An articulation disorder in 17th-century Germany

JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION

DISORDERS

AN ARTICULATION

12 (1979). 303 - 32 1

303

DISORDER IN 17TH-CENTURY GERMANY

JEFFREY WOLLOCK New College, Oxford Universif~,

Oxford. England

Apical trill was regarded as the correct pronunciation of R in 17th.century German, but malarticulations of this difficult sound were widespread. Two of the most common substitutions were the uvular trill and the L. The first was satirically described in a novel by Christian Weise (1673), while Rosinus Lentilius (1698), a physician, dealt with the L-substitution in a more scholarly but no less humorous manner. Annotated translations of these texts are presented here along with an introduction. The study suggests there may be more to the earlier history of speech disorders than is generally supposed.

In 1698, under the title Medela Balbutiei in Elisione Consonantis Caninae Consistens (A Remedy for Defective R, consisting in the Banishment of the Canine Consonant), a brief Latin oration on the malpronunciation of R was published by the German physician Rosinus Lentilius as an appendix to the first part of his Miscellanea Medico-Practica Tripartita (pp. 646-648). Although this was just two years before the appearance of Johann Conrad Amman’s Dissertatio de Loquela (Dissertation on Speech), Lentilius’ little essay can scarcely compete with that work in terms of either quality or quantity; and yet it is not without historical value. Notable for certain stylistic peculiarities alone, the Medelu, as presented here in a fully annotated translation, can also add considerably to what we learn from Amman and others about the state of the art at that period. Rosinus Lentilius, born June 3, 1657 at Waldenburg in Hohenlohe (Franconia), attended school at Ansbach, and began his medical studies at the University of Heidelberg in 167 1. Two years later he transferred to Jena, but left without means after the death of his stepfather. Lentilius was forced to interrupt his studies, and it was only after a long search that he eventually found a position as tutor in the house of a clergyman at Mitau, Kurland (now Jelgava, Latvia). Here, in the year 1678, Lentilius began to practice medicine, soon establishing such a reputation that the Margrave of Ansbach summoned him to Krailsheim. He complied after standing examination at Altdorf in 1680. Eight years later Lentilius became town physician (Studtphysicus) at Nordlingen in Bavaria, and, in 1698, at Stuttgart. He was appointed personal physician to the Margrave of Baden-Durlach in 1700, and to the Duke of Wiirttemberg some time afterward. From 1711 to 1716 Lentilius accompanied the prince and heir on his journeys through Italy, the Netherlands, England, Spain, and France. He died at Stuttgart, February 12, 1733. 8 Elsevier North Holland, Inc., 1979

0021.9924/79/04321-19$01.75

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WOLLOCK

In addition to a large number of medical writings, Lentilius presented numerous treatises on natural history in the publications of the Academia Leopoldina, of which he had been a member, under the name “Oribasius,” since 1683 (Hess, 1883).’ Lentilius’ chief medical source for the Medela may have been a commentary by Christian Lange ( 1619- 1662) to the Pathologiu Spagiricu of P. J Fabre published at Frankfurt am Main in 1688 (Langius, 1688). Although Lentilius nowhere mentions Lange, similarity in the order of topics, and particularly of phraseology and vocabulary not usually found elsewhere, suggest some connection. The most striking resemblances have been indicated in notes accompanying the present translation (nn. 27, 39,41,44a, 46). But the real inspiration seems to have come from two nonmedical sources: one, a report about a bishop who could not pronounce R, the other an episode in a satirical novel of the time, Dir Drey Ergsten Ertz-Nurrm in der Guntzen Welt (The Three Greatest Fools in the Whole World), written by Christian Weise ( 1642- 1708) and first published in 1673. Humorously described in this book is the case of a “Schnurr-Peter” (man who pronounces R as uvular trill), and his surprising remedy. The point about the bishop is sufficiently clear from the text (see below), but Weise’s Schnurr-Peter needs fuller discussion. Christian Weise (or in Latin, Weissius), rector of the Gymnusiuw at Zittau, was an influential dramatic theorist and author of more than 50 plays. Greatly concerned with realism in dialogue, Weise is said to have studied and utilized the actual modes of speech of all sorts and classes of people. This concern is amply demonstrated in the scene before us. His satirical novels, very popular in their day, are similar in style to the Simplicissimus cycle (1669- 1675) of H.J.C. von Grimmelshausen.* Weise, like his great contemporary, used the “oral,” folktype narrative, full of proverbs, colloquialisms, and dialect. However, most modern critics rank Weise’s novels far below those of Grimmelshausen.3 A brief introduction to the The Three Greatest Fools will help to orient our discussion. As soon as peace was restored at the end of the Thirty Years’ War, a certain nobleman immediately set about building himself a new palace, the old one having been destroyed. The work was going along splendidly, when all of a sudden the gentleman fell sick, having just enough time to make his will out before he expired. After the funeral it was discovered upon opening the testament that the new owner would be required to swear not to complete the building of the ‘For more detail and a full list of publications by Lentilius, see Zedler (1738). *The following works of this cycle are available in English: The Adventurous Simplicissimus, trans. 1962). Courage, the Adventuress, trans. H. Speier A.T.S. Goodrick (Lincoln: U. Nebraska, (Princeton U.P., 1964). 3For a typical appraisal see Robertson (1962).

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house according to his own plan, but, in every piece down to the last detail, to follow the plans originally drawn. The younger heir found this stipulation acceptable. There was a hall, for which the plans required three great panels opposite the entrance; and on these panels were to be depicted the three greatest fools in the world. Much scruple was aroused by this detail, inasmuch as no one was really able to say just which, in the great international academy of folly, the three greatest, most outstanding fools actually were; or whether in any case, once a decision should be arrived at, there might not arise either a struggle for precedence to the dunce cap, or very likely a suit for damages. The problem of locating the three greatest fools thus became a matter of serious concern to the young man. It was clear that in order to find the three greatest fools in the whole world, it would be necessary to search the whole world. As little as he cared to leave the comforts of his new estate for what promised to be a long and arduous undertaking, it was therefore but a short time before the young gentleman, Florindo by name, set forth, accompanied only by his steward Gelanor, his estates manager Eurylas (to act as quartermaster), and a painter who would immediately capture the image of the greatest fool, whenever and wherever he might happen to show himself. The stage is now set for any number of ridiculous episodes, but the one with which we are particularly concerned begins in Chapter 23, breaks off, and concludes in Chapter 27. (Chap. 23, pp. 207-21O.y “Now there was a fellow (K&e) who would have been glad to find himself beloved by the female sex, but he had an entirely unpleasant manner of speech, and was particularly unable to pronounce the R, schnarring like an old regal-pipe that had lost a piece of its tongue.5 He had allowed himself to be led to believe that there was an old doctor staying at an inn, who knew how to cure that kind of defect quite easily. Now, the good man believed what he was told, and went straight to the very place where our Company had set up headquarters. Eurylas happened to be in the house, and with that old gray head of his, might very well have passed for a doctor. To him the patient directed himself, bewailing his trouble, which had burdened him with such perplexing bad luck, and because of which he was held in special contempt by the female sex; for, since he could not take part in conversational parlor games, he had to suffer. Just a short while ago a young lady had required him to say ‘drey und dreysig gebratene Etffiirter, Ncrnberger, oder Regenspurger Bratw&ste’ six times in one breath. And this caused her so much laughter, that he made

up his mind there and then to seek no further society until he knew he had been rescued from this defect. Since he had heard the doctor praised so highly for his

