96.8 34.7%

Jun

Table 2 Guatemalan wind potential, main results (monthly average)

46 1.1 59.2 57 3%o

5.8 1.4 115 6 12.3%

5.2 13 82.4 47.9%

4.2 1.1 44.2 50.8%

6.0 1.6 128 8 62.0%

3.7 1.0 30.9 71.4%

5.2 1.4 84.3 35.2%

Aug

4.5 1.0 54.2 58.6%

5.1 13 78.7 20.0%

54 1.5 93.7 48 6%

4.5 1.2 55.9 50.4%

50 1.3 76.5 70.4%

37 1.0 29.5 68 7%

5.4 1.9 92.8 36.8%

Sep

4.4 1.2 52.5 54.4%

5.9 1.5 125.8 9 3%

5.1 1.3 77.5 51.4%

4.3 I. 1 47 4 50.7%

51 1.3 80.1 73.9%

3.4 0.9 23 9 68.0%

55 1.7 98.5 36.9%

Oct

4.5 11 52.9 47.3%

7.0 1.8 204 5 7.4%

4.8 12 68.4 59.2%

4.1 0.9 40 7 49.5%

5.1 13 78.9 76.5%

3.5 0.8 25.2 67 5%

5.6 1.8 107 0 37.2%

Nov

4.9 1.4 69.1 46.1%

7.6 2.1 262.6 7.7%

5.1 13 80.5 59.4%

4.2 1.0 45.8 41.0%

5.8 1.6 116.5 69.7%

3.7 1.0 31.1 70.0%

5.6 !.9 106.9 39.0%

Dec

R

O

e~

R

>

No

62 2.2 141.7 56.6% 5.5 2.0 102.0 44 9% 5.8 1.7 116.4 7 1% 56 1.8 107.0 24 5% 56 1.5 103 7 39 1% 62 1.6 142.4 13 8% 44 1.3 51.0 89.2%

V [m s - q R H O [m s 1] P/A [W m -z] Calms

V [m s -l] R H O [m s -1] P/A [W m 2] Calms

V [ m s -l] R H O [m s -1] P/A [W m-2] Calms

V [ m s -l] R H O [m s -l] P/A [W m-2] Calms

V [m s - q R H O [m s -1] P/A [W m-2] Calms

V [m s -t] R H O [m s -1] P/A [W m -2] Calms

V [m s -1] R H O [m s -I] P/A [W m -2] Calms

09-12 h

13-16h

17-20 h

21-24 h

2154 h

San Jose 01-08 h

Huehuetenango 17-20 h

6 1 2.4 137.2 65.6%

V [m s -l] R H O [m s -I] P/A [W m -2] Calms

Puerto B a m o s 01-08 h

Jan

Variable

Station and day period

5.0 19 75 0 87.1%

6.4 14 154.2 12.5%

55 1.4 102.0 35.9%

5.6 1.6 108.0 19.7%

6 1 1.7 134.1 6.4%

59 2.3 124.2 41.8%

6.5 2.5 163.7 52 I %

67 2.8 184.4 67.5%

Feb

44 1.2 51.8 85.1%

7.2 1.7 225.4 14 3%

6.6 2.0 176.3 40.0%

62 19 140 7 93.4%

6.7 20 179.9 2.4%

53 2.0 91.6 41.0%

59 2.4 123.6 59.9%

56 2 1 104.1 72.4%

Mar

44 13 51.4 80.0%

7.2 2.0 219.6 56 4%

6.0 1.8 130 4 65 3%

6.2 1.7 142 6 84 0%

6.5 1.6 162.7 2 6%

5 1 1.6 80.6 39.5%

48 17 66.6 59.3%

4.9 1.9 70.7 68.8%

Apr

49 1.3 68.8 71 8%

5.8 1.5 119.1 39 i %

5.1 14 78 3 58.0%

5.5 1.5 98 0 15.0%

57 13 109.5 3.7%

4.4 1.2 49.7 44.8%

4.7 1.7 61.1 64.2%

4.5 1.6 56 2 72.9%

May

4.9 1.4 70.9 70 5%

63 1.6 150 7 44.5%

60 16 132.5 46.4%

59 16 122.6 15 0%

5.8 1.5 119 2 5 6%

4.3 11 49.0 42 4%

47 14 63.4 62.1%

Jul

52 15 85 2 70.3%

64 1.5 161.0 20.8%

6.5 16 163.4 19 3%

60 16 131.4 14.1%

57 1.4 113 4 5 4%

42 1.0 43 3 43.1%

4.5 13 55 9 69 7%

49 1.5 71.3 64.2%

Month

50 16 73.4 61.1%

Jun

5.4 1.7 95 3 72 9%

63 16 150 4 22.3%

6.3 1.6 147.4 22 4%

5.6 1.5 105 2 16 9%

54 1.2 92.8 3.9%

4.2 1.0 43.2 43.0%

4.9 14 69 9 59 9%

5.1 1.7 78 7 64.6%

Aug

Table 3 Guatemalan wind potentml, monthly average values (according to day period)

