- Email: [email protected]
An Analysis of Indoor Air Temperature and Relative Humidity in Office Room with Various External Shading Devices in Malaysia
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH*UHHQ$UFKLWHFWXUHIRU6XVWDLQDEOH/LYLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQW *$6/( 1RYHPEHU
$QDQDO\VLVRILQGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\LQRIILFHURRPZLWK YDULRXVH[WHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVLQ0DOD\VLD 1RU$]DK$ULILQD=XUDLQL'HQDQE b
a Master Student, Department of Architecture, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Malaysia Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Malaysia
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© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI'HSDUWPHQWRI$UFKLWHFWXUH)DFXOW\RI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJDQG3ODQQLQJ Peer-review under responsibility of Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning,Institut Teknologi ,QVWLWXW7HNQRORJL6HSXOXK1RSHPEHU ,76 Sepuluh Nopember (ITS). Keywords:indoor temperature, relative humidity, shading device
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO ID[ E-mail address:LTUDF #JPDLOFRPQRUD]DKDULILQ#JPDLOFRP
1877-0428 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning,Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS). doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.432
Nor Azah Arifin and Zuraini Denan / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296
291
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¶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µ7KHUPDOFRPIRUW¶ DV µ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
292
Nor Azah Arifin and Zuraini Denan / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296
KXPLGLW\ 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW UDQJH IRU +2%2 (8 LQ WHPSHUDWXUH LV & WR & ) WR ) ZKLOHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\VHQVLWLYLW\UDQJHGIURPWR 7KHLQGRRUPHDVXUHPHQWZDVUHFRUGHGDXWRPDWLFDOO\DW RQHKRXULQWHUYDOV7KHGDWDFROOHFWHGIURPWKHVL[LQVWUXPHQWVZHUHVXPPHGXS 7DEOH7\SLFDOOD\RXWRIRIILFHURRPDQGVHWWLQJSRLQWRIWZRLQVWUXPHQWV LQRIILFHURRP 2IILFH URRP ZLWK YHUWLFDO VKDGLQJ
2IILFH URRP ZLWK KRUL]RQWDO VKDGLQJ
2IILFH URRP ZLWK HJJFUDWH VKDGLQJ
6LQJOHJOD]LQJ 3DUWLWLRQZDOO 5HLQIRUFHG &RQFUHWHIORRU VODEV )LJ6HFWLRQRIDQRIILFHURRPLQPHWUHKHLJKW
Nor Azah Arifin and Zuraini Denan / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296
293
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±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
1R
6KDGLQJ
0LQLPXP
$YHUDJH
0D[LPXP
9HUWLFDO +RUL]RQWDO (JJFUDWH
& & &
& & &
& & &
7DEOH6XPPDU\RIUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\LQRIILFHURRPZLWKWKUHHW\SHVRIVKDGLQJGHYLFHV 1R
6KDGLQJ
0LQLPXP
$YHUDJH
0D[LPXP
9HUWLFDO +RUL]RQWDO (JJFUDWH
294
Nor Azah Arifin and Zuraini Denan / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296
32.500
&
32.00 31.500
Vertical
31.00 Horizontal
30.500 EggͲcrate
30.00 29.500 'DWH
20/2
19/2
18/2
17/2
16/2
15/2
14/2
13/2
29.00
)LJ$YHUDJHGDLO\LQGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUH & LQRIILFHURRP
80
70 60 Vertical
50
Horizontal
40 30
EggͲcrate 'DWH
20
10 20/2
19/2
18/2
17/2
16/2
15/2
14/2
13/2
0
)LJ$YHUDJHGDLO\UHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ 5+ LQRIILFHURRP
7KHDYHUDJHGDLO\IRUERWKLQGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUH )LJXUH DQGUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ )LJXUH VKRZWKDWWKHRIILFH URRPZLWKYHUWLFDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHKDVWKHKLJKHVWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGORZHVWUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ZKLOHWKHRIILFHURRP ZLWKHJJFUDWHVKDGLQJGHYLFHKDVWKHORZHVWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGKLJKHVWUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\LQWKHEXLOGLQJ