4All citations are of the 1676 edition. SThe correct R for German at this period was an apical trill. See Wollock (1978a).

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wonderful remedy that he could take recourse to no other, he would beg him to serve as advisor in his present riced with that same dexterity which had helped so many others. “Eurylas, who never turned down a prank when there was one to be played, listened to the fellow with great patience, puffing up his cheeks so large you would have sworn he was a doctor. Finally. since he had to say something. he said, ‘My friend, that’s just why I’m here, to attend to persons of honor. Upon reflection, 1 can also attest that I have freed various persons from great defects of the tongue. Only, a man may appear too old for me to believe he should go through the pains of it: for he himself must consider, that if a man’s tongue is to be loosened like new, the flesh in the throat must still be young. ’ These words notwithstanding, the good fellow’s hopes were still sky-high that the ‘doctor’ might yet take pity on him; he had put all his faith in him, yet was afraid to get his hopes up lest they be brought to naught. In brief, the entreaties went on so long that Eurylas finally made up his mind to play the doctor and rid the chap of his

Schzctrr. Here,

many a medic would scoff that this cure might well be attended with injury. Then let me ask the wisest among them, if perhaps he had been called in to cure a Count Palatine in a similar case, just what he would have wished

to prescribe?

Aha! he has no idea’? Well,

if Eurylas

were there with his

s~~~$fic~ ready to go, it would be the same to him as to that pigeon with its egg, which no one could get IO stand on end; but, after he knocked the tip off, anyone could do it after. Now we want you all to guess, while we tell about something else. (Chap. 27, p. 228-241.) “We must not keep our honest Schnurr-Peter with his Niirnberger, Erffurter. and Regenspurger Bratwiirste waiting too long, I know; since nobody has yet come up with a remedy, anyone for whom the pronunciation of the words Dtrrudirituruttr mridcs” is no more than a wish, wiil have Eurylas to thank. “Then he took his patient aside, and said, ‘My friend, I’d like to be able to help you. but that’s a delicate organ in your throat, that can’t simply be patched with tin like a regal pipe. It may be your mother, in her pregnancy, was exposed to the speech of another old grumblebeard like yourself. What nature has already imparted to the mother’s womb does not admit of change at such a late date; still. however, that you may appreciate my fidelity to your interests, let me say this to you: Guard yourself against all words which have an R: say to no one, Mrit7 Hut-, but rather, Mottsic~ur. since a word like that, in the French language, with their pronunciation, comes out “Mossie”. Instead of Frm, say Mudame. and for Jtttt&r. say MtrclPtttoisellc. When you buy something, change the Groschctt into

“Utrrudiritcrrun~ turidrst seminonscnse Latin. similar to the familiar exercise for apical trill: t d t d t but 1 have no idea who the Daradiritae might d The meaning is “cargo ships of the Daradiritae,” have been a tribe ofAethiopae Drrraritae is mentioned by Pliny, Hist. Nat. V. 1. IO.

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or Kopffsstiicken, the Thaler into Giilden or Ducaten, and, summa surnmarum, carry an awl with you, and when an R escapes from your mouth, stick yourself in the arm for punishment-or anywhere else that works, as long as things get better with your speech.’ The good man shook his head, thinking it would not be possible, in everything he might have to say, for such a necessary letter to be omitted. ‘Indeed, said Eurylas, why shouldn’t it be possible? Look, now, take down these polite forms of compliment as I dictate them to your pen. Above all, you definitely have to make sure, as I pointed out before, to protect yourself from words which contain that hateful letter. “ ‘For you can call anyone Mademoiselle, mein Kind, mein Engel, mein Liebgen, mein Goldmiidgen, mein Tausend Kindgen-just don’t become such a fool that it interferes with the gimmick-mein Miiussgen. mein Liimbgen, mein Blumentiipffgen, mein Engelk@flgen, and whatever other weaknesses she may have. Give special attention to names which have an R in them. For even apart from your problem, it’s a common belief that girls who are free of this letter are to be judged best.’ And really, I often have to laugh at that current fashion which conceals the R so artfully. For it’s silly to leave it there, as in saying Jungfer Lieszgen, Jungfer Susgen, Jungfer Fickgen and the like, when these could come out so much more tenderly as Lieszgen, Susgen, Fickgen-and why? Because you can leave out that R. Similarly there is a most appetizing way to bite the canine letter off the name itself. Maria is called Micke; Dorothee: Thee or Theie; Regina: Gine or Hine; Rosine: Sine; Christine: Tine; Barbare: Babe; Gertraud: Teutchen; and so forth. If ever a name refuses to be forced into another mold, well, most girls have more than one, and if all else fails you can finally make do with another title. In Bohemia instead of Margrite they say Heusche; but this may not be workable in every case. Well now, let’s get to the point. For example, you’re attending a wedding, so usually the first courtesy is to ask a young lady to dance. For this it can be said something like: Pfennigen

Mademoiselle, sie rzvlle sich nichr mis&llen lassen, dusz ich so kiihn gcwvsen, llnd sir zum Tantzr auffjyzogen. Es hat mic-h die Annehmligkeit, damit sic ullenthalben bekannt isr, so u,eit eingenommen, dusz ich nichrs wiindsrhe. uls mich auffsolche Mu.sse mit meinem Diensten bekannt zu muchen.

