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An engram found? Evaluating the evidence from fruit flies [Curr. Opin. Neuro. 14 (2004) 737]
Erratum An engram found? Evaluating the evidence from fruit flies [Curr. Opin. Neuro. 14 (2004) 737]§ Bertram Gerber, Hiromu Tanimoto and Martin Heisenberg Addresses Universita¨t Wu¨rzburg, Lehrstuhl fu¨r Genetik und Neurobiologie, Biozentrum Am Hubland, D 970 74 Wu¨rzburg, Germany Corresponding author: Gerber, Bertram ([email protected])
Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2005, 15:494–495
Unfortunately there was a mistake in Figure 2 of this article, the correct figure and legend are set out below.
This review comes from a themed issue on Neurobiology of behaviour Edited by Alexander Borst and Wolfram Schultz Available online 14th July 2005 0959-4388/$ – see front matter # 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI 10.1016/j.conb.2005.07.001
(Figure 2 Legend) The Drosophila brain, shown as a histological preparation (a), a schematic of major brain regions (b), and as highly simplified diagram of the essential olfactory-learning circuitry (c and d). (a) Frontal section of a Drosophila brain. The reduced silver technique labels nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins and Nissl granules. This enables the visualization of fiber tracts and neuropil regions in the central brain, as well as the cell body rind. The calyx neuropil with the very thin Kenyon cell dendrites in the mushroom bodies can be discerned by the light stain (abbreviations: lo, lobula; p op t, posterior optic tract, x and z indicate coordinates). Grid intersections are at 50 microns. Taken as section number 22, y = 7.5 from http://www.flybrain.org, where further details can be found. (b) Frontal view of a Drosophila brain with the major brain regions reconstructed on the basis of nc82-immunreactivity labeling presynaptic proteins. The 3-D representation was obtained from 1 micron confocal serial sections using AMIRA visualization software (Indeed Visual Concepts, Berlin). Depicted are medulla (red, foreground), lobula (orange, background), the central complex (green), the antennal lobes (blue), and the mushroom bodies (brown). The image is slightly tilted to show the calyx region of the mushroom bodies (background), together with the peduncles (back-to-front), and lobes (foreground). The light pink shade sketches the rest of the brain. (c and d) A minimal model for Drosophila olfactory learning. A highly simplified diagram showing the olfactory pathways. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) project to the antennal lobe (AL), leading to a specific combinatorial activity pattern. From there, uniglomerular projection neurons (PN) relay to the lateral horn and to premotor centers (box labeled ‘Motor output’), as well as to the mushroom body (MB) calyx. Output from the mushroom bodies then projects to a variety of target regions including premotor areas. In the model, we assume that a Kenyon cell needs input from at least three projection neurons to fire. In the mushroom bodies, the activation pattern of the sensory and the projection neurons is therefore transformed into an activation pattern of the mushroom body — intrinsic Kenyon cells. A memory trace for the association between odor and reinforcement is proposed to be localized within the Kenyon cells: during training, when the activation of a pattern of Kenyon cells representing an odor occurs simultaneously with a modulatory reinforcement signal (labeled ‘Good!’ and ‘Bad!’; potentially octopaminergic and dopaminergic neurons concerning reward and punishment, respectively), output from these activated Kenyon cells onto mushroom body output neurons is suggested to be strengthened. This strengthened output is thought to mediate conditioned behavior towards the odor when encountered during test, during which no reinforcer is present. Activated cells or synapses and motor programs are represented by filled symbols and bold lettering, respectively. §
DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.conb.2004.10.014
Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2005, 15:494–495
www.sciencedirect.com
An engram found? Evaluating the evidence from fruit flies Gerber, Tanimoto and Heisenberg 495 Figure 2
(a)
(b)
(c) AL
Training
PN
‘Good!’
Conditioned approach
Motor programs
MB ORN
Odor
‘Bad!’
Conditioned avoidance
Food Unconditioned, consumatory behavior
Shock Unconditioned, escape behavior
(d)
‘Good!’
