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An assessment model for the implementation of RFID in tool management
Proceedigs of the 15th IFAC Symposium on Proceedigs the 15th IFAC Symposium on Information of Control Problems in Manufacturing Proceedigs of theOttawa, 15th IFAC Symposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing Available online at www.sciencedirect.com May 11-13, 2015. Canada Proceedigs of the 15th IFAC Symposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing May 11-13, 2015. Ottawa, Canada Information Control Problems in Manufacturing May 11-13, 2015. Ottawa, Canada May 11-13, 2015. Ottawa, Canada
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IFAC-PapersOnLine 48-3 (2015) 1007–1012
An assessment model for the implementation of RFID in tool management An assessment model for the implementation of RFID in tool management An for implementation of in An assessment assessment model model for the the implementation of RFID RFID in tool tool management management Emanuele Dovere, Sergio Cavalieri, Stefano Ierace
Emanuele Dovere, Sergio Cavalieri, Stefano Ierace Emanuele Dovere, Sergio Stefano Ierace Cavalieri, CELS - Research Group on Industrial Logistics and Service Emanuele Dovere,Engineering, Sergio Cavalieri, Stefano Ierace Operations CELS - Research Group on IndustrialInformation Engineering, Logistics and Service Operations Department of Management, and Production Engineering CELS - Research Group on Industrial Engineering, Logistics and Service Operations Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering CELS - Research Group on Industrial Engineering, Logistics and Service Operations University of Bergamo Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering University of Bergamo DepartmentViale of Management, Information and Production Engineering Marconi, 5 I 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy University of Bergamo Viale Marconi, 5 [email protected]; - I - 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy University of Bergamo (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]) Viale Marconi, 5 I 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]) Viale Marconi, 5 - I - 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]) (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]) Abstract: Management of moveable assets is a key issue in most industrial manufacturing companies. Abstract: Management of systems, moveablenumerous assets is and a keyvarious issue in most industrial manufacturing companies. With complex production machining centers,manufacturing it becomes quite hard to Abstract: Management of systems, moveablenumerous assets is and a keyvarious issue in most industrial companies. With complex production machining centers, it becomes quite hardthe to Abstract: Management of moveable assets is a key issue in most industrial manufacturing companies. carry out an effective and cost-efficient management of the tools and fixtures needed for ensuring With complex production systems, numerous and various machining centers, itneeded becomes quite hardthe to carry out an effective and cost-efficient management of the tools and fixtures for ensuring With complex production systems, numerous and various machining centers, it becomes quite hard to correctout and timely execution of the planned productionofcycles. A pre-requisite for a correct management carry effective and cost-efficient management the tools and fixturesfor needed for management ensuring the correct andan execution of the planned production A pre-requisite atraceability correct carry out antimely effective andadoption cost-efficient management ofcycles. thesystems tools and fixtures the needed for ensuring the of moveable assets is the of proper identification to support and data correct and timely execution of the planned production cycles. A pre-requisite for atraceability correct management of moveable assets is the adoption of proper identification systems to support the andofdata correct andoftimely execution of the plannedwhich production cycles. Atopre-requisite for a correct management collection those pieces of information, could turn out be relevant along the life cycle an of moveable assets is the adoption of proper identification systems support along the traceability andofdata collection of those pieces of information, which could turn out to beto the costs life cycle an of moveable assets is theis adoption ofan proper identification systems torelevant support the traceability and data asset. Aim of the paper to provide empirical model for evaluating the benefits and related to collection pieces information, which could turn to be relevant alongand the costs life cycle of an asset. Aim of of those theRFId paper is of to provide an empirical model forout evaluating the benefits related to collection of those pieces of information, which could turn out to assets, be relevant along the lifeincycle of an the adoption of tags as identifications systems for moveable and in particular managing asset. Aim of of theRFId paper is to an empirical model for evaluating benefits and costs related to the adoption tags as provide identifications systems for moveable assets,the and in particular in managing asset. Aim of theinpaper is to provide an empirical for evaluating the benefits costs related to machinery tools a production premise. In systems order model tofor provide a practical example ofand applicability of the the adoption of RFId tags as identifications moveable assets, and in particular in managing machinery tools in aisproduction premise. In systems order tofor provide apotential practical example of applicability of the the adoption ofstudy RFId tags as identifications moveable assets,pros andand in particular in managing model, a case reported with an in-depth analysis of the cons deriving from the machinery tools in aisproduction premise. In order to provide practicalpros example of applicability of the model, a case study reported with an in-depth analysis of thea and cons deriving from machinery tools a production premise. In order to provide apotential practical example of applicability of the implementation ofinRFId tags. with model, a case study is reported an in-depth analysis of the potential pros and cons deriving from implementation of RFId tags. with an in-depth analysis of the potential pros and cons deriving from the model, a case study is reported the Keywords: Machine tools, tool management, RFId, case study implementation of RFId tags. © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. implementation of RFId tags. Keywords: Machine tools, tool management, RFId, case study Keywords: Machine tools, tool management, RFId, case study Keywords: Machine tools, tool management, RFId, case study 1. INTRODUCTION and control system, which could optimise the level of 1. INTRODUCTION and control which optimise et theal,level Where to gain further efficiency and flexibility from utilisation andsystem, sharing of singlecould tools (Kashyap 1996).of 1. INTRODUCTION and control system, which could optimise et theal,level of Where to gain further efficiency and flexibility from utilisation and sharing of single tools (Kashyap 1. INTRODUCTION and control system, which could optimise the level of machining centres? How toefficiency be responsive toflexibility the marketfrom and In this context, RFId oftechnology has emerged as 1996). a valid Where to gain further and utilisation and sharing single tools (Kashyap et al, 1996). machining centres? How to be responsive to the market and In this context, RFId technology has emerged as a valid Where to gain further efficiency and flexibility from utilisation and sharing of single tools (Kashyap et al, 1996). its up/down-turns in hightoinventory costs? support for enabling and real-time accessible data machining centres?without How toincurring be responsive the market and In this context, RFIdaccurate technology has emerged as a valid its up/down-turns without in hightoinventory costs? support foranenabling accurate and real-time accessible data machining centres? Howeven toincurring bemore responsive thea market and In this to context, RFId technology has aemerged as a or, valid These issues are getting evident for production related item, either a component, final product as its up/down-turns withouteven incurring in high inventory costs? support foranenabling accurate and real-time accessible data These issues arethe getting more evident for a production related to item, either a moveable component, a finalThe product or, as its up/down-turns without incurring in high inventory costs? support for enabling accurate and real-time accessible data manager, given current turbulence and volubility of the in our case, to auxiliary assets. debate on These issues are getting even more evident for a production related to an item, either a component, a final product or, as manager, given the current turbulence andto volubility of the in ourtechnology case, to auxiliary assets. The debate These issues are getting even more evident for a production related to an item, either a moveable component, a final product or, on as markets. It is not ambition of this paper attempt solving RFId in the last years has been characterised by manager, given the current turbulence and volubility of the in our case, to auxiliary moveable assets. The debate on markets. Itgiven isissues. nottheambition of this provide paper attempt solving RFId inpositions: the lastmoveable years hasassets. been enthusiasm characterised by manager, current turbulence andtoan volubility of one the in ourtechnology case, to auxiliary The debate and on such critical It rather would insight on some prevailing from the markets. It isissues. not ambition of this provide paper toanattempt RFId technology inpositions: the last years has the been enthusiasm characterisedand by such critical It ratherwhich would insightsolving on but, one some prevailing from markets. It is not of this ispaper to attempt solving RFId technology in the years hasand been characterised by specific line of ambition action often neglected expectations sparked by last its potential, somewhat boosted such critical issues. It rather would provide an insight on one some prevailing positions: from the enthusiasm and specific linecould of provide action oftenanneglected expectations sparked by its RFId potential, and somewhat boosted such critical issues. It ratherwhich would is provide insight on but, one somedrugged prevailing positions: from theprojects enthusiasm and conversely, valuable leverages for increasing and by mandatory tagging undertaken specific linecould of provide action which isleverages often neglected but, expectations sparked by its RFId potential, andprojects somewhat boosted conversely, valuable forsystem. increasing and drugged by mandatory tagging undertaken specific line of action which is often neglected but, expectations sparked by its (Ngai potential, and somewhat boosted the availability andprovide flexibility of a manufacturing in some industrial contexts et al., 2008); to the prudent conversely, could valuable leverages for increasing and drugged by mandatory RFId tagging projects undertaken the availability and flexibility of a manufacturing system. in some industrial contexts (Ngai et al., 2008); to the prudent conversely, could provide valuable leverages for increasing and drugged by mandatory RFId tagging projects undertaken We refer to moveable asset management as the decisionstance of many professionals on its widespread the availability and flexibility of a manufacturing system. in some industrial contexts (Ngai et al.,on 2008); to widespread the prudent We refer to moveable asset management as the decisionstance of many professionals its the availability and flexibility of a manufacturing system. in some industrial contexts (Ngai et al., 2008); to the prudent making related to planning, as scheduling and implementation timingprofessionals which could beon quiteitslengthy, due to We refer area to moveable assetthe the decisionstance of many widespread making related to themanagement planning, scheduling and implementation timing whichofcould beon quite due to We refer area to ofmoveable asset management as thecutting decisionstance of many professionals itslengthy, widespread traceability moveable assets, ranging from or several economic (in terms its current high unit costs if making area related to the planning, scheduling and implementation timing which could be quite lengthy, due to traceability moveable ranging from cutting or several economic (in terms its current high unit costs if making areaoftorelated to assets, the pallets, planning, scheduling and implementation timing whichofbarcodes) could be quite lengthy, due to shaping tools, jigs, fixtures, dies or moulds (Gray compared with traditional and organisational traceability oftomoveable assets, ranging from cutting or several economic (in terms ofbarcodes) its currentand highorganisational unit costs if shaping tools, jigs, fixtures, pallets, dies or moulds (Gray compared with traditional traceability of Traditionally, moveable assets, ranging from cutting or several economic (in terms of its current high unit costs if et al. 1993). lack of to (Gray such hurdles yet to be overcome. shaping tools, to jigs, fixtures,aapallets, diesattention or moulds compared with traditional barcodes) and organisational et al. 1993). Traditionally, lack of attention to (Gray such hurdles yet to beniche overcome. shaping tools,issues to jigs, fixtures, pallets, dies or moulds compared with traditional barcodes) and organisational management is a primary reason for poor performance RFId remains a technology whose benefits have eluded et al. 1993).issues Traditionally, a reason lack of attention to such hurdles yet to abeniche overcome. management is a primary for1990). poor performance RFId remains technology whose in benefits have eluded