Mademoiselle, do not allow yourself select

you for this dance.

to misinterpret

I have been so greatly

taken

why

I am so bold

by the beauty

as to

for which

‘An allusion to the popular notion of R as the “dog’s letter” (littera caninu), from its resemblance to the growl of a dog. (Cf. Lentilius, below.) Traditionally the “dog’s letter” was a common image for the sin of wrath. Cf. Zedler (1741): “Some superstitious people, when they wish to make a prediction regarding the compatibility or incompatibility of couples about to wed, take note of the letter R. If it is to be found in neither the bride’s nor the groom’s surname, they prophecy a happy marriage; the opposite, however, if it is to be found there, and the more there are, the worse it will be.”

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WOLLOCK

you are. everywhere renowned. that I desire nothing more than to make you aware, in this fashion, of my service. Here the girl would excuse herself, and would ask him not to praise highly. And right away he’s ready with an answer:

her looks so

Ich hube mich auff die Complimente meirr Tage nicht gelegt. und wus ich sage. das sol1 die Thut selbst ausweiszen; Doch habe ich gesiindigt. dust ich die Annehmligkeit in das Gesicht lobe, so kan ich ins kiinfftige stillschweigen, und gedoppelt dencken. dusz sie die Annehmligkeit selbsten ist. 1 need not depend on compliments, for what I say will be demonstrated by the fact itself; yet if I have sinned in praising the beauty of your face, I can in future keep silent, and thereby think doubly that you are Beauty itself. At this point, no doubt the young lady would think him a fool to come prepared with such elaborate distortions. But he would set everything aright as follows: Wus soil ich muchen, meine Liebste, ich birl unbekunnt. ~‘on Strchen kurl ic,h nicht schwatzen. die sich z,l,ischrn uns begegen h&en, so mux ich mic,h in weitliiufftigen Complimenten uuffhalten. Doch \rYll sir mich ~11seinen Bakannten annehmen. dasz ich sie mein Kind und meine Liebste heixen mug, so ~lill ich sehen laszen, dasz ich den Complimenten ToQeind bin What shall I do, my dearest one,-being unknown to you. and unable to chat about things which have never happened between us, I have no choice but to support myself with these extravagant compliments. Yet only accept me as your acquaintance. that I may call you my child and my dearest one, and I will make it plain 1 am a deadly enemy of compliments. Here she would have to acknowledge, for the sake of decency, that she might expect great happiness from his acquaintance, and therefore he might deliver himself as follows: Nun so, se? es gewagt. ich habe sir als meine Bekante angenommen, und hofle nicht, duss meine Kiihnheit und Unh@igkeit solten eine iiQele Auslegungjinder~: Doch wus meyt sie, dus: sie si1.h mit so einem schlrchten Menscherl auffhalten musz. da \Velleicht iemand zugegen ist, dem sic cdle Lust und Bedienrtng zugedticht hat. Very well, let it be supposed that I have taken you as my hope that my boldness and discourtesy have not met with an tation. But what do you think about having to keep company fellow as is perhaps standing before you, from whom you joy and service‘? This is sufficient. For before tune-all thousand of them, they’re called Musicantrn)-so

acquaintance, and I unpleasant interprewith so wretched a had expected every

she has time to answer, the bandleader strikes up a 1 mean, not to slight the town musicians (in Latin Mr. Musicant strikes up his dance, and here

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anybody will be able to keep his mouth shut with good conscience, since it will appear that he is applying all his powers to the dance itself. In the midst of which nothing would prevent you from holding the girl by the hand rather a bit too long. For if she’s a girl who’s glad to dance with someone; she needs a wooden statue round her neck about as much as she needs a fever. So lead the girl on, and first address

your thanks to her:

Nun ich musz nicht so unhtijlich sqn, und sir mit meinem schlechten Tantzen zu vie1 beliistigen. Sie habe schiinen Danck, dasz sie sich so glitzig brzeugen wollen, und sey gewisz. dasz ich im steten Andenckm solches hoch schiitzen. und nach Mtigligkeit bedienen will. Inszwischen ist es vielleicht nicht iibel gethan. dasz ich Monsieur N. bitte dasselbige gut zu machen, was ich so genau nicht habr nach Wundsche wollenden kiinnen. Now I mustn’t be so impolite, and burden you too much with my wretched dancing. Thank you very much for showing yourself so graceful, and be assured that I shall constantly treasure this in my memory, and shall desire to serve you whenever possible. In the meantime it is perhaps not a bad thing for me to bid Monsieur N. to do you the very good which I have not been able to complete exactly as I would have wished. had more speech formulas of this kind collected in a booklet which he to the good man. But it would really take too long to it all here, and Eurylas was also influenced by the consideration that he

“Eurylas

faithfully quote

communicated

would be giving away so much of his art gratis. If he could expect 15 Giilden from somebody, he might easily be persuaded to publish his beautiful Znventiones, which we would still like to include in these pages. “The good duffer (Stliinper) also requested that some instructions be given him as to how he might now and then deliver a speech in the same manner, since he missed out whenever some outstanding person died, when he might possibly be able to earn a gold Gilder, that is, to recite the funeral oration. Eurylas had a student boarder who had helped him hammer out the following speech, which might not perhaps be unpleasant to read. Indeed, it would have been a safe bet that before a year had gone by some good fellow would have taken the Invention from him. Sed ad rem. (This elegant funeral oration runs to seven pages of text; a true lipogram, or composition excluding all words containing a particular letter, it has not a single R; but considering its length and that it contains nothing on the subject of speech,

we must omit it.) “At length Eurylas concluded: ‘My good friend, you see how far you have been helped out of your misery. Pay attention to the rule, and protect yourself against the dog’s letter nary, nary a whit worse than against a cold fever. I know of a comedy, originally performed in 1650 before the assembled high and mighty present at the signing of the Peace of Nurenberg, which was revived at a certain locality. In this comedy aschnarr-Peter like you had the following lines:

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JEFFREY

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Hande, die der Zepter zien haben offt den Stab genommen, den ein schlechter Schaffer fiihrt; Helden sind auss Hiirden kommen. Matzcher grosser

Welt-Regicwr

lrgte Crotl utld Purpur hitl, \lwrtlcite urtner Hrer&~t$ihwt uttrl lich/ eitw

Similarly.