295
Nor Azah Arifin and Zuraini Denan / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296 7DEOH7KUHHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIH[WHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVLQRIILFHEXLOGLQJ
9(57,&$/ 6+$',1* 0$;,080 ,1'225 $,5 7(03(5$785( & 0,1,080 ,1'225 $,5 7(03(5$785( & 0$;,080 5+ 0,1,080 5+ 6+$',1* +25,=217$/ 0$;,080 ,1'225 $,5 7(03(5$785( & 0,1,080 ,1'225 $,5 7(03(5$785( & 0$;,080 5+ 0,1,080 5+ 6+$',1* (**&5$7( 0$;,080 ,1'225 $,5 7(03(5$785( & 0,1,080 ,1'225 $,5 7(03(5$785( & 0$;,080 5+ 0,1,080 5+
7DEOH&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQILHOGPHDVXUHPHQWDQGVWDQGDUGJXLGHOLQH $LU 5HODWLYHKXPLGLW\ 1R 6KDGLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH LQUDQJH LQUDQJH 9HUWLFDO & +RUL]RQWDO & (JJFUDWH & & ,QGRRUDLUTXDOLW\ & $6+5$(
296
Nor Azah Arifin and Zuraini Denan / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296
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¶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ode of Practice on Indoor Air Quality.VW(GQ'HSDUWPHQWRI2FFXSDWLRQDO6DIHW\DQG+HDOWK3XWUDMD\D,6%1 ,QGXVWU\&RGHRI3UDFWLFHRQ,QGRRU$LU4XDOLW\ 'HSDUWPHQWRI2FFXSDWLRQDO6DIHW\DQG+HDOWK0LQLVWU\RI+XPDQ5HVRXUFHV0DOD\VLD $6+5$( Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.VW(GQ$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\RI+HDWLQJ86$SS $6+5$( ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals.VW(GQ$6+5$($WODQWD*$,6%1 ,62 Moderate Thermal Environments—Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort.,QWHUQDWLRQDO2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ 6KDKDURQ 0 1 DQG -DODOXGLQ - 7KHUPDO &RPIRUW $VVHVVPHQW$ 6WXG\ 7RZDUG :RUNHUV¶ 6DWLVIDFWLRQ LQ D /RZ (QHUJ\ 2IILFH %XLOGLQJAmerican Journal of Applied Sciences. ,661 :DL & : UTM Researchers found the right temperature for office building. ZZZQHZVXWPP\XWPUHVHDUFKHUVIRXQGWKH ULJKWWHPSHUDWXUHIRURIILFHEXLOGLQJV! $FFHVVHGRQ $XJXVW
ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH*UHHQ$UFKLWHFWXUHIRU6XVWDLQDEOH/LYLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQW *$6/( 1RYHPEHU
$QDQDO\VLVRILQGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\LQRIILFHURRPZLWK YDULRXVH[WHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVLQ0DOD\VLD 1RU$]DK$ULILQD=XUDLQL'HQDQE b
a Master Student, Department of Architecture, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Malaysia Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Malaysia
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© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI'HSDUWPHQWRI$UFKLWHFWXUH)DFXOW\RI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJDQG3ODQQLQJ Peer-review under responsibility of Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning,Institut Teknologi ,QVWLWXW7HNQRORJL6HSXOXK1RSHPEHU ,76 Sepuluh Nopember (ITS). Keywords:indoor temperature, relative humidity, shading device
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO ID[ E-mail address:LTUDF #JPDLOFRPQRUD]DKDULILQ#JPDLOFRP
1877-0428 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning,Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS). doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.432
Nor Azah Arifin and Zuraini Denan / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296
291
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¶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µ7KHUPDOFRPIRUW¶ DV µ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
292
Nor Azah Arifin and Zuraini Denan / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296
KXPLGLW\ 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW UDQJH IRU +2%2 (8 LQ WHPSHUDWXUH LV & WR & ) WR ) ZKLOHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\VHQVLWLYLW\UDQJHGIURPWR 7KHLQGRRUPHDVXUHPHQWZDVUHFRUGHGDXWRPDWLFDOO\DW RQHKRXULQWHUYDOV7KHGDWDFROOHFWHGIURPWKHVL[LQVWUXPHQWVZHUHVXPPHGXS 7DEOH7\SLFDOOD\RXWRIRIILFHURRPDQGVHWWLQJSRLQWRIWZRLQVWUXPHQWV LQRIILFHURRP 2IILFH URRP ZLWK YHUWLFDO VKDGLQJ