53 18 89 4 74.0%

5 1 12 86.1 40.5%

5.5 14 101 6 33 0%

49 1.4 72.7 26.7%

5.6 1.8 102.7 5 4%

52 20 84 3 41.2%

5.5 2.1 98.5 54.2%

5.6 2.1 107.6 65 1%

Sep

5.1 1.5 79.6 75 5%

52 13 86 1 37.9%

5.3 1.3 88.7 42.0%

5 1 16 81.9 29 9%

54 15 94.1 7.5%

5.5 18 102 5 37.2%

4.8 0.7 66 9 53.6%

6.0 2.1 128.1 65.2%

Oct

4.0 1.1 37.8 87 7%

5.3 1.3 88.5 32 0%

5.2 14 82.0 49.1%

5.1 1.6 81.6 36.0%

55 15 99 0 9.8%

5.5 18 100.6 39.2%

69 2.8 196 8 47.8%

5.9 2.2 124.9 59.2%

Nov

4.3 1.3 47.2 90 2%

59 1.5 126.2 19.1%

6.0 1.7 130.8 34.4%

5 1 1.5 78.5 30.6%

5.6 16 104 4 10 0%

5.5 2.0 98.2 42.4%

6.7 2.8 184.4 55 4%

58 2.2 116.8 62.9%

Dec

©

An analys~s o f G u a t e m a l a n wind potentml

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335

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336

MARIO E RIVERAG

month For the type " B " stations the values were computed using twelve measurements per day, from 0600 to 1800 h

are

4 2. Monthly values, accordm 9 to day p e r w d Table 3, shows the mean velocity and power density for each period of the day.

6 4 The highest values were observed in Guatemala City This suggests that the maintenance programs must be revised m order to check that appropriate maintenance is given to all the other stations

5. DISCUSSION

6 5. In order to find optimum places, measurements in the surroundings of these stations must be made.

5 I Wind veloctty a n d p o w e r density Two types of these results were computed

5 1.1 Monthly averages these results do not depend on the day period and are typical values for every month. In Retalhuleu and Poptun these values are valid only for 0600-1800 h. In Huehuetenango the periods of special Interest (V > 3 m s ~) are from 1700-2400 h The other perlods have very low average values 5 1 2. Monthly averages for different periods of the day: These are the most important results shown in this paper and by an adequate analysis they could allow the selection of places for further analysis In all places, the periods with highest values are from 1700-2400 h.

6. CONCLUSIONS 6.1. According to the data analyzed, the best places are. Puerto Barrios Huehuetenango San Jose Guatemala. 6.2 According to the data analyzed the best periods are : 1700-2000 h 2100-2400 h 6.3 According to the data analyzed the worst places

Santa Elena Poptun

6.6 The results of Retalhuleu are different from that of San Jose, although these stations are m the same geographical region. These differences could be attributed to the fact that in Retalhuleu the best periods were not measured Acknowledgements--The author is specially grateful to 1NSIVUMEH for allowing the use of the original data and Arq Olga de Herman and Armando Yaeggy for their help m recording the original data REFERENCES

1 Evaluaclon Prehmlnar del Potenclal Energetlco Solar y Eohco de la Repubhca de Guatemala Mmlsteno de Energla y Minas, Guatemala (1984) 2 Atlas Prehmmar de Amerwa Latma y el Carzbe Organl zaclon Latlnoamerlcana de Energla (OLADE) (1983) 3 Manual de Meteoroloqta Eohca Orgamzaclon Latlnoamericana de Energla (OLADE) (1983) 4 Raymond K W Wong, Welbul d~strlbUtlOn, lteratwe likelihood techmques and hydrometeorologlcal data J appl Meteorol 16(December 1977) 5 C G Justus, W R Hargraves, Amlr Mlkhal and Denise Graber, Methods for estimating wind frequency distributions J appl Meteorol 17(3)(1978) 6 Humberto Rodnguez, Perspectlvas de Utlhzaclon de la Energla Solar en la Zona Oriental de Guatemala (Febrero 1985) 7 Ststema de Probabthdades Eoheas Mlmsterlo de Energla y Minas DPEM-071-85 (Mayo 1985) 8 Evaluacwn del Potenclal Eohco de Guatemala, lnforme Final Mlnlsteno de Energla y Minas (Abrll 1986) 9 Mano E Rivera G , Wetbul Dtstrtbutton Parameters Calculated wah HP-41CV (Programmable Pocket Calculator) Ministry of Energy and Mines, Guatemala (August 1985) 10 Murray R Spegel, Manual de Formulas y Tablas Matematlcas McGraw-Hall, New York (1970)