Schijfi,ritt

there was another

who came

to a funeral

prepared

with the following

words:

And here I simply cannot describe how it crackled; was pouring a sack of peas out onto a board. ’ “R

it really seemed

as if someone

The modern reader will of course wonder whether any of this was meant to be taken seriously. After all, there can be no more doubt of the humorous intent of the episode than of the satirical nature of the whole novel. To be exact. Weise was here pushing to unusual lengths the method of the contemporary Cottlp/itnPntierhiic,~zf,r ( *‘Books of Civility “). These books, so popular in the 17th Century, presented the principles of polite conversation and letter writing, and examples of polite “compliments” for every occasion, which were to be carefully studied and perhaps even memorized.’ Since a pleasant voice and correct pronunciation were held prerequisite to polite conversation. Weise’s solution is entirely in keeping with the character of the age. Weise did expect his reader to be amused. first because the “remedy” is an impostor’s stratagem. but mostly because of its novelty and ingenuity. At the same time hc meant it as a serious solution to this speech problem. One of the outstanding writers of CotnplimcntiPrhiic12rr was Weise himself.“’ In his Politischcr

R&wr.

”

a textbook

on eloquence,

a lengthy

section

is devoted

to

*I would like to thank Lawrence Zimmerman, Mary Ann Horan, and especially Teresa Taylor, all teachers at Brooklyn Technical High School. for their help in translating Weise’s German. !‘Referring to L’An de Plait? duns la Conversariot~ (Paris, 1688), attributed to Pierre d’ortigue de Vaumori?re. Mason (1935) notes: “An interesting problem is whether or not conversations should be rehearsed. and the author decides m favor of general preparations, but condemns the learning of speeches.” That the questwn ~3s raised indicates some thought differently, however, and Vaumorii-re himself admits that special &cumstances may require special preparation. “‘For others. see Hayn (1890). 551-556. For English analogs, see Mason (1935), especially Chap. 9; cf. Eliaa (1978). lOR-133 “Christian Weiscns Politischer Redner. das Ist, Kurtze und rigentliche Nachricht. \rie ein sorgftiltiger Hofmelster seine Untergebene LU der Wolredenheit anfiihrcn soll, damit selbige lernen I. Auff

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Complimenten, and he also published a Gelehrter Redner.12 The chapter on funeral orations in the Politischer Redner contains another speech without R, this one six pages long, and concludes with the following remark: What I intend in this speech will strike some as a mere stunt; yet I want to assure the many whose tongues are not fully proficient in this letter, that there is no better way for them to demonstrate their perspicacity than to practice a speech of this sort in their spare time, noting how often the most difficult constructions are smoothly and easily expressed. For what is better than to learn to conceal one’s defects? And hence I recommend this as an invention which can well be applied in any circumstance.‘3 There are many indications that this device was widely employed. Many other orations, plays, poems, tales, and even entire novels were composed in German, English, Latin, Italian, and French without a single R.r4 Little wonder that the Schnarr-P eter episode caught Lentilius’ attention. Not only was he, unlike Eurylas,

a real physician;

he was also no more able than the

Kerle of the story to pronounce apical R, as he slyly hints at the end of the Medela. Lentilius suffered not from Schnarren, however, but from Lallrn, or lambdacism: he pronounced R as L. I4 a The substitution of L for R is one of the most common malarticulations in languages which use the apical R, owing to the physiological complexity of the trill in comparison with the easier articulation of L in the same position. The botanist Caspar Bauhin ( 1606- 1685) was also said to have had this problem (Zwinger, 1687), and Kriinitz (18 12) tells of a professor at Halle named Riedel who always introduced himself as Liedel, but was most annoyed when anyone else called him Liedel. At such times he used to say “my name is not Liedel, but Liedel, pel el (per er). ’ ‘15 Now that the immediate influences for the Medela have been described, let us proceed to the work itself.

was vor ein Fundament eine Schul-Rede gesetzet ist. 2. Worinn die Complimenten bestehen. 3. Was biirgerliche Reden sind. 4. Was bey hohen Personen, sonderlich zu Hofe, van Gelegenheit zu reden vorfallt. Alles mit gnugsamen Regeln, a&indigen Exempeln, und endlich mit einem niitzlichen Register ausgefertigt Leipzig, 1679. ‘%elehrter Redner, das ist: ausfiihrliche und getreue Nachricht, wie sich ein junger Mensch in seinen Reden klug und complaisant auffiihren ~011. (2nd ed.) Leipzig, 1693. i3Weise (1679). 3ter Abth., cap. 2, xcix, c, pp. 717-722. Both Weise’s lipograms are reprinted in a curious work, DasABC cum Noris Variorum. published anonymously at Leipzig and Dresden, 1703 (I, 80-91). ‘%ee Wollock (1978b). I4 a In both classical and current usage lambdacism refers to exaggerated or incorrect articulations of L itself, Lentilius’ peculiar usage may be traced to Erasmus, A&g. Chil. (1508), 1.6.51: “Alcibiadis labdacismus [sic] qui pro rho litera lambda solitus sit pronuntiare ‘. (cf. nn. 17.48, 50). “Cf. also a Talmudic tradition about this defect (Abrahams, 1938).

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In Place of an Epilogue,

we Set Down

ANANTIDOTETOBALBUTIES

consisting THE BANISHMENT

in

OF THE CANINE

CONSONANT

“He who mixes the useful with the pleasant wins wide acclaim. “I6 Who will accuse me of a fault, then, if I should finally, and without malice, season the dishes cooked up in these Miscellanies of mine-some of them bland enough!-with the salt of wit; and so conclude what has been discussed in these pages, put my seal to it, in a way. with a pleasant but innocent invention‘? All’s well that ends well! I yield it to my audience-if benevolent-to judge how well I end now; giving little weight, myself, to that “gnawing tooth of Theon. “I’ Let the example of Maccabaeus be my guide: as he notes beneath the colophon of his book, “To take one liquid continuously, be it aqua, be it vinum, can do the palate little good; but let a man take now this, now that, and the saliva will flow at last; in like sense it satisfies the mind not to make incessant study of one and the same thing only. “Ix But now to the point. Since that most elegant Weissius, exhibiting in one of his books (dignissimo ktu) a kind of catalog of futile and useless disputations’ ‘nann ygoat ‘s wool “I9 included an amusing sketch “On the Symbols XYZ cut upon an Ancient Stone “;*O we, then, in jest (but not equal futility), shall exhibit a few things to men of goodwill touching the Canine Consonant-evidently so called because offended watchdogs like to employ a sound of this kind-since we have found occasion to comment, in the balbuti& (blaesitas, if you like) of a Bishop of Laybach,” who, not knowing how to suitably enunciate the said canine element, did cautiously accommodate himself, when called upon to speak in the palace and in the company of his most August Majesty at Vienna, that this single sound should not have escaped his lips; that no exigency of composition should have demanded that R of his; a task accomplished with such success, that his August Highness, and the magnates at his side, applauded what they had witnessed, with noble signs of delight; anent which, please see the Colloquies compiled monthly at Leipzig, (and specifically of that month, anno 1690, which '6“Omnetulit punctum, qui miscuit utile dulci.”