et al. 1993). Traditionally, aSenninger, lack of attention to such hurdles yet to beand overcome. of many facilities (Gruver and its widespread invasive adoption many companies. management issues is a primary reason for1990). poor performance RFId remains a niche technology whose in benefits have eluded of many facilities (Gruver and Senninger, its widespread and invasive adoption many companies. management issues is a primary reason for poor performance RFId remains a niche technology whose benefits have eluded This is further exacerbated by the increasing complexity and Some of them have experienced a disappointing return on of many facilities (Gruver and Senninger, 1990). its widespread and invasive adoption in many companies. This is further exacerbated by the increasing complexity and Some of them have experienced a disappointing return on of many facilities (Gruver and Senninger, 1990). its widespread and invasive adoption in many companies. extreme level of automation of production systems as well as investments from their RFId implementation, while others This is further exacerbated by the increasing complexity and Some of them have experienced a disappointing return on extreme level of automation of production systems as well as investments from their RFId implementation, while others This is further exacerbated by the increasing complexity and Some of them have experienced a disappointing return on by the high variety and number of toolssystems used inasa well single have found themselves unable to overcome the technological extreme level of automation of production as investments from their RFId implementation, while others by the high variety and number of tools usedpre-requisite inasa well single have foundAs themselves unable overcome the technological extreme level of automation ofal,production systems as investments from theirthough RFId itto implementation, while others machining center (Turkan et 2007). A first obstacles. a result, is widely acknowledged that by the highcenter variety and number of tools usedpre-requisite in a single have foundAs themselves unable ittoisovercome the technological machining etutilisation al, 2007). obstacles. a result,the though widely acknowledged that by the high variety and of number of tools used in a single have themselves unable to overcome the technological for increasing the(Turkan level ofA afirst moveable asset RFId found willAs become primary technology for tracking machining center (Turkan et al, 2007). A first pre-requisite obstacles. a result, though it is widely acknowledged that for increasing the level of utilisation of a moveable asset RFId will become the primary technology for tracking machiningoncenter (Turkan et al, 2007). A firstidentification, pre-requisite obstacles. As amanaging result, though it is widely acknowledged that resides the proper, unambiguous products and inventories, companies embracing for increasing the level of utilisation of a moveable asset RFId will become the primary technology for tracking resides onandthe proper, unambiguous identification, products andbecome managing companies for increasing the level of utilisation of a moveable asset RFId a will the inventories, primary technology forembracing tracking traceability prompt availability of updated information such technology should carefully consider beforehand its resides onandthe proper, unambiguous products and managing inventories, companies embracing traceability prompt availability of updatedidentification, information such a technology should carefullyrather consider beforehand its resides on the proper, unambiguous identification, products and managing inventories, companies embracing about its status, wear level and technological capability long-term benefits and impact than myopically traceability and prompt availability of updated information such a technology should carefullyrather consider beforehand its about its status, wear level and technological capability long-term benefits and impact than myopically traceability and prompt availability of updated information such a technology should carefully consider beforehand its throughout its whole life cycle (Avci et al, 1996). emulating their competitors. about its status, wear level and technological capability long-term benefits and impact rather than myopically throughout its whole life cycle (Avci et al, 1996). emulating their competitors. about its status, wear level and technological capability long-term benefits and impact rather than myopically Unavailable or unreliable on such items can Aim of thetheir work is to fill this gap providing an empirical throughout its whole lifeinformation cycle (Avci et al, 1996). emulating competitors. Unavailable or inunreliable oninefficient such items can Aim of the work is to fillRFId this gap providing an empirical throughout its whole lifeinformation cycle (Avci et al, 1996). emulating their competitors. trigger delays industrial operations, use or model for evaluating implementation in tool Unavailable unreliable information oninefficient such items Aim the is to fillRFId this gap providing an empirical trigger inventory, delaysor industrial operations, use can or modelof for work evaluating implementation in tool Unavailable or inunreliable information on suchdamages items can Aim of the work is would to fill allow this gap providing an empirical excess and even lead to serious or management. This practitioners to ascertain trigger delays in industrial operations, inefficient use or model for evaluating RFId in tool excess and evenaccuracy lead toand serious damages management. This would allow implementation practitioners to ascertain trigger inventory, delays in contrary, industrial operations, inefficient use or model should for evaluating RFId implementation in RFId tool accidents. On the easy accessibility which be the main advantages in implementing excess inventory, and evenaccuracy lead toand serious damages or management. This would allow practitioners to ascertain accidents. On the contrary, easy accessibility which should be the main advantages in implementing RFId excess inventory, and even lead to serious damages or management. This would allow practitioners toinvestment ascertain of such data enable the development of a suitable scheduling techniques, not neglecting its limitations and accidents. Onenable the contrary, accuracyofand easy accessibility which shouldnot be the main advantages in implementing RFId of such data the development a suitable scheduling techniques, neglecting its limitations and investment accidents. On the contrary, accuracy and easy accessibility which should be the main advantages in implementing RFId costs. of such data enable the development of a suitable scheduling techniques, not neglecting its limitations and investment costs. of such data enable the development of a suitable scheduling techniques, not neglecting its limitations and investment costs. costs.
Copyright 2015 IFAC 1057Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2405-8963 © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Copyright 2015 responsibility IFAC 1057Control. Peer review©under of International Federation of Automatic Copyright © 2015 IFAC 1057 10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.215 Copyright © 2015 IFAC 1057
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The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: section 2 provides a literature review on applications of RFId in the industrial domain, with particular reference to tool management. Section 3 describes the proposed empirical model, whose potential is evaluated in the case study reported in section 4. Final conclusions and managerial implication are drawn in section 5. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Literature dealing with RFId has been flourishing in the last decade with applications in disparate fields and with different claimed benefits. A comprehensive analysis of state of the art on RFId application in different industrial sectors is provided by a recent survey conducted by Ilie-Zudor et al. (2011). This section is rather devoted to a review of the most acknowledged scientific proposals and industrial implementations of RFId in solving those issues related to the specific moveable asset management domain. The review is reported by classifying the literature contributions according to four main classes of applications. Production control: in this case the typical application is the insertion of an RFId tag to a part, item or assembled box under production (Higgins et al, 2006). The tag contains data related to part number, location, production line, operator, time and so on. The information registered in the tag would flow tightly with the product throughout its production process. Baudin et al. (2005) report their experience in an assembly line, where the information embedded in RFId tags enable a better traceability of items and tools to be used as well as a real time update of the single steps of advancement of the assembly unit. Another example is given by Johnson (2002), with the RFId tags applied on an automated assembly line in a Ford Motor Company premise. Johnson reports that: “as a vehicle passes through the different stages of production, a serial number is referenced on a tag, indicating what needs to be done at each station”. In all these contributions the main experienced benefits are: reduction of wasted time, increase of automation in the operations, better traceability in and out of the factory (Ngai et al (2012) and Zelbst et al. (2012)). Maintenance operations: RFId technology can be used as a support to preventive maintenance and CBM (condition based maintenance). An example is the application described by Chen (2009) for the functioning of a steam turbine, where a correct maintenance is needed to guarantee its optimal operating conditions. Since these conditions can quickly change, it needs checking, memorizing and reading relevant data in real time. The tags are easily programmed in-house by library workers and are designed to be applied on the turbine. Another application in the maintenance field is given by Adgar et al. (2007), where the information in the RFId tags is stored to manage the CBM activities and “to allow operators identifying tools, machine and spare parts accurately, easily and rapidly”. Several applications are shown in different sectors as reported by El Ghazali et al. (2012) where the RFId technology is used to manage maintenance inspections in the oil industry or, as reported by Satoglu et al. (2012), to manage maintenance interventions and spare parts in aerospace industry. The main expected benefits are: increase
of maintenance efficiency, decrease of global cost of maintenance, physical applicability on the product (unlike other identification systems, as bar code). Instrumentation and equipment identification: a potential important area of application, even if a few relevant contributions are yet available in literature, is related to the identification of tools by using RFId tags. It is worth mentioning the contribution reported by Lampe et al. (2008) in the case of aircraft maintenance: since each operator uses a personal toolbox, there is the need to maintain always a consistency between the single tool and its owner. In this way the adoption of RFId tags can guarantee the correspondence of each tool to each toolbox and each operator. Another kind of application is given by Ilie-Zudor et al. (2011) where the RFId tags are used to identify and to track mobile instrumentation at the Bon Secours Hospital chain. Main acknowledged benefits are: identification of the right tools, location of tools, monitoring the quality or state of assets and keeping the history of assets. Tool management in tool machinery: Although the RFId technology has been experimented for more than 20 years, there is still scarce experience as regards its application in tool management. Typical pieces of information that are written on the tag applied to a tool are, among others: tool code, containing technological, material-related and geometric data; position on the rack or in tool room; residual life and state of wear. From the point of view of tool management, through the use of RFId it is possible to automate a series of procedures. Main involved processes are: search and selection of tools, data entry operations, machine set-ups, evaluation of the wear level of a tool, life cycle management (Wang et al. 2009). As reported by XiuLin Sui et al. (2014), it is worth mentioning the importance of having a database where to gather and centralise all the information about tools. If we refer in particular to flexible manufacturing systems, several subsystems do require update and consistent logistical and technical data related to the tools, including: production planning; preset maintenance; robotised and/or manual tool assembly; stock control and materials storage. As Naifei Ren et al. (2012) state, a good planning system can heavily reduce the level of tool inventories by exploiting at best the sharing of tools among machines, and, as a result, maximizes also tool utilization. A summary review of these applications and the claimed benefits is reported in Table 1. 3. MODEL PROPOSAL Although the advantages in implementing an identification system of tools could appear at a first instance quite evident, its rate of adoption is yet quite low due to a certain diffidence from potential users in ascertaining the real expected return of investments. This paper intends to bridge the gap between what the technology can offer and the real needs elicitable from industrial users, by providing a model for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the potential benefits deriving from the adoption of RFId technology in tool management. Tool management on machine tools is composed by four macro phases and, in turn, each phase by more operations.