Conditioned approach
Motor programs
Test
Odor
‘Bad!’
Conditioned avoidance
Food Unconditioned, consumatory behavior
Shock Unconditioned, escape behavior
www.sciencedirect.com
Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2005, 15:494–495
Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2005, 15:494–495
Unfortunately there was a mistake in Figure 2 of this article, the correct figure and legend are set out below.
This review comes from a themed issue on Neurobiology of behaviour Edited by Alexander Borst and Wolfram Schultz Available online 14th July 2005 0959-4388/$ – see front matter # 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI 10.1016/j.conb.2005.07.001
(Figure 2 Legend) The Drosophila brain, shown as a histological preparation (a), a schematic of major brain regions (b), and as highly simplified diagram of the essential olfactory-learning circuitry (c and d). (a) Frontal section of a Drosophila brain. The reduced silver technique labels nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins and Nissl granules. This enables the visualization of fiber tracts and neuropil regions in the central brain, as well as the cell body rind. The calyx neuropil with the very thin Kenyon cell dendrites in the mushroom bodies can be discerned by the light stain (abbreviations: lo, lobula; p op t, posterior optic tract, x and z indicate coordinates). Grid intersections are at 50 microns. Taken as section number 22, y = 7.5 from http://www.flybrain.org, where further details can be found. (b) Frontal view of a Drosophila brain with the major brain regions reconstructed on the basis of nc82-immunreactivity labeling presynaptic proteins. The 3-D representation was obtained from 1 micron confocal serial sections using AMIRA visualization software (Indeed Visual Concepts, Berlin). Depicted are medulla (red, foreground), lobula (orange, background), the central complex (green), the antennal lobes (blue), and the mushroom bodies (brown). The image is slightly tilted to show the calyx region of the mushroom bodies (background), together with the peduncles (back-to-front), and lobes (foreground). The light pink shade sketches the rest of the brain. (c and d) A minimal model for Drosophila olfactory learning. A highly simplified diagram showing the olfactory pathways. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) project to the antennal lobe (AL), leading to a specific combinatorial activity pattern. From there, uniglomerular projection neurons (PN) relay to the lateral horn and to premotor centers (box labeled ‘Motor output’), as well as to the mushroom body (MB) calyx. Output from the mushroom bodies then projects to a variety of target regions including premotor areas. In the model, we assume that a Kenyon cell needs input from at least three projection neurons to fire. In the mushroom bodies, the activation pattern of the sensory and the projection neurons is therefore transformed into an activation pattern of the mushroom body — intrinsic Kenyon cells. A memory trace for the association between odor and reinforcement is proposed to be localized within the Kenyon cells: during training, when the activation of a pattern of Kenyon cells representing an odor occurs simultaneously with a modulatory reinforcement signal (labeled ‘Good!’ and ‘Bad!’; potentially octopaminergic and dopaminergic neurons concerning reward and punishment, respectively), output from these activated Kenyon cells onto mushroom body output neurons is suggested to be strengthened. This strengthened output is thought to mediate conditioned behavior towards the odor when encountered during test, during which no reinforcer is present. Activated cells or synapses and motor programs are represented by filled symbols and bold lettering, respectively. §
DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.conb.2004.10.014
Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2005, 15:494–495
www.sciencedirect.com
An engram found? Evaluating the evidence from fruit flies Gerber, Tanimoto and Heisenberg 495 Figure 2
(a)
(b)
(c) AL
Training
PN
‘Good!’
Conditioned approach
Motor programs
MB ORN
Odor
‘Bad!’
Conditioned avoidance
Food Unconditioned, consumatory behavior
Shock Unconditioned, escape behavior
(d)
‘Good!’
Conditioned approach
Motor programs
Test
Odor
‘Bad!’
Conditioned avoidance
Food Unconditioned, consumatory behavior
Shock Unconditioned, escape behavior
www.sciencedirect.com
Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2005, 15:494–495