Horace, De Artr Portica, 343. 17”Dente Theonino cum circumroditur.” Horace, Epistulae. I. 18.82; cited by Erasmus, Adagiorum Chiliades, 11.2.55, who explains that Theon was a slanderous poet. ‘&Unidentified. There were several 16tkcentury Scottish theologians by this name. But cf. a similar point in Quintilian. Insr. Rhrr. 1.12.1.-7. “‘“Rixatur de lana saepe caprina. ” “He often wrangles over goat’s wool.” Horace, op. cit. (n. 17 above), 1.18.15. Z”Weise (1676). 19%196 contains a list of one hundred ridiculous titles. Evidently this one is directed at inconclusive essays in speculative epigraphy. Cf: J. Swift, Gull&w’s Travrfs, part 3. c.5. z’No~ Ljubljana, Slovenia (Yugoslavia).

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the ancient Teutons dedicated to Autumn).22 It was this model of eloquence, not at all to be demeaned, and by that time established at least five decades if I am not mistaken, which was imitated with no small success by the abovementioned Weissius in that little book entitled De Stultis Maximls (The Biggest Fo01s);~~ in which he tells of a bulbus who most beautifully (although in the Teutonic language) spoke a eulogy upon the death of a widow, in the family’s behalf, with the same consonant studiously avoided.24 And so, even if we had best, as Gellius judges, Noct. Att. lib. 4 cap. 2, call the atypus and the ha/bus defective, not diseased;2s still, impediments of speech have not so much less to do with the skills of medicine, that it should be denied a student of medical and physical philosophy to encompass them, up to a point, in his own thoughts, (even if medicine until now has but touched-and not even touched-upon such things); seeing that patches cannot be sewn and affixed to the tongue, as to gaping pots and split kettles.26 To begin with, then, we must find out if the Latins gave any genuine name to the defect we now mean to examine; since we find the names balbus, blaesus, and so on, applied to many individual faults of the tongue without distinction.” Thus Text. in OJkkzB calls bulbi those with an impediment of the tongue, who

221.e. Ger. Harbsrmonat, “Harvest month,” September. Lentilius is here alluding to the periodical Monmliche Unturrdungen einiger guten Freunde van allerhand Biichern (Leipzig), 2 (September 1690), 884. The oration is mentioned in a lengthy summary of J.W. Valvasor, Ehrr drs Hermgthums Cruin (Laybach. 168Y), and is apparently discussed in section 3. book 7 of that work. z3The bishop, Rainaldus Scarlichius, occupied the see of Laybach from 1630 to 1640. Weise’s book first appeared in 1673. %The oration is in Ertz-Narren, ch. 27, pp. 234241. 25A~Ius Gellius, Noctes Atticae, IV.2. Similarly Ulpian. in Pundectae (XXI. 1.10.5)of the Code of Justinian. See Glueck (1819), Budaeus (n. 28 below). 26Recall Weise, Ertz-Nurren, ‘*that’s a delicate organ in your throat, that can’t simply be patched with tin like a regal-pipe. ” Amman (1700). actually recommends the use of a thin metal plate as a kind of obturator for overwide nasal passages. 27Lentilius: “. videndum, an isti vitio, quod nunc examinandum suscepimus, apud Latinos genuinum aliquod nomen sit olim datum, necne’? nam vocabulum balbus. blaesus, et c. de quibuscumque linguae vitiis, sine distinctione dici legimus. ” Langius: “Ex his ipsis vitiis certa et distincta nomina esse posita passim deprehendimus, quorum genuinum sensum paucis statim et in antecessum explorabimus, ne terminorum diversitas nos confundere queat de his ipsis notionibus certum est, quod Medici Practici hanc accurationem et tam exact6 discemendi solicitudinem haud attendere soleant, contenti nimirum vulgari denominatione, qua vel balbuties aut loquendi difficultas hit affectus salutatur. ” 28Ravisius Textor = Jean Tixier, seigneur de Ravisy (148%1524), O&k?na. vel n&us Naturae Historia (1522). The works of this French humanist, adopted by most of the cc!leges of France, Germany and Italy, were reprinted many times through the end of the 17th c. Texror’s words, which appear in his glossary of ancient cognomina or nicknames are: “Atypi qui non satis expedito plectro linguae utuntur, quasi aerem non ferientes, vel quasi verba non exprimentes. (Budaeus in Armor.) Balbi qui linguam habent impeditam, net verba debite enunciant, ut qui laborant labdacismo, et iotacismo Blaesi itidem dicuntur, qui lingua haerent, quum syllabam syllabae iungere propere

314

JEFFREY

do not duly

enunciate,

such

WOLLOCK

as those

with

lambdacism

and iotacium,

dir

da

stu~~r~~l~~: but hlarsi. those with a hesitation of the tongue, not immediately and suitably tying syllable to syllable, die clu ga~~rtt;2y and utypi, those who likewise have an impediment of the tongue. But who can see the sufficient distinction in this‘? Calepinus, in his Lcuic~~.~~ calls bulh~riF.~ “a kind of hesitation, a confusion of the tongue”; but hlmsitus is “when someone excludes a specific sound of speech, as though stumbling”; and these seem equally difficult to fathom. Metellus easily teaches us what halbus means; thus see Alc~x. ‘uh Alex. Grniul. D., lib. 6, c. 14;3’ in which it is said that the pontifex Metellus, when that bulbus had to dedicate a temple, sweated much to say c&t-a, doubtless on account of that canine consonant.32 In its genuine sense, then, halbus possibly ought to denote one who has not been gifted with the faculty of enunciating this consonant; but then the example of Demosthenes negates this immediately; since Demosthenes, says AIr.r., owing to an impediment of the tongue, was so (N.B. !) b1ac~su.s. that he sweated much to say the rho. in place of which he used to substitute latt~bdu;” and this is undoubtedly the latnbclucistn just mentioned. So to Akx. ab Alrx. the meaning of b1ar.w.s and balbus is the same. In my opinion, if anything is to be divined on this question, bulbuti?s seems to apply to those who have the defect of Metellus and Demosthenes, while b/trc.situs would belong to those whose consonant S issues with a hiss, sometimes whistle, called die &I ~isprlr~ in the Teutonic idiom. Likewise, the onomatopoeia itself evinces that those disposed to lambdacism should be called balbi.34 non poshest.