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Applications
Main benefits
Through the evaluation of well defined key factors and the identification of measureable performance indicators, an assessment model can be used for comparing the current “AS-IS” situation of a production system with the potential “TO-BE” scenario which could derive from a pervasive adoption of RFId tags associated to the machining tools.
Sample References
Productionprocess
Eliminate wasted time. Reduced risk guarantee. Increase of automation. Optimize efficiency of the recall actions.
Baudin et al (2005) Higgins et al, (2006) Johnson (2002) Ngai et al. (2012) Zelbst et al. (2012)
Maintenance operations
Increase of maintenance efficiency. Decrease of global cost of maintenance. Monitoring the quality or state of assets.
Cheng et al, (2008) Chen et al, (2009) Adgar (2007) El Ghazali et al (2013) Satoglu et al. (2012)
Identification of the right tools and right location Monitoring the quality or state of assets. Keeping history of assets.
Lampe et al, (2008) Ilie-Zudor et al, (2011)
Reduction in tool inventory. Maximizing tool utilization. Reduction of human error Tool requirements planning
Subrahmanyam (1999) Wang et al (2009) Naifei Ren et al. (2012) XiuLin Sui et al. (2014).
Instrumentation and equipment identification
Tool management in tool machinery
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Figure 1 shows, through an IDEF0 notation, the sequential steps underlying the adoption of such a model. Audit model
General factors analisys
AUDIT ACTIVITY
Prior factors for action AS-IS Indicators EVALUATION OF INDICATORS
EVALUATION OF RFID IMPACTS
Table 1. A review on the areas of application of RFId technology
Before the beginning of a manufacturing process, the set-up phases and relative operations are: Preliminary Operations: the operator searches for the tools needed for the manufacturing process and evaluates whether the work requirements, in terms of durability and weariness, can be fulfilled by the stocked available tools. Presetting: the operator checks the wear level of tools and its shapes, gets the geometrical features through the presetting machine and finally introduces these data in the NC. Tool load: this phase is characterized by the set up operations on the working machine and by run tests. End of the manufacturing: after the working cycle on the machine is performed, the level of tool wear is analysed and, eventually, tools are stored back in the tool room. For each phase of tool management, there are different activities where possible inefficiencies can arise. A list of the different potential wastes, analysed from literature and some case studies in the manufacturing context, against the single phases and activities, is reported in Table 2. PHASES PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS
TOOL LOAD
PRESETTING
END OF MANUFACTURING
Evaluation Acquisition Control of Control of Storage of Set up and tool tool tool & Search tool inventory of geom. Data Entry run tests requirem features wear(ante) wear(post) Data entry Idle/down time
√
INEFFICIENCIES
Loss of tools dimensional data and features Decrease of tools life (tool discarded)
√
Increase of errors probability(Failure piece/machine organ/tool
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√ √
Increase park tool
√
Loss data for the supply planning
√
√
√ √
√
√ √
TO-BE Indicators
ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL BENEFITS
Company’s System Analyst Staff
Improvements %
RFID tags
Figure 1. Main steps of application of the assessment model for the evaluation of the impact of RFId on tool management
A first moment is the definition of the main factors in tool management, which could be affected by the implementation of RFId technology. These factors mainly depend on the technology characterising the specific production system as well as on the typology of products being manufactured. For example, in some situations, the predominant factor could be “increase productivity”. In this case, under the constraint of the available technology, the RFId application could be instrumental for increasing the productivity by reducing the occurrence and impact of more sources of time losses. Under certain circumstances, when the types of production are very different and more kinds of tools are used, it could be more relevant to search for the reduction of the overall tool inventory costs. This goal is achievable by decreasing the number of tools through tool sharing or through a better understanding of the level of tool wear. Finally, in other production scenarios, the predominant factor could be avoiding any kind of mistakes during the production process. A relevant example is the manufacturing of crankcases, where any error could jeopardise the quality of the item and incur in high recovery costs. The five sections of the assessment system, with factors and related indicators, are presented in Table 3:
Table 2. Operations vs inefficiencies in tool management 1059
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SECTIONS
FACTORS AS-IS
INDICATORS
(1) Classification of the production system
Production approach Production volumes
Production volume Number of set up Number of production changes
(2) Software and hardware technology at disposal
Typology of machine tool Software support Level of automation
Number of machine tools Level of automation
(3) Use of human resource in tool management
Tasks assigned to workers
(4) Information about tools used
Identification of the adopted system.
(5) Information about accidents
Typology of accidents Consequences of accidents
Estimation of times (tool research, presetting, data entry, loading tools) Number of replicas of the same tool. Total number of tools residing onboard and in tool room. Average price of tools Number of accidents. Not productive times.
Table 3. Sections of the assessment model
Going more into detail, section 1 (Classification of production system) is devoted to a better understanding of the main production characteristics; this section considers the way volumes are produced (i.e. one of a kind, batch or continuous). For each “Production kind”, the critical activities and the inefficiencies, where the use of RFId can impact on, are shown in Table 4. This first section is the main part that allows defining qualitatively how the RFId technology can improve the possible inefficiencies in the tool management. PRODUCTION KIND
ONE OF A KIND
CRITICAL ACTIVITIES Search of the suitable tool
INEFFICIENCIES WHICH RFId IMPACTS ON Increased down time (for searching the tool)
Tools data (geom. dimensional, wear) Data entry before
Increased down time to take over dimensional data
the manufacturing activities
Increase of probability of breaking a tool or the worked piece during the manufacturing
Planning tools use
Difficulty of tool sharing
Manufacturing scheduling
Increased down time to set up operations Increase of probability of breaking a tool or the worked piece during the manufacturing Increase of probability of breaking a tool and down time
BATCH Set up operations Evaluation of tool wear Requirements planning tools Manufacturing CONTINUOUS monitoring
Section 2 is devoted to the analysis of the technology. In particular, the relevant information is about the number and kind of machine tools (for example: traditional, CNC, FMS, etc.). The other answers regard the system software (i.e. whether there is a supervisor and/or a database), and the level of automation (i.e. whether there is a night shift without the direct presence of an operator on the machine). Section 3 aims at detecting the tasks that are assigned to workers. The main indicators of this section relate to the amount of time spent by workers for the operations of tools management. In section 4, the model allows to investigate the kind of management and the usage of technologies supporting this phase; more in detail, it is detected if there are some tool identification systems and the indicators are: tool features in terms of price, size, number and duplicates. These elements are useful for making consideration on the possible need to reduce the total number of tools in the company. Finally, there is a section that allows a free compilation from the auditors. It is particularly related to the acknowledgement of any historical data available in the company. In this section, the model aims at ascertaining any accidents which occurred during the production and how frequent they occur. Typical accidents to be analysed are: breaking of tools or workpieces or machine organs as a consequence of human errors.
Tool stock out Increased machine down time.