2IILFH URRP ZLWK KRUL]RQWDO VKDGLQJ
2IILFH URRP ZLWK HJJFUDWH VKDGLQJ
6LQJOHJOD]LQJ 3DUWLWLRQZDOO 5HLQIRUFHG &RQFUHWHIORRU VODEV )LJ6HFWLRQRIDQRIILFHURRPLQPHWUHKHLJKW
Nor Azah Arifin and Zuraini Denan / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296
293
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±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
1R
6KDGLQJ
0LQLPXP
$YHUDJH
0D[LPXP
9HUWLFDO +RUL]RQWDO (JJFUDWH
& & &
& & &
& & &
7DEOH6XPPDU\RIUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\LQRIILFHURRPZLWKWKUHHW\SHVRIVKDGLQJGHYLFHV 1R
6KDGLQJ
0LQLPXP
$YHUDJH
0D[LPXP
9HUWLFDO +RUL]RQWDO (JJFUDWH
294
Nor Azah Arifin and Zuraini Denan / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296
32.500
&
32.00 31.500
Vertical
31.00 Horizontal
30.500 EggͲcrate
30.00 29.500 'DWH
20/2
19/2
18/2
17/2
16/2
15/2
14/2
13/2
29.00
)LJ$YHUDJHGDLO\LQGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUH & LQRIILFHURRP
80
70 60 Vertical
50
Horizontal
40 30
EggͲcrate 'DWH
20
10 20/2
19/2
18/2
17/2
16/2
15/2
14/2
13/2
0
)LJ$YHUDJHGDLO\UHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ 5+ LQRIILFHURRP
7KHDYHUDJHGDLO\IRUERWKLQGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUH )LJXUH DQGUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ )LJXUH VKRZWKDWWKHRIILFH URRPZLWKYHUWLFDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHKDVWKHKLJKHVWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGORZHVWUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ZKLOHWKHRIILFHURRP ZLWKHJJFUDWHVKDGLQJGHYLFHKDVWKHORZHVWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGKLJKHVWUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\LQWKHEXLOGLQJ
295
Nor Azah Arifin and Zuraini Denan / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296 7DEOH7KUHHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIH[WHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVLQRIILFHEXLOGLQJ
9(57,&$/ 6+$',1* 0$;,080 ,1'225 $,5 7(03(5$785( & 0,1,080 ,1'225 $,5 7(03(5$785( & 0$;,080 5+ 0,1,080 5+ 6+$',1* +25,=217$/ 0$;,080 ,1'225 $,5 7(03(5$785( & 0,1,080 ,1'225 $,5 7(03(5$785( & 0$;,080 5+ 0,1,080 5+ 6+$',1* (**&5$7( 0$;,080 ,1'225 $,5 7(03(5$785( & 0,1,080 ,1'225 $,5 7(03(5$785( & 0$;,080 5+ 0,1,080 5+
7DEOH&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQILHOGPHDVXUHPHQWDQGVWDQGDUGJXLGHOLQH $LU 5HODWLYHKXPLGLW\ 1R 6KDGLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH LQUDQJH LQUDQJH 9HUWLFDO & +RUL]RQWDO & (JJFUDWH & & ,QGRRUDLUTXDOLW\ & $6+5$(
296
Nor Azah Arifin and Zuraini Denan / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 179 (2015) 290 – 296
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¶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ode of Practice on Indoor Air Quality.VW(GQ'HSDUWPHQWRI2FFXSDWLRQDO6DIHW\DQG+HDOWK3XWUDMD\D,6%1 ,QGXVWU\&RGHRI3UDFWLFHRQ,QGRRU$LU4XDOLW\ 'HSDUWPHQWRI2FFXSDWLRQDO6DIHW\DQG+HDOWK0LQLVWU\RI+XPDQ5HVRXUFHV0DOD\VLD $6+5$( Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.VW(GQ$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\RI+HDWLQJ86$SS $6+5$( ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals.VW(GQ$6+5$($WODQWD*$,6%1 ,62 Moderate Thermal Environments—Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort.,QWHUQDWLRQDO2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ 6KDKDURQ 0 1 DQG -DODOXGLQ - 7KHUPDO &RPIRUW $VVHVVPHQW$ 6WXG\ 7RZDUG :RUNHUV¶ 6DWLVIDFWLRQ LQ D /RZ (QHUJ\ 2IILFH %XLOGLQJAmerican Journal of Applied Sciences. ,661 :DL & : UTM Researchers found the right temperature for office building. ZZZQHZVXWPP\XWPUHVHDUFKHUVIRXQGWKH ULJKWWHPSHUDWXUHIRURIILFHEXLOGLQJV! $FFHVVHGRQ $XJXVW