Dicuntur, a Graecis rhrauli.

a

POITO blaesitas non solum vitium est linguae. sed etiam

eorum, qui oblaesum grewum habent, undc et Blaesi pro Valgis possum accipi. (This last derives from Aristotle, Prohlrw~tu The citation Guillaume

BudC

(Paris? ISOX?).

%u.ret,, own-the) Xo!&x~rr

XlV.4.)

“Budaeus in Annor. ” refers to an unpvrtant work of another French humanist,

( 1468-

in ~LIIUW

1540): Awroturior~s

et viginti

pandecrurum

lihros

many later eds.

“angophrasia”.

(Longerich,

are not given by Textor.

1945). Thex

Aldrwandini

German equivalents are perhaps Lentiliua’

( 1963)

compares Ger. ,qqq+w,r to Attic Greek

given by Hrsychius and Varinus. the sound mado by a hen about to lay an egg.

l”Ambrosius Calepinur (143.%151 I). Augustinian monk, compiler of a polyglot dictionary first printed at Rrggio. “Alexander

1503. The most complete edition comprises I I languages (Basle.

ah Alexandra

(1461- 1523).

Grrrialirrm

diFrrtrn

lihri

.wr

(Leyden.

1.590). 1673).

II,

pp.

59&595. 3’The real source is Pliny, Hi.storicr trou&

Metellus Delmaticus (d. ca. IO4 B.C.). At/i
Nuturdis.

X1.65.174.

Neither he nor Alexander ascribe the

to the R, though it seems a reasonable inference. This pontifex is identified as L. Caecilius 1.12.

‘See H&t

I

(Jordan, 1872; Pauly, 1897). Similarly Aulus Gellius, Noctrs

says a girl with a speech defect could not be chosen for a vestal virgin. (1926).

“1s Lentilius referring to the change of r to I in the roots bar- and bul- ? Kuhn (1852) notes: “It might be most suitable to connect (Gr.) h~~rrhaws with Latin holhl~s. since the exchange of r and I is not rare. and thus what was at least probably the word‘s original connection maintained its significance in language, since the concept of rough and harsh speech could easily develop out of that of

ARTICULATION

DISORDER

IN 17thCENTURY

GERMANY

315

Along what lines, then, will it be of any use to seek the cause of this defect? I am a constant entity of tendon, skin and blood, Which

oft with good doth mix the bad,

My motions

unleash

And yet give thanks

with bad doth mix the good:

death and bloodshed,

lead mankind

as well to God above,

as man below.

to woe,

To make this enigma of Bachrnann’~~~ (slightly emended) my own, I say that this best, yet most evil thing in man, is the same which in Aesop’s opinion “causes now good, now malice;” that is, the tongue.36 On this head that well-known anatomical light of Copenhagen (now shining in stammering and stuttering.” Strabo, Geography XlV.2.28, says the same, and cf. Pokomy (1959). Eichhom (1904). Prior to Lentilius, Caspar Hofmann (1572-1648) had noted in his Institutionurn Medicarum lihri sex. (Lugduni, 1645), III. 138 0 3, p. 495: “Ealbi, balarrones, and bambaliones, are to me all the same thing, from the “ba,” whence also &&hew, which I find somewhere. ‘* Both balafhro and bambalo are in Cassiodotus Senator, De Orfhographia, cap. 5, after Adamantius Martyr (J.P. Migne, Pairol. Lat., LXX, 125455.) The first is not a speech defect, however, but means biaoro~ (a hopeless fellow, profligate, glutton); the second is defined as ~&hh~urrjs (a defective speaker); cf. Du Cange. On words in @&--see J. Humbert in M&lunges Desrousseaux (Paris, 1937), 22s-228, and scholia to Iliad 11.804. Of the terms discussed by Lentilius, balburiZs is not found in classical Latin at all. Gerard Vossius (1645) says of it: “Although it has become quite common, ! shall scarcely have said it. I should therefore prefer, along with Cicero, haesitanria linguae (hesitancy of the tongue).” The trouble with this is that balbuti% is used in Latin for any speech defect, not just stuttering or hesitancy. Modem classical dictionaries define the parent word balbus too narrowly, as “stammering, stuttering”; blaesus is given as “lisping, stammering, hesitating in utterance, speaking indistinctly”; atypus is “stammering”; and rirubantia linguae, “stammering” (lit. “staggering of the tongue”). Greek /3hol~aog means bent, distorted; hence splayfooted. Cf. the close relation between Ger. lurken “lahm sein in der Rede, stottem, stammeln.” and lur/schen, “lahmen mit den fiissen” (Grimm), or between Engl. stammer and stagger: “My guide’s pony began to srammer under his burden, that is, in vulgar Scotch, to stumble .” (Carr, 1809). The Latin form blaesus refers to speech only. According to Boisacq (1938) and Walde (1965). the etymclogy of ~Xa~a&--blaesus is unknown. Could it be cognate to Anglo-Saxon wlisp (adj,), “lisping. stammering, speaking inarticulately, ” which shows the same labial-liquid-vowel-sibilant pattern? also perhaps to Ssk. vilishta or virishta (adj .) , “rent asunder, broken, out of order; hence fracture or dislocation (of a bone)“; from prefix vi-, “in two parts, asunder, in different directions, contrary, deviating from right”; and verb ri?, “to hurt, tear”; perhaps cognate to Ger. reissen, “tear, rip, break, snap, split, crack”: Pol. razie, to strike; Lat. laesum, “struck, hurt, wounded. ” xSPerhaps Andreas Bachmann (J601-1656), better known as Rivinus, a prominent writer and professor at Leipzig. 36The reference to Aesop is obscure, but cf. B. E. Perry, Aesop& [No. 6881, I (Urbana: (Moralia, trans. W.C. U. Ill. 1952), 684; also Pittacus in Plutarch, “Concerning Talkativeness” Helmbold, Loeb series, Cambridge, 1939, vol. 6, p. 419). Anacharis, asked what was the worst and best in man, replied “the tongue.” Barlaeus (Van Baerle, 1645) wrote of the tongue: “Quam noceo, quam prosum, eadem sum pessima return optimaque. ”