Increase of probability of breaking a tool or the worked piece during the manufacturing activity Table 4. Critical activities and inefficiencies for production type Monitoring tool wear
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4. CASE STUDY The case study refers to a company that produces, through machines tools, hot sprues for moulding plastic materials. The system available for the production is a FMS (flexible manufacturing system) and the production planning is based on one of a kind or few batches. These machines are CNC and there are four machines available for the production. In total, there are about 600 tools (approximately 80 for each machine) with possibility of redundancy (i.e. two or three items of the same tool). The first step in the assessment phase is related to the AS-IS analysis. Before the introduction of RFId tags on tools, many operations in tool management were carried out manually by dedicated operators: the part program was read by the operator to evaluate which tools were necessary for the manufacturing and whether these tools were in rack or not. After these operations and before the beginning of manufacturing, the operator carried out machine set up and tools presetting. If the tool was not in rack, the operator had to assemble those ones missing and place them in rack checking the correspondence between tool position and the kind of tool. Moreover, if the tools were already present but located on different centers, it would have been necessary to identify the location of them and provide the correct positioning on a better equipped machine. Another delicate task relegated to the operator was to assess the state of tool wear. Finally, since the manufactured pieces are sometimes very similar to each other (they could differ only by a single work of a single tool), the margin of error for selecting the correct tool could be very relevant. The inefficiencies observed before the application of RFId can be summarized as follows (step 2 of the procedure): Increasing number of tools. Relevant down times. Reduced machine availability.
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Possibility of error in the association between the tools and the position of the tools within the rack. Increasing of probability of broken tools during the manufacturing. In particular, there is a consistent occurrence of production down times due to routinary operations management activities (e.g. search tool, set up operations, presetting, load and unload of tool), and also for data entry operations. These down times reduce remarkably the productivity and contribute to increase of energy expenditure. In addition, the machine auxiliaries consume energy during stand-by times. For these reasons, it was decided to apply the tags on the tools in order to memorize data directly on the tool itself. After the application of RFId tags on the tool holder cone, a tool room has been realized, where the operator could make the operations of research tools and presetting tools in parallel at working cycles. The use of a tool room, with RFId tagged tools, allowed: to keep the tool inserts in tool room, eliminating stock on machine board; to prepare tools and to make the presetting in tool room; to plan the manufacturing cycles on the different machines, optimizing the machine performances; to identify uniquely the tool and its information by RFId on machine rack (see Figure 2).
values are mean values registered during six months before and after the use of RFId tags. Key parameters Number of accidental events Mean Down time for accidental events Mean Down time for machine set up operations and data entry Mean down time for tool management (search tools, presetting, tool assembly...) Units manufactured Scraps Number of tools
TIMES OPERATIONS OF TOOL MANAGEMENT (Search tool, set up, Presetting, load &unload)
N OF TOOLS
OPTIMIZATION OF TOOL WEAR
N OF ACCIDENTAL EVENTS BREAKING TOOLS DURING THE PRODUCTION
MANUFACTURING DISCARD OPERATIONS OF DATA ENTRY
TOOL SHARING POLICY
MANUFACTURING INTERRUPTION
Figure 3. Main benefits from adoption of RFId tags
Following the previous scheme and considering only the parameters, which were considered relevant for the analyzed case, a quantitative assessment of the main benefits for each machine has been performed, as reported in Table 5. These
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Post RFId 2
Unit of measurement Events/month
60
50
Minutes
13
4
Minutes
12
2
Minutes
9
12
Units/day
6
3
Units/month
800
650
N° of tools
In addition, the opportunity of having information about available tools in the company enables a better planning of the overall manufacturing process and the possibility to adopt adequate policies of tool sharing. In the case study, the application of tags RFId on tools allows a 20% reduction of tools if tool sharing policies are embedded in the manufacturing plan. Finally, it is possible to evaluate quantitatively the savings and the benefits due to the application of RFId technology. These are the final steps of the RFId implementation process. To summarize these savings and benefits, the OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) index has been calculated in terms of availability, performance, quality values before and after the application of RFId tags as identification system on the tool holder cones (Table 6). In the case study, we can compute an increase of 34% in the OEE value. Availability Performance Quality OEE
The main areas where the application of RFId as a system of identification of tools turned out to be beneficial are shown in Figure 3.
Ante RFId 4
Table 5. Significant parameters for the case study before and after the RFId application
Indicators
Figure 2. Tools with RFId tags on machine rack
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Ante RFId
Post RFId
Δ
76% 69% 97% 51%
92% 92% 99% 85%
+ 16% + 23% + 2% + 34%
Table 6. Indicators before and after RFId application
5. CONCLUSIONS The paper provides a further insight on the relevance of tool management in a company, focusing in particular on the inefficiencies that arise due to a lack of good management practices. To overcome these problems, the paper proposes a model for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the potential benefits deriving from the application of RFId identification tags on machine tools. The related case study has enabled a direct comparison between data before and after the application of RFId tags. It proves how RFId-based automatic processes can guarantee a higher accuracy than the manual process with significant potential in terms of reduced time for information sharing and less occurrence of human errors. From a managerial perspective, the model allows the evaluation of the benefits of RFId implementation ex-ante. This is quite important, since one of the main issues in the adoption of RFId on an industrial scale, with often a sharp
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dialectics between technology providers and potential industrial users, resides on the lack of an objective and clear evaluation of the pros and cons coming out of its implementation. The paper tries to fill this gap in order to provide a model, which could support practitioners in evaluating and taking robust decisions on the investment in RFId technologies for moveable assets. 6. REFERENCES Adgar A., Addison J., Yau, C. (2007). ‘Applications of RFId Technology in Maintenance Systems’ Proceedings of the II World Congress on Engineering Asset Management (WCEAM) Harrogate, UK. Avci S., Akturk M.S., (1996). ‘Tool magazine arrangement and operations sequencing on the CNC machines’. Computers and operations research. N°32, pp.1069-1081. Avci S., Akturk M.S., (1996). ‘Tool allocation and machining conditions optimization for CNC machines’. European journal of operational research N°94, pp. 335-348. Baudin M., Rao A. (2005). ‘RFId applications in manufacturing’. http://www.mmt-inst.com/. Accessed 8 November 2010. Cheng C.Y., Prabhu V., (2008). ‘Applying RFID for cutting tool supply chain management’. In Proc. Industrial Engineering Research, Nashville, USA, pp. 19-23. Cheng C.Y., Prabhu V., (2012). ‘Evaluation models for service oriented process in spare parts management’. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing Volume 23, Issue 4, pp 1403-1417 Ergen E., Akinci B., Sacks R., (2007). ‘Life-cycle data management of engineered-to-order components using radio frequency identification’. Advanced Engineering Informatics N°21, pp.356– 366. El Ghazali Y., Lefebvre E., Lef L. (2013). ‘Intelligent Inspection Processes for Intelligent Maintenance: The Potential of RFID in the Petroleum Industry’. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, N°2, pp 93-105. Goodrum P.M,. McLaren M., Durfee A., (2006). ‘The application of active radio frequency identification technology for tool tracking on construction job sites’. Automation in Construction, N°15 pp. 292 – 302. Gray, A.E., Seidmann, A, Stecke, K.E. (1993). ‘A synthesis of decision models for tool management in automated manufacturing’. Management Science, Vol, 39, No. 5, pp. 549567. Gruver, A., Senninger, M.T. (1990). ‘Tooling Management in FMS’. Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 112, No. 3 pp.40-44 Higgins L.N., Cairney T, (2006). ‘RFId opportunities and risks’. Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance N°17 (5), pp. 51–57. Ilie-Zudor E., Kemény Z., Van Blommestein F., Monostori L., Van der Meulen A., (2011). ‘A survey of applications and requirements of unique identification systems and RFId techniques’. Computers in Industry No. 62, pp.227–252. Roh J.J., Kunnathur A., Tarafdar M., (2009). ‘Classification of RFId adoption: An expected benefits approach’. Information & Management N°46 pp.357–363. Kashyap Arun S., Khator Suresh K., (1996). ‘Analysis of tool sharing in an fms: a simulation study’. Computers and industrial Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 137-145. Lampe M., Strassner M., (2003), ‘The Potential of RFId for Moveable Asset Management’. Workshop on Ubiquitous Commerce at Ubicomp. Lung-Chuang Wang, Yu-Cheng Lin, Pao H. Lin, (2007). ‘Dynamic mobile RFId-based supply chain control and management system in construction’. Advanced Engineering Informatics N°21, pp.377–390.