316

JEFFREY

WOLLOCK

heaven)s7 says in his Anutomes Novae, lib. 3, c. 13, p. 546, “the tongue ought to be of a medium size suiting the human mouth,” and indeed, “if it should be too big to be easily moved, hlaesitus and balhuties follow in consequence.” Although in a poetic sense the canine consonant has been called liquid, and thus *‘cusy , ’ ’ that which we judge best in its enunciation is yet in a medical and physical sense actually the most di’$cult of all sounds to achieve, as Wedelius so wisely points out in Physiol. nav. (‘. 12, p. 436;38 and this is doubtless because it needs the most allision;3y next he says we call those unable to achieve it mogiluli and ankvloglossi.40 Demosthenes, they say, so as to develop the allision, used to place small pebbles beneath the tongue, to lighten its weight. In that deuced allision, indeed, done not once but many times, and quickly, lay the whole business. And this allision takes place on the “temple of the tongue,” (as Tuubmarmus iu Plautwn. p. 8 164’ most elegantly calls the palate), which anyone can easily see in his own mouth. Hence if the tongue should be excessively long, then in the vain attempt to enunciate rho, you have a dashing against the teeth, and lumbda comes out instead; which is lambducism.42 Likewise, if the tongue should be too heavy, it can indeed be hit against the palate, but only once; making a sound which is a kind of analogue to the canine consonant, but as

“/.c. Thomas Bartholinus the elder (16lG1680), Anutome Quartum Renovata (Leyden, 1677): “Magnitudine mediocri et ori respondenti, quae si nimia sit, ut moveri expedite nequeat, blaesi fiunt et balbutientes. et si mmia mollitie humiditateque abundct. ut in infantibus, minus recte articulatae votes proferentur. ” See also Bartholinus in n. 44 below. To the contrary is Theophilus Bonetus ( 1679), commenting on a statement by Menjot (Wollock, I978a): “The most excellent gentleman’s assertions concerning the tongue which is too thick and bulky put me in mind of a certain Swiss physician by the name of Meuron, who was endowed with a sesqutpedalian tongue as btg as a calf‘s, which he could stick out as far as he liked, and by the power of wshich he used to slowly draw down a lump of sugar placed on the end of his nose (for the man also had a very large nose) into his mouth; this tongue nevertheless was so nimble and voluble, that it imitated all sorts of bird calls, and pounded all ears with its loquacity.” ?aGrorg Wolfgang Wedelius (164-S 1721). Lentilius’ professor at Jena. 1 am unable to identify the citation. However, the relative difficulty of the trilled apical R is well known to all language teachers and clinicians. Amman ( 1692) says that trilled apical R was the only articulation he was unable to teach to all hts deaf pupils. See also Holder (1669). p. 50. “‘A11i.wm: “The action of dashing against or striking with violence upon.” (O/D). Lentilius: “. omnium potius difficillima est elocutu: quippe quod maxima allisione egeat. ” in eloquendis illis praecipue literis omnium maximam difficultatem et Langius. “. haesitattonem exhiberc. quae linguae agilitatrm et mobilem promtitudinem allisionemque requirunt K.LetR.. :’ ‘40From Greek poythluhos. having impeded speech, and ‘ay~uXoyhooaov. contraction of the tongue, i.c>. when the frenum linguae is too tight. For htatory and ethnography of the condition see Cicero, Dr fli~hmorw 11.46; Pliny (I[>. ci/. tn. 32 above); Med. UK/ Physic,. J. (London) 14 (Aug. I, 1805). Y7-98: Chamberlain ( 1896); Cherirn (1900); Cullum (1959). 4’Fricdrich Taubmann ( I563 !- 1613). C‘ornntenrcwius in P[crutunr (Wittenberg, 1612). Langius: .. in palatum (quad linguae tcmplum adpellant elegantiarum cultores).” ‘j;Apparently Bodin (1566) was likewise referring to a substttution of L for R: ‘I. in agro Labdano Galhae Narbonensia umnes labdacismo balbutiunt: et in Valedoca Taurinorum.” He attributed this to the nature of the waters tn those locahtte\.

ARTICULATION

DISORDER

IN 17th.CENTURY

GERMANY

317

though “nipped in the bud.” Likewise the tongue is also inept if it should gush with too much saliva, as we often find in infants; so too in the unsteady tongue of wine-sots; and finally in old people, who spit continually on account of too much phlegm. Hence, too, infants often attain to this consonant last of a11.43 And so, if we can find some antidote, its application will follow the distinct causes of this evil, to wit, bulb&%. The tongue which is too long has launched some medical debate, we think; seeing as how no one can mutilate its tip with impunity, although they claim that some whose speech had been impeded by the loss of the tongue tip spoke well enough with the help of a kind of dish, as depicted in Uffenbach Thes. p. 489 .44 But I shall not tempt the b&bus to allow anything of his tongue to be cut away on that account.44a De gustibus non est disputandum, but see Dec. IAnn. I Ephem. Acad. Leopold., obs. 35.45 “‘Cf. Galen, Commentary to the Aphorisms of Hippocrates. V1.32, and Aristotle, Problrmuta X1.30. “Peter Uffenbach, Thesaurus Chirurgiae (Frankfurt, 1610) is a compilation, and the citation actually refers to Ambrose Park’s Surgery. The illustration, with English text (see Appendix) is found in Par& (1649). According to Roland (1630, 1672), speech is possible even with the whole tongue excised. “aThis is a joke, similar to the story of the man who asked his physician after the latter had finished setting his broken arm, whether he would be able to play the piano when the cast came off; the doctor assured him he would, which pleased the patient immensely-he had never been able to play the piano before. There is however a kernel of reality here, for such an operation had been advised in rare cases of abnormal protrusion of a hypertrophied tongue by Claudinus (1653): “Quad si spectemus auctam linguae magnitudinem plus justb, vel malum hoc est nativum quale ego vidi in puella quae linguam exertam gestabat, cui ea sensim etiam a primordio sui ortus fuit adaucta, lingua plus justi, aucta incidatur.” Another case is given by Bartholinus (1654-61): “Leidae puella quaedam, ex Walaei relatione, linguam manus magnitudine amplam grossamque habebat, ut vix ore contineretur, Medici particulas in extremitate absciderunt, donec ad consuetam perduxissent molem; quam ita decurtatam non impedivisse loquelam, credibile est.” (Claudinus cited by Fabre in Langius, III, cap. 14, p. 158; Bartholinus by Langius, ibid.) Another such operation had been recently performed by the surgeon Hoffman at Stockholm, of which brief notice appears in Hannemann (1683). A fuller account is in Acta Litteraria et Scientiarum Surciae, 3 (1732), p. 1. Cf. Dolaeus (1689) and Lassus (1801). 4S/.e. Sachs von Lewenheim (1670), a “state of the art” sketch of the treatment of various communication disorders. Aside from the Pari case just cited, Lewenheim gives the following: “I know an exceptionally inquisitive and learned gentleman, who did teach a “balbuting” noble boy, descended from the noble family of Falckenhain here in Silesia, within the space of a few months, happily to develop perfect speech, through demonstration of the fundamentals of the Oriental languages; by which means, through the diversity of the letters, some gutturals, some labials, some dentals, some linguals, the instruments of speech are moved and turned in various ways; (taught him) not only by exactly demonstrating these particular motions himself; but quite often even by bending the boy’s own tongue and lips, until he learned how to perfectly express the words.” This method is so similar to that of Francis Mercurius Van Helmont (16111699) in the Alphabetum Natwale Hebraicurn (1667), where the Hebrew language is used to demonstrate the correct disposition of the speech organs, that it seems a reasonable conjecture that the “learned gentleman” referred to may be Baron Christian Knorr von Rosenroth (163&1689), Silesian Lutheran pastor, orientalist and cabbalist, who translated Van Helmont’s treatise into German. The two maintained very close contacts.