Naifei R., Zhang Y., Zhao Y., (2012). ‘Development of RFIDenabled Tool Management System’. Applied Mechanics and materials, N° 121-123, pp 3899-3903. Ngai E.W.T., Moonb K.K.l, Rigginsc F.J., Yib C.Y, (2008). ‘RFId research: An academic literature review (1995–2005) and future research directions’. International Journal of Production Economics. N°112, pp.510-520. Ngai E.W.T., Chau D.C.K, Poon J.K.L., Chan A.Y.M., Chan W.W.S., Wu W.W.S., (2012). ‘Implementing an RFID-based manufacturing process management system: Lesson learned and success factors’. International Journal of Engineering and Technology Management. N°29, pp 112-130. Ozbayrak M., Bell Robert, (2003). ‘A knowledge-based decision support system for the management of parts and tools in FMS’. Decision Support Systems N°35 pp.487– 515. Ravikumar M.M., Bhaskar A. (2008). ‘Improving equipment effectiveness through TPM’. International Business management Vol. 2, N°3, pp 91-96. Satoglu S., Ustundag A. (2012). ‘Value of RFID Enhanced Maintenance in Aerospace Industry’. The value of RFID, pp 141153. Saygin, C., (2007). ‘Adaptive inventory management using RFId data’. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, N°32, pp. 1045–1051. Songa J., Haasa C.T., Caldasa C., Ergenb E., Akincib B., (2006). ‘Automating the task of tracking the delivery and receipt of fabricated pipe spools in industrial projects’. Automation in Construction N°15, pp.166 – 177. Subrahmanyam G., Gunasekaran A., Arunachalam S., Radhakrishnan P. (1999). ‘Development of a Tool Database Management System’. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, N° 15, pp.562–565. Tellkamp C., Wiechert T., Thiesse F., Fleisch E., (2009). ‘The adoption of RFId based selfcheck out systems at the point of sale: an empirical investigation’. IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, N° 226, pp.153–165. Tung-Liang Chen, (2009). ‘Real-time turbine maintenance system’. Expert Systems with Applications N°36 pp.8676–8681. Turkcan A., Akturk S.M., Storer R.H. (2007). ‘Due date and cost based FMS loading, scheduling and tool management’. International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 45, No. 5, pp.1183–1213. Yumi P., Cheon-Pyo Lee. (2008) ‘The Impact of RFId-based Traceability System on Perceived Competitive Advantage in the Food Industry’. Proceedings of 2008 National decisions sciences institute Conference Baltimora. Turkcan A., Akturk S.M., Storer R.H. (2007). Due date and costbased FMS loading, scheduling and tool management. International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 45, No. 5, pp.1183–1213. Wang, G. X., Yan, Y. (2009), ‘A methodology of tool lifecycle management and control based on RFID’ , Proc. IEEE IEEM, pp 1920-1924. XiuLin S., Teng T., Chen Y., Wang X. (2014). ‘Research on Application of RFID Technology in Tool Identification and Information Management’. Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.53, pp.353-356 Yumi P., Cheon-Pyo L., (2008) “The Impact of RFID-based Traceability System on Perceived Competitive Advantage in the Food Industry”. Proceedings of the National Decision Sciences Institute (DSI) Conference, Baltimore, MD, November 2008. Zelbst P., Green K., Sower V., Reyes P., (2012) "Impact of RFID on manufacturing effectiveness and efficiency", International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32 Iss: 3, pp.329 - 350
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IFAC-PapersOnLine 48-3 (2015) 1007–1012
An assessment model for the implementation of RFID in tool management An assessment model for the implementation of RFID in tool management An for implementation of in An assessment assessment model model for the the implementation of RFID RFID in tool tool management management Emanuele Dovere, Sergio Cavalieri, Stefano Ierace
Emanuele Dovere, Sergio Cavalieri, Stefano Ierace Emanuele Dovere, Sergio Stefano Ierace Cavalieri, CELS - Research Group on Industrial Logistics and Service Emanuele Dovere,Engineering, Sergio Cavalieri, Stefano Ierace Operations CELS - Research Group on IndustrialInformation Engineering, Logistics and Service Operations Department of Management, and Production Engineering CELS - Research Group on Industrial Engineering, Logistics and Service Operations Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering CELS - Research Group on Industrial Engineering, Logistics and Service Operations University of Bergamo Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering University of Bergamo DepartmentViale of Management, Information and Production Engineering Marconi, 5 I 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy University of Bergamo Viale Marconi, 5 [email protected]; - I - 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy University of Bergamo (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]) Viale Marconi, 5 I 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]) Viale Marconi, 5 - I - 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]) (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]) Abstract: Management of moveable assets is a key issue in most industrial manufacturing companies. Abstract: Management of systems, moveablenumerous assets is and a keyvarious issue in most industrial manufacturing companies. With complex production machining centers,manufacturing it becomes quite hard to Abstract: Management of systems, moveablenumerous assets is and a keyvarious issue in most industrial companies. With complex production machining centers, it becomes quite hardthe to Abstract: Management of moveable assets is a key issue in most industrial manufacturing companies. carry out an effective and cost-efficient management of the tools and fixtures needed for ensuring With complex production systems, numerous and various machining centers, itneeded becomes quite hardthe to carry out an effective and cost-efficient management of the tools and fixtures for ensuring With complex production systems, numerous and various machining centers, it becomes quite hard to correctout and timely execution of the planned productionofcycles. A pre-requisite for a correct management carry effective and cost-efficient management the tools and fixturesfor needed for management ensuring the correct andan execution of the planned production A pre-requisite atraceability correct carry out antimely effective andadoption cost-efficient management ofcycles. thesystems tools and fixtures the needed for ensuring the of moveable assets is the of proper identification to support and data correct and timely execution of the planned production cycles. A pre-requisite for atraceability correct management of moveable assets is the adoption of proper identification systems to support the andofdata correct andoftimely execution of the plannedwhich production cycles. Atopre-requisite for a correct management collection those pieces of information, could turn out be relevant along the life cycle an of moveable assets is the adoption of proper identification systems support along the traceability andofdata collection of those pieces of information, which could turn out to beto the costs life cycle an of moveable assets is theis adoption ofan proper identification systems torelevant support the traceability and data asset. Aim of the paper to provide empirical model for evaluating the benefits and related to collection pieces information, which could turn to be relevant alongand the costs life cycle of an asset. Aim of of those theRFId paper is of to provide an empirical model forout evaluating the benefits related to collection of those pieces of information, which could turn out to assets, be relevant along the lifeincycle of an the adoption of tags as identifications systems for moveable and in particular managing asset. Aim of of theRFId paper is to an empirical model for evaluating benefits and costs related to the adoption tags as provide identifications systems for moveable assets,the and in particular in managing asset. Aim of theinpaper is to provide an empirical for evaluating the benefits costs related to machinery tools a production premise. In systems order model tofor provide a practical example ofand applicability of the the adoption of RFId tags as identifications moveable assets, and in particular in managing machinery tools in aisproduction premise. In systems order tofor provide apotential practical example of applicability of the the adoption ofstudy RFId tags as identifications moveable assets,pros andand in particular in managing model, a case reported with an in-depth analysis of the cons deriving from the machinery tools in aisproduction premise. In order to provide practicalpros example of applicability of the model, a case study reported with an in-depth analysis of thea and cons deriving from machinery tools a production premise. In order to provide apotential practical example of applicability of the implementation ofinRFId tags. with model, a case study is reported an in-depth analysis of the potential pros and cons deriving from implementation of RFId tags. with an in-depth analysis of the potential pros and cons deriving from the model, a case study is reported the Keywords: Machine tools, tool management, RFId, case study implementation of RFId tags. © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. implementation of RFId tags. Keywords: Machine tools, tool management, RFId, case study Keywords: Machine tools, tool management, RFId, case study Keywords: Machine tools, tool management, RFId, case study 1. INTRODUCTION and control system, which could optimise the level of 1. INTRODUCTION and control which optimise et theal,level Where to gain further efficiency and flexibility from utilisation andsystem, sharing of singlecould tools (Kashyap 1996).of 1. INTRODUCTION and control system, which could optimise et theal,level of Where to gain further efficiency and flexibility from utilisation and sharing of single tools (Kashyap 1. INTRODUCTION and control system, which could optimise the level of machining centres? How toefficiency be responsive toflexibility the marketfrom and In this context, RFId oftechnology has emerged as 1996). a valid Where to gain further and utilisation and sharing single tools (Kashyap et al, 1996). machining centres? How to be responsive to the market and In this context, RFId technology has emerged as a valid Where to gain further efficiency and flexibility from utilisation and sharing of single tools (Kashyap et al, 1996). its up/down-turns in hightoinventory costs? support for enabling and real-time accessible data machining centres?without How toincurring be responsive the market and In this context, RFIdaccurate technology has emerged as a valid its up/down-turns without in hightoinventory costs? support foranenabling accurate and real-time accessible data machining centres? Howeven toincurring bemore responsive thea market and In this to context, RFId technology has aemerged as a or, valid These issues are getting evident for production related item, either a component, final product as its up/down-turns withouteven incurring in high inventory costs? support foranenabling accurate and real-time accessible data These issues arethe getting more evident for a production related to item, either a moveable component, a finalThe product or, as its up/down-turns without incurring in high inventory costs? support for enabling accurate and real-time accessible data manager, given current turbulence and volubility of the in our case, to auxiliary assets. debate on These issues are getting even more evident for a production related to an item, either a component, a final product or, as manager, given the current turbulence andto volubility of the in ourtechnology case, to auxiliary assets. The debate These issues are getting even more evident for a production related to an item, either a moveable component, a final product or, on as markets. It is not ambition of this paper attempt solving RFId in the last years has been characterised by manager, given the current turbulence and volubility of the in our case, to auxiliary moveable assets. The debate on markets. Itgiven isissues. nottheambition of this provide paper attempt solving RFId inpositions: the lastmoveable years hasassets. been enthusiasm characterised by manager, current turbulence andtoan volubility of one the in ourtechnology case, to auxiliary The debate and on such critical It rather would insight on some prevailing from the markets. It isissues. not ambition of this provide paper toanattempt RFId technology inpositions: the last years has the been enthusiasm characterisedand by such critical It ratherwhich would insightsolving on but, one some prevailing from markets. It is not of this ispaper to attempt solving RFId technology in the years hasand been characterised by specific line of ambition action often neglected expectations sparked by last its potential, somewhat boosted such critical issues. It rather would provide an insight on one some prevailing positions: from the enthusiasm and specific linecould of provide action oftenanneglected expectations sparked by its RFId potential, and somewhat boosted such critical issues. It ratherwhich would is provide insight on but, one somedrugged prevailing positions: from theprojects enthusiasm and conversely, valuable leverages for increasing and by mandatory tagging undertaken specific linecould of provide action which isleverages often neglected but, expectations sparked by its RFId potential, andprojects somewhat boosted conversely, valuable forsystem. increasing and drugged by mandatory tagging undertaken specific line of action which is often neglected but, expectations sparked by its (Ngai potential, and somewhat boosted the availability andprovide flexibility of a manufacturing in some industrial contexts et al., 2008); to the prudent conversely, could valuable leverages for increasing and drugged by mandatory RFId tagging projects undertaken the availability and flexibility of a manufacturing system. in some industrial contexts (Ngai et al., 2008); to the prudent conversely, could provide valuable leverages for increasing and drugged by mandatory RFId tagging projects undertaken We refer to moveable asset management as the decisionstance of many professionals on its widespread the availability and flexibility of a manufacturing system. in some industrial contexts (Ngai et al.,on 2008); to widespread the prudent We refer to moveable asset management as the decisionstance of many professionals its the availability and flexibility of a manufacturing system. in some industrial contexts (Ngai et al., 2008); to the prudent making related to planning, as scheduling and implementation timingprofessionals which could beon quiteitslengthy, due to We refer area to moveable assetthe the decisionstance of many widespread making related to themanagement planning, scheduling and implementation timing whichofcould beon quite due to We refer area to ofmoveable asset management as thecutting decisionstance of many professionals itslengthy, widespread traceability moveable assets, ranging from or several economic (in terms its current high unit costs if making area related to the planning, scheduling and implementation timing which could be quite lengthy, due to traceability moveable ranging from cutting or several economic (in terms its current high unit costs if making areaoftorelated to assets, the pallets, planning, scheduling and implementation timing whichofbarcodes) could be quite lengthy, due to shaping tools, jigs, fixtures, dies or moulds (Gray compared with traditional and organisational traceability oftomoveable assets, ranging from cutting or several economic (in terms ofbarcodes) its currentand highorganisational unit costs if shaping tools, jigs, fixtures, pallets, dies or moulds (Gray compared with traditional traceability of Traditionally, moveable assets, ranging from cutting or several economic (in terms of its current high unit costs if et al. 1993). lack of to (Gray such hurdles yet to be overcome. shaping tools, to jigs, fixtures,aapallets, diesattention or moulds compared with traditional barcodes) and organisational et al. 1993). Traditionally, lack of attention to (Gray such hurdles yet to beniche overcome. shaping tools,issues to jigs, fixtures, pallets, dies or moulds compared with traditional barcodes) and organisational management is a primary reason for poor performance RFId remains a technology whose benefits have eluded et al. 1993).issues Traditionally, a reason lack of attention to such hurdles yet to abeniche overcome. management is a primary for1990). poor performance RFId remains technology whose in benefits have eluded et al. 1993). Traditionally, aSenninger, lack of attention to such hurdles yet to beand overcome. of many facilities (Gruver and its widespread invasive adoption many companies. management issues is a primary reason for1990). poor performance RFId remains a niche technology whose in benefits have eluded of many facilities (Gruver and Senninger, its widespread and invasive adoption many companies. management issues is a primary reason for poor performance RFId remains a niche technology whose benefits have eluded This is further exacerbated by the increasing complexity and Some of them have experienced a disappointing return on of many facilities (Gruver and Senninger, 1990). its widespread and invasive adoption in many companies. This is further exacerbated by the increasing complexity and Some of them have experienced a disappointing return on of many facilities (Gruver and Senninger, 1990). its widespread and invasive adoption in many companies. extreme level of automation of production systems as well as investments from their RFId implementation, while others This is further exacerbated by the increasing complexity and Some of them have experienced a disappointing return on extreme level of automation of production systems as well as investments from their RFId implementation, while others This is further exacerbated by the increasing complexity and Some of them have experienced a disappointing return on by the high variety and number of toolssystems used inasa well single have found themselves unable to overcome the technological extreme level of automation of production as investments from their RFId implementation, while others by the high variety and number of tools usedpre-requisite inasa well single have foundAs themselves unable overcome the technological extreme level of automation ofal,production systems as investments from theirthough RFId itto implementation, while others machining center (Turkan et 2007). A first obstacles. a result, is widely acknowledged that by the highcenter variety and number of tools usedpre-requisite in a single have foundAs themselves unable ittoisovercome the technological machining etutilisation al, 2007). obstacles. a result,the though widely acknowledged that by the high variety and of number of tools used in a single have themselves unable to overcome the technological for increasing the(Turkan level ofA afirst moveable asset RFId found willAs become primary technology for tracking machining center (Turkan et al, 2007). A first pre-requisite obstacles. a result, though it is widely acknowledged that for increasing the level of utilisation of a moveable asset RFId will become the primary technology for tracking machiningoncenter (Turkan et al, 2007). A firstidentification, pre-requisite obstacles. As amanaging result, though it is widely acknowledged that resides the proper, unambiguous products and inventories, companies embracing for increasing the level of utilisation of a moveable asset RFId will become the primary technology for tracking resides onandthe proper, unambiguous identification, products andbecome managing companies for increasing the level of utilisation of a moveable asset RFId a will the inventories, primary technology forembracing tracking traceability prompt availability of updated information such technology should carefully consider beforehand its resides onandthe proper, unambiguous products and managing inventories, companies embracing traceability prompt availability of updatedidentification, information such a technology should carefullyrather consider beforehand its resides on the proper, unambiguous identification, products and managing inventories, companies embracing about its status, wear level and technological capability long-term benefits and impact than myopically traceability and prompt availability of updated information such a technology should carefullyrather consider beforehand its about its status, wear level and technological capability long-term benefits and impact than myopically traceability and prompt availability of updated information such a technology should carefully consider beforehand its throughout its whole life cycle (Avci et al, 1996). emulating their competitors. about its status, wear level and technological capability long-term benefits and impact rather than myopically throughout its whole life cycle (Avci et al, 1996). emulating their competitors. about its status, wear level and technological capability long-term benefits and impact rather than myopically Unavailable or unreliable on such items can Aim of thetheir work is to fill this gap providing an empirical throughout its whole lifeinformation cycle (Avci et al, 1996). emulating competitors. Unavailable or inunreliable oninefficient such items can Aim of the work is to fillRFId this gap providing an empirical throughout its whole lifeinformation cycle (Avci et al, 1996). emulating their competitors. trigger delays industrial operations, use or model for evaluating implementation in tool Unavailable unreliable information oninefficient such items Aim the is to fillRFId this gap providing an empirical trigger inventory, delaysor industrial operations, use can or modelof for work evaluating implementation in tool Unavailable or inunreliable information on suchdamages items can Aim of the work is would to fill allow this gap providing an empirical excess and even lead to serious or management. This practitioners to ascertain trigger delays in industrial operations, inefficient use or model for evaluating RFId in tool excess and evenaccuracy lead toand serious damages management. This would allow implementation practitioners to ascertain trigger inventory, delays in contrary, industrial operations, inefficient use or model should for evaluating RFId implementation in RFId tool accidents. On the easy accessibility which be the main advantages in implementing excess inventory, and evenaccuracy lead toand serious damages or management. This would allow practitioners to ascertain accidents. On the contrary, easy accessibility which should be the main advantages in implementing RFId excess inventory, and even lead to serious damages or management. This would allow practitioners toinvestment ascertain of such data enable the development of a suitable scheduling techniques, not neglecting its limitations and accidents. Onenable the contrary, accuracyofand easy accessibility which shouldnot be the main advantages in implementing RFId of such data the development a suitable scheduling techniques, neglecting its limitations and investment accidents. On the contrary, accuracy and easy accessibility which should be the main advantages in implementing RFId costs. of such data enable the development of a suitable scheduling techniques, not neglecting its limitations and investment costs. of such data enable the development of a suitable scheduling techniques, not neglecting its limitations and investment costs. costs.