JEFFREY

318

WOLLOCK

He whose tongue is too heavy may put something beneath it, to make it easy to lift, as Demosthenes did; whose tongue gushes with saliva may lighten it by the use of apophlegmatisms;4h simply by the chewing of gum mastic upon waking up each day;47 and by suchlike medicaments. But who of sound mind would put faith in the stupid opinion that hulbuti~s has some kind of fine elegance, suitable to young ladies? So it comes to mind that once in Saxony I became acquainted with two young ladies of noble family, who knew how to enunciate the canine consonant most aptly, with a most valuable benefit to the language; and yet took pains, following the fashion, and by studious discipline, to adopt balbmti~u. evidently because they found a lovely delicacy and special smoothness in it. 47 a Although indeed Lud. Caelius tells us that the ha/buries of Alcibiades lent sweetness to his speech; and yet this is not at all the case with these two young ladies.4R To put an end to my locution-to my lallarion, that is:4y if these suggestions displease any halbus, (although a bulbus. as the adage has it, follows a fellow bulbus well enough),S0 let him imitate the Bishop of Laybach’s technique and omit the inimical consonant completely; which indeed, as I think I have shown by these lines, is not all that difficult, much less impossible. Benevolent men (if any exist) will excuse my vanity. I would like to thank Prof.

Floyd Moreland, College, ,fi)r providing invuluuble ussistunce responsible, us the solution to un old riddle Si quid R hubeat

Drpartmrnt c$ Classics. Brooklyn ,t*ith this trunslation. I am sole1.y reveals,

dissertutio

Rque Pelusgeum,

hues Ausonium,

Rque Hebrueum

that is, if this treatise contuins uny Ausoniun (Lutin) R, Pelusgeun (Greek) R, and Hebrew R: because Latin R (er) + Greek R (rho) + Hebrew R (res) =

ERRORES. &Greek

&x+Aty~a~~a~&,

a purging

this. Cf. Fabri in Langius. J7Here Lentilius anticipates centuries.

“Efforts

the “chewing

to improve

the functions

of phlegm; method”

a medicament of Emil

of the muscles

(apophlegmatic)

Froeschels

by almost

of the mouth

which

does

two and a half

and speech

organs

by

chewing are often accompanied by a marked decrease of salivation and drooling which we recognize as a malfunction due to a lack of control in the closure of the mouth and a deficiency in swallowing movements.” “aCf.

(Quoted

Ovid,

48Ludovicus Anriyuurum arbitror,

Caelius Libri.

Alcibiadis

of

Art

in Sittig, Love

Rhodiginus,

VII.23

1947,

p. 192).

111.293. (Venice,

pen name of Lodovico 1516). Cf. Erasmus,

Ricchieri Adugiorum

(146%1525), Chiliadrs

labdacismus, sed magis

4yL’Lallution: substitution balbum

1.6.51:

“.

qui pro rho litera, lambda solitus sit pronuntiare, non linguae vitio, sicut The actual source is Plutarch, Life of Alcibiudrs. See Wollock ob delicias.”

(1978a). “‘“Balbus

m his Lecrionum

(1508).

rectius

of L for R (OED). intelligit,”

Erasmus.

op. ht.

(n. 48 above)

I. 1 1.77.

ARTICULATION

Appendix

319

DISORDER IN 17th~CENTURY GERMANY

(see note 44)

The following is reproduced from Park’s (1649) The Workes of Thar Famous Chirurgion Ambrose Parey. (Courtesy New York Academy of Medicine.)

A/upplie of the defeth in Marts bodie.

580

CHAP.

Lra.q.

V.

Hance gave pIaceand autoritie to this rem&e, as to manic o&cc in our Art. A ccmin man dwelling in a viila, enamrd TVOJfe Cb&,u&tcing fom twmtic four miles from Pourers, had a great piece ofhis tongue cut oti’; by which o&ion bee rcmain’d dumb Tomthree ycars.k happcn’d on a rime that as bee was in the lieUs with tapers, hcc drinking in a wooden dim, WJS ti&cd by Cornof theRandcrs by, not cnduting the tickIin& hcc fiddculy broke out into artialatc;md intelligible word% I-icehimMfwondcing thereat, and &lighted wirh & noveltic ofthe thing, as amiracle, put the famedill to his mouth jun in the(ime manm as b&-c, aud thcnhcc fPakefo plainly and articulately, chat hce might bee underitood by thm ai!. Wherefore a fang time followiu~ bee aiwaics carried this dith in his bofom, to utter hii minds, until at length nectlliti, the milircfi ofam, and giver oi wit in&c&g him, he caufl&ia woodcninfimmeut to bee neatly cut and made for him, like the which is here d&eared, which hec alwaies curia4 hanging at his neck, as the on+ in:erPrctcr oi his mh&, and the key ofhis fpcrch.

A remdie

foundout by yctic&.

An hi~aic.

A. f&s& thtuppcr part of it which was oftk tbickntls of a nine-pruce, which he did&hold betwccn his cutting teeth, thar it could not corn out of his mouth nor bee &o, f3.W the lower part, as thick as a lix-pence, which h:cdid put hard to the rcli of his tongue, cl00 to the membranous &uncut which is under the tongue. That pla~ which is depreff and fomwhar hollowed, marked with the fetter C. is the inner plrt oithe ioifru_ mcut. D. ihcwerh the o&de ofthc time- Hre hanged it about his neck with the &ring that is tied thcrcto. lrrtsr the Phylicianof Bour es fhcwcd mcc this inltnlmcnt : and I my Celi made u-id thereofan a young man who de tongue was cut otf and it &cm&d well, and took ver& good &b. And I t~inkot~tr Surgtons in 6~21 cafes may do the fikc

320

JEFFREY

WOLLOCK

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