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The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: section 2 provides a literature review on applications of RFId in the industrial domain, with particular reference to tool management. Section 3 describes the proposed empirical model, whose potential is evaluated in the case study reported in section 4. Final conclusions and managerial implication are drawn in section 5. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Literature dealing with RFId has been flourishing in the last decade with applications in disparate fields and with different claimed benefits. A comprehensive analysis of state of the art on RFId application in different industrial sectors is provided by a recent survey conducted by Ilie-Zudor et al. (2011). This section is rather devoted to a review of the most acknowledged scientific proposals and industrial implementations of RFId in solving those issues related to the specific moveable asset management domain. The review is reported by classifying the literature contributions according to four main classes of applications. Production control: in this case the typical application is the insertion of an RFId tag to a part, item or assembled box under production (Higgins et al, 2006). The tag contains data related to part number, location, production line, operator, time and so on. The information registered in the tag would flow tightly with the product throughout its production process. Baudin et al. (2005) report their experience in an assembly line, where the information embedded in RFId tags enable a better traceability of items and tools to be used as well as a real time update of the single steps of advancement of the assembly unit. Another example is given by Johnson (2002), with the RFId tags applied on an automated assembly line in a Ford Motor Company premise. Johnson reports that: “as a vehicle passes through the different stages of production, a serial number is referenced on a tag, indicating what needs to be done at each station”. In all these contributions the main experienced benefits are: reduction of wasted time, increase of automation in the operations, better traceability in and out of the factory (Ngai et al (2012) and Zelbst et al. (2012)). Maintenance operations: RFId technology can be used as a support to preventive maintenance and CBM (condition based maintenance). An example is the application described by Chen (2009) for the functioning of a steam turbine, where a correct maintenance is needed to guarantee its optimal operating conditions. Since these conditions can quickly change, it needs checking, memorizing and reading relevant data in real time. The tags are easily programmed in-house by library workers and are designed to be applied on the turbine. Another application in the maintenance field is given by Adgar et al. (2007), where the information in the RFId tags is stored to manage the CBM activities and “to allow operators identifying tools, machine and spare parts accurately, easily and rapidly”. Several applications are shown in different sectors as reported by El Ghazali et al. (2012) where the RFId technology is used to manage maintenance inspections in the oil industry or, as reported by Satoglu et al. (2012), to manage maintenance interventions and spare parts in aerospace industry. The main expected benefits are: increase
of maintenance efficiency, decrease of global cost of maintenance, physical applicability on the product (unlike other identification systems, as bar code). Instrumentation and equipment identification: a potential important area of application, even if a few relevant contributions are yet available in literature, is related to the identification of tools by using RFId tags. It is worth mentioning the contribution reported by Lampe et al. (2008) in the case of aircraft maintenance: since each operator uses a personal toolbox, there is the need to maintain always a consistency between the single tool and its owner. In this way the adoption of RFId tags can guarantee the correspondence of each tool to each toolbox and each operator. Another kind of application is given by Ilie-Zudor et al. (2011) where the RFId tags are used to identify and to track mobile instrumentation at the Bon Secours Hospital chain. Main acknowledged benefits are: identification of the right tools, location of tools, monitoring the quality or state of assets and keeping the history of assets. Tool management in tool machinery: Although the RFId technology has been experimented for more than 20 years, there is still scarce experience as regards its application in tool management. Typical pieces of information that are written on the tag applied to a tool are, among others: tool code, containing technological, material-related and geometric data; position on the rack or in tool room; residual life and state of wear. From the point of view of tool management, through the use of RFId it is possible to automate a series of procedures. Main involved processes are: search and selection of tools, data entry operations, machine set-ups, evaluation of the wear level of a tool, life cycle management (Wang et al. 2009). As reported by XiuLin Sui et al. (2014), it is worth mentioning the importance of having a database where to gather and centralise all the information about tools. If we refer in particular to flexible manufacturing systems, several subsystems do require update and consistent logistical and technical data related to the tools, including: production planning; preset maintenance; robotised and/or manual tool assembly; stock control and materials storage. As Naifei Ren et al. (2012) state, a good planning system can heavily reduce the level of tool inventories by exploiting at best the sharing of tools among machines, and, as a result, maximizes also tool utilization. A summary review of these applications and the claimed benefits is reported in Table 1. 3. MODEL PROPOSAL Although the advantages in implementing an identification system of tools could appear at a first instance quite evident, its rate of adoption is yet quite low due to a certain diffidence from potential users in ascertaining the real expected return of investments. This paper intends to bridge the gap between what the technology can offer and the real needs elicitable from industrial users, by providing a model for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the potential benefits deriving from the adoption of RFId technology in tool management. Tool management on machine tools is composed by four macro phases and, in turn, each phase by more operations.
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Applications
Main benefits
Through the evaluation of well defined key factors and the identification of measureable performance indicators, an assessment model can be used for comparing the current “AS-IS” situation of a production system with the potential “TO-BE” scenario which could derive from a pervasive adoption of RFId tags associated to the machining tools.
Sample References
Productionprocess
Eliminate wasted time. Reduced risk guarantee. Increase of automation. Optimize efficiency of the recall actions.
Baudin et al (2005) Higgins et al, (2006) Johnson (2002) Ngai et al. (2012) Zelbst et al. (2012)
Maintenance operations
Increase of maintenance efficiency. Decrease of global cost of maintenance. Monitoring the quality or state of assets.
Cheng et al, (2008) Chen et al, (2009) Adgar (2007) El Ghazali et al (2013) Satoglu et al. (2012)
Identification of the right tools and right location Monitoring the quality or state of assets. Keeping history of assets.
Lampe et al, (2008) Ilie-Zudor et al, (2011)
Reduction in tool inventory. Maximizing tool utilization. Reduction of human error Tool requirements planning
Subrahmanyam (1999) Wang et al (2009) Naifei Ren et al. (2012) XiuLin Sui et al. (2014).
Instrumentation and equipment identification
Tool management in tool machinery
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Figure 1 shows, through an IDEF0 notation, the sequential steps underlying the adoption of such a model. Audit model
General factors analisys
AUDIT ACTIVITY
Prior factors for action AS-IS Indicators EVALUATION OF INDICATORS
EVALUATION OF RFID IMPACTS
Table 1. A review on the areas of application of RFId technology
Before the beginning of a manufacturing process, the set-up phases and relative operations are: Preliminary Operations: the operator searches for the tools needed for the manufacturing process and evaluates whether the work requirements, in terms of durability and weariness, can be fulfilled by the stocked available tools. Presetting: the operator checks the wear level of tools and its shapes, gets the geometrical features through the presetting machine and finally introduces these data in the NC. Tool load: this phase is characterized by the set up operations on the working machine and by run tests. End of the manufacturing: after the working cycle on the machine is performed, the level of tool wear is analysed and, eventually, tools are stored back in the tool room. For each phase of tool management, there are different activities where possible inefficiencies can arise. A list of the different potential wastes, analysed from literature and some case studies in the manufacturing context, against the single phases and activities, is reported in Table 2. PHASES PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS
TOOL LOAD
PRESETTING
END OF MANUFACTURING
Evaluation Acquisition Control of Control of Storage of Set up and tool tool tool & Search tool inventory of geom. Data Entry run tests requirem features wear(ante) wear(post) Data entry Idle/down time
√
INEFFICIENCIES
Loss of tools dimensional data and features Decrease of tools life (tool discarded)
√
Increase of errors probability(Failure piece/machine organ/tool
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√ √
Increase park tool
√
Loss data for the supply planning
√
√
√ √
√
√ √
TO-BE Indicators
ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL BENEFITS
Company’s System Analyst Staff
Improvements %
RFID tags
Figure 1. Main steps of application of the assessment model for the evaluation of the impact of RFId on tool management
A first moment is the definition of the main factors in tool management, which could be affected by the implementation of RFId technology. These factors mainly depend on the technology characterising the specific production system as well as on the typology of products being manufactured. For example, in some situations, the predominant factor could be “increase productivity”. In this case, under the constraint of the available technology, the RFId application could be instrumental for increasing the productivity by reducing the occurrence and impact of more sources of time losses. Under certain circumstances, when the types of production are very different and more kinds of tools are used, it could be more relevant to search for the reduction of the overall tool inventory costs. This goal is achievable by decreasing the number of tools through tool sharing or through a better understanding of the level of tool wear. Finally, in other production scenarios, the predominant factor could be avoiding any kind of mistakes during the production process. A relevant example is the manufacturing of crankcases, where any error could jeopardise the quality of the item and incur in high recovery costs. The five sections of the assessment system, with factors and related indicators, are presented in Table 3:
Table 2. Operations vs inefficiencies in tool management 1059
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SECTIONS
FACTORS AS-IS
INDICATORS
(1) Classification of the production system
Production approach Production volumes
Production volume Number of set up Number of production changes
(2) Software and hardware technology at disposal
Typology of machine tool Software support Level of automation
Number of machine tools Level of automation
(3) Use of human resource in tool management
Tasks assigned to workers
(4) Information about tools used
Identification of the adopted system.
(5) Information about accidents
Typology of accidents Consequences of accidents
Estimation of times (tool research, presetting, data entry, loading tools) Number of replicas of the same tool. Total number of tools residing onboard and in tool room. Average price of tools Number of accidents. Not productive times.
Table 3. Sections of the assessment model
Going more into detail, section 1 (Classification of production system) is devoted to a better understanding of the main production characteristics; this section considers the way volumes are produced (i.e. one of a kind, batch or continuous). For each “Production kind”, the critical activities and the inefficiencies, where the use of RFId can impact on, are shown in Table 4. This first section is the main part that allows defining qualitatively how the RFId technology can improve the possible inefficiencies in the tool management. PRODUCTION KIND
ONE OF A KIND
CRITICAL ACTIVITIES Search of the suitable tool
INEFFICIENCIES WHICH RFId IMPACTS ON Increased down time (for searching the tool)
Tools data (geom. dimensional, wear) Data entry before
Increased down time to take over dimensional data
the manufacturing activities
Increase of probability of breaking a tool or the worked piece during the manufacturing
Planning tools use
Difficulty of tool sharing
Manufacturing scheduling
Increased down time to set up operations Increase of probability of breaking a tool or the worked piece during the manufacturing Increase of probability of breaking a tool and down time
BATCH Set up operations Evaluation of tool wear Requirements planning tools Manufacturing CONTINUOUS monitoring
Section 2 is devoted to the analysis of the technology. In particular, the relevant information is about the number and kind of machine tools (for example: traditional, CNC, FMS, etc.). The other answers regard the system software (i.e. whether there is a supervisor and/or a database), and the level of automation (i.e. whether there is a night shift without the direct presence of an operator on the machine). Section 3 aims at detecting the tasks that are assigned to workers. The main indicators of this section relate to the amount of time spent by workers for the operations of tools management. In section 4, the model allows to investigate the kind of management and the usage of technologies supporting this phase; more in detail, it is detected if there are some tool identification systems and the indicators are: tool features in terms of price, size, number and duplicates. These elements are useful for making consideration on the possible need to reduce the total number of tools in the company. Finally, there is a section that allows a free compilation from the auditors. It is particularly related to the acknowledgement of any historical data available in the company. In this section, the model aims at ascertaining any accidents which occurred during the production and how frequent they occur. Typical accidents to be analysed are: breaking of tools or workpieces or machine organs as a consequence of human errors.
Tool stock out Increased machine down time.
Increase of probability of breaking a tool or the worked piece during the manufacturing activity Table 4. Critical activities and inefficiencies for production type Monitoring tool wear
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4. CASE STUDY The case study refers to a company that produces, through machines tools, hot sprues for moulding plastic materials. The system available for the production is a FMS (flexible manufacturing system) and the production planning is based on one of a kind or few batches. These machines are CNC and there are four machines available for the production. In total, there are about 600 tools (approximately 80 for each machine) with possibility of redundancy (i.e. two or three items of the same tool). The first step in the assessment phase is related to the AS-IS analysis. Before the introduction of RFId tags on tools, many operations in tool management were carried out manually by dedicated operators: the part program was read by the operator to evaluate which tools were necessary for the manufacturing and whether these tools were in rack or not. After these operations and before the beginning of manufacturing, the operator carried out machine set up and tools presetting. If the tool was not in rack, the operator had to assemble those ones missing and place them in rack checking the correspondence between tool position and the kind of tool. Moreover, if the tools were already present but located on different centers, it would have been necessary to identify the location of them and provide the correct positioning on a better equipped machine. Another delicate task relegated to the operator was to assess the state of tool wear. Finally, since the manufactured pieces are sometimes very similar to each other (they could differ only by a single work of a single tool), the margin of error for selecting the correct tool could be very relevant. The inefficiencies observed before the application of RFId can be summarized as follows (step 2 of the procedure): Increasing number of tools. Relevant down times. Reduced machine availability.
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Possibility of error in the association between the tools and the position of the tools within the rack. Increasing of probability of broken tools during the manufacturing. In particular, there is a consistent occurrence of production down times due to routinary operations management activities (e.g. search tool, set up operations, presetting, load and unload of tool), and also for data entry operations. These down times reduce remarkably the productivity and contribute to increase of energy expenditure. In addition, the machine auxiliaries consume energy during stand-by times. For these reasons, it was decided to apply the tags on the tools in order to memorize data directly on the tool itself. After the application of RFId tags on the tool holder cone, a tool room has been realized, where the operator could make the operations of research tools and presetting tools in parallel at working cycles. The use of a tool room, with RFId tagged tools, allowed: to keep the tool inserts in tool room, eliminating stock on machine board; to prepare tools and to make the presetting in tool room; to plan the manufacturing cycles on the different machines, optimizing the machine performances; to identify uniquely the tool and its information by RFId on machine rack (see Figure 2).
values are mean values registered during six months before and after the use of RFId tags. Key parameters Number of accidental events Mean Down time for accidental events Mean Down time for machine set up operations and data entry Mean down time for tool management (search tools, presetting, tool assembly...) Units manufactured Scraps Number of tools
TIMES OPERATIONS OF TOOL MANAGEMENT (Search tool, set up, Presetting, load &unload)
N OF TOOLS
OPTIMIZATION OF TOOL WEAR
N OF ACCIDENTAL EVENTS BREAKING TOOLS DURING THE PRODUCTION
MANUFACTURING DISCARD OPERATIONS OF DATA ENTRY
TOOL SHARING POLICY
MANUFACTURING INTERRUPTION
Figure 3. Main benefits from adoption of RFId tags
Following the previous scheme and considering only the parameters, which were considered relevant for the analyzed case, a quantitative assessment of the main benefits for each machine has been performed, as reported in Table 5. These
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Post RFId 2
Unit of measurement Events/month
60
50
Minutes
13
4
Minutes
12
2
Minutes
9
12
Units/day
6
3
Units/month
800
650
N° of tools
In addition, the opportunity of having information about available tools in the company enables a better planning of the overall manufacturing process and the possibility to adopt adequate policies of tool sharing. In the case study, the application of tags RFId on tools allows a 20% reduction of tools if tool sharing policies are embedded in the manufacturing plan. Finally, it is possible to evaluate quantitatively the savings and the benefits due to the application of RFId technology. These are the final steps of the RFId implementation process. To summarize these savings and benefits, the OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) index has been calculated in terms of availability, performance, quality values before and after the application of RFId tags as identification system on the tool holder cones (Table 6). In the case study, we can compute an increase of 34% in the OEE value. Availability Performance Quality OEE
The main areas where the application of RFId as a system of identification of tools turned out to be beneficial are shown in Figure 3.
Ante RFId 4
Table 5. Significant parameters for the case study before and after the RFId application
Indicators
Figure 2. Tools with RFId tags on machine rack
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Ante RFId
Post RFId
Δ
76% 69% 97% 51%
92% 92% 99% 85%
+ 16% + 23% + 2% + 34%
Table 6. Indicators before and after RFId application
5. CONCLUSIONS The paper provides a further insight on the relevance of tool management in a company, focusing in particular on the inefficiencies that arise due to a lack of good management practices. To overcome these problems, the paper proposes a model for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the potential benefits deriving from the application of RFId identification tags on machine tools. The related case study has enabled a direct comparison between data before and after the application of RFId tags. It proves how RFId-based automatic processes can guarantee a higher accuracy than the manual process with significant potential in terms of reduced time for information sharing and less occurrence of human errors. From a managerial perspective, the model allows the evaluation of the benefits of RFId implementation ex-ante. This is quite important, since one of the main issues in the adoption of RFId on an industrial scale, with often a sharp
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dialectics between technology providers and potential industrial users, resides on the lack of an objective and clear evaluation of the pros and cons coming out of its implementation. The paper tries to fill this gap in order to provide a model, which could support practitioners in evaluating and taking robust decisions on the investment in RFId technologies for moveable assets. 6. REFERENCES Adgar A., Addison J., Yau, C. (2007). ‘Applications of RFId Technology in Maintenance Systems’ Proceedings of the II World Congress on Engineering Asset Management (WCEAM) Harrogate, UK. Avci S., Akturk M.S., (1996). ‘Tool magazine arrangement and operations sequencing on the CNC machines’. Computers and operations research. N°32, pp.1069-1081. Avci S., Akturk M.S., (1996). ‘Tool allocation and machining conditions optimization for CNC machines’. European journal of operational research N°94, pp. 335-348. Baudin M., Rao A. (2005). ‘RFId applications in manufacturing’. http://www.mmt-inst.com/. Accessed 8 November 2010. Cheng C.Y., Prabhu V., (2008). ‘Applying RFID for cutting tool supply chain management’. In Proc. Industrial Engineering Research, Nashville, USA, pp. 19-23. Cheng C.Y., Prabhu V., (2012). ‘Evaluation models for service oriented process in spare parts management’. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing Volume 23, Issue 4, pp 1403-1417 Ergen E., Akinci B., Sacks R., (2007). ‘Life-cycle data management of engineered-to-order components using radio frequency identification’. Advanced Engineering Informatics N°21, pp.356– 366. El Ghazali Y., Lefebvre E., Lef L. (2013). ‘Intelligent Inspection Processes for Intelligent Maintenance: The Potential of RFID in the Petroleum Industry’. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, N°2, pp 93-105. Goodrum P.M,. McLaren M., Durfee A., (2006). ‘The application of active radio frequency identification technology for tool tracking on construction job sites’. Automation in Construction, N°15 pp. 292 – 302. Gray, A.E., Seidmann, A, Stecke, K.E. (1993). ‘A synthesis of decision models for tool management in automated manufacturing’. Management Science, Vol, 39, No. 5, pp. 549567. Gruver, A., Senninger, M.T. (1990). ‘Tooling Management in FMS’. Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 112, No. 3 pp.40-44 Higgins L.N., Cairney T, (2006). ‘RFId opportunities and risks’. Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance N°17 (5), pp. 51–57. Ilie-Zudor E., Kemény Z., Van Blommestein F., Monostori L., Van der Meulen A., (2011). ‘A survey of applications and requirements of unique identification systems and RFId techniques’. Computers in Industry No. 62, pp.227–252. Roh J.J., Kunnathur A., Tarafdar M., (2009). ‘Classification of RFId adoption: An expected benefits approach’. Information & Management N°46 pp.357–363. Kashyap Arun S., Khator Suresh K., (1996). ‘Analysis of tool sharing in an fms: a simulation study’. Computers and industrial Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 137-145. Lampe M., Strassner M., (2003), ‘The Potential of RFId for Moveable Asset Management’. Workshop on Ubiquitous Commerce at Ubicomp. Lung-Chuang Wang, Yu-Cheng Lin, Pao H. Lin, (2007). ‘Dynamic mobile RFId-based supply chain control and management system in construction’. Advanced Engineering Informatics N°21, pp.377–390.
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