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An Esophageal Cannula Force-Feeding Technique1
1610
RESEARCH NOTES
REFERENCES Ashwwod-Smith, M. J., 1971. Radioprotective and cryoprotective properties of DMSO. In: Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Vol. 1, S. W. Jacob, E. E. Rosenbaum and D. C. Wood (Eds.). Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. pp. 147-187. Gowe, R. S., 1950. Techniques for identifying fertile hens' eggs. Poultry Sci. 29: 409-413. Jacob, S. W., M. Bischel and R. J. Herschler, 1964. Dimethyl sulfoxide: Effects on the permeability of biologic membranes (preliminary report). Current Therapeutic Res. 6: 193-198.
Kosin, I. L., 1944. Macro- and microscopic methods of detecting fertility in unincubated hen's eggs. Poultry Sci. 23: 266-269. Patten, B. M., 1971. Early Embryology of the Chick. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 284 pages. Rol'nik, V. V., 1968. Bird Embryology. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 1970. 379 pages. Tretyakov, N. P., I. N. Zusman and L. Ju. Kiselev, 1973. Morphological variability in embryogensis of the domestic fowl and factors affecting it. Poultry Sci. 52:93-101.
F . B . MATHER AND MALIK M. AHMAD
Department of Poultry and Wildlife Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68503 (Received for publication January II, 1974)
ABSTRACT A technique was developed to force-feed birds in order to conduct experiments regarding feed intake mechanisms. The technique can be used with various experimental objectives. The esophageal cannulation described enables the force-feeding of birds isolated inside a closed chamber. Also, a procedure is described for preparing diets which allows as much as 68 g. of diet to be force-fed in one feeding. POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 1610-1612, 1974
INTRODUCTION
D
IFFERENT techniques have been used to force-feed birds for experimental purposes. Romijn and Vreugdenhil (1969) cannulated the crop of chickens to infuse liquid diets. However, it appears that semisolid feed could not be given and there was no provision for voluntary intake of water. Wolford and Polin (1972) presented procedures for preparing diets to force-feed chickens. Three separate feedings were required to give approximately 55 g. feed. The technique did not enable the force-feeding of birds isolated inside a closed chamber. MATERIALS AND METHODS
An esophageal cannulation technique is described to force-feed birds. Polyethylene 1. Published as Paper Number 3723, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.
tubing (Tygon) as long as 1.5 m. (5 ft.) was used as a cannula. The inside and outside diameters of the tubing were 0.5 cm. (3/16 in.) and 0.8 cm. (5/16 in.), respectively. One end of the tubing was inserted 1 cm. into a piece of flexible rubber tubing of the same diameters and 10.0 cm. (4 in.) long. The other end of the polyethylene tubing was attached to a plastic tube connector (Nalgene No. 65) by using epoxy glue. A 50 ml. plastic syringe was modified by attaching a similar plastic tube connector to enable the syringe and tubing to be easily connected and disconnected. Two separate wire loops were placed around the side extensions of the connectors to secure the tubing to the syringe (Figure 1). Prior to placement in the esophagus, the entire tubing was filled with feed to prevent forcing large amounts of air into the bird and also to have accurate measurement of the feed forced into the bird. A bird was prepared for esophageal can-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Carolina University on April 22, 2015
AN ESOPHAGEAL CANNULA FORCE-FEEDING TECHNIQUE1
1611
RESEARCH NOTES
PLASTIC TUBE CONNECTORSn
>
v
\
'
>
•-
J-1
.1—1 ,
U
, i—i.
+ i—i'
•POLYETHYLENE TUBING
L-WIRE LOOP -RUBBER TUBING
Fio. 1. Cannula, connectors and plastic syringe modified for force feeding.
PURSE-STRING SUTURE
(a) POLYETHYLENE TUBING RUBBER TUBING
-LIGATURE
(b)
POLYETHYLENE TUBING
INTERRUPTED SUTURES
FIG. 2. Procedure used for esophageal cannulation; (a) the site just prior to cannulation, (b) the rubber tubing secured in the esophagus and a ligature around the polyethylene tubing, and (c) suturing of the skin incision, after the polyethylene tubing is secured to the skin. (Anterior is to the left in the diagrams).
nulation by being restrained on a surgical board in a supine position. The feathers in the middle of the neck were taped laterally to expose the right lateral cervical apterium. A 0.2 ml. injection of a local anesthetic (2% lidocaine hydrochloride) was given subcutaneously at the intended site of incision. An electric cauterizing knife was used for essentially bloodless surgery. As illustrated in Figure 2, a 4 cm. lengthwise skin incision was made. Then a 1 cm. incision was made lengthwise in the esophagus. A purse-string suture was made around the esophageal opening and was tied securely around the tubing after insertion. The insertion depth of approximately 8.5 cm. was such that the injected feed emptied into the esophagus just anterior to the crop. Thus, the cannulation should not have influenced the function of the crop. To prevent accidental removal of the tubing, a ligature was placed around the polyethylene tubing just anterior to the junction of the tubes. This ligature was then used to make the first skin suture, after the tubing was positioned against the anterior edge of the skin incision. The rest of the skin incision was closed with interrupted sutures. The tubing was securely taped to the feathers on the dorsal side of the neck near the skin incision. The tubing was suspended from the ceiling of the chamber with a rubber band. The tube was then passed outside of the chamber and connected to the syringe. The bird was semi-restrained by tying its feet to
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Carolina University on April 22, 2015
SKIN INCISION ESOPHAGEAL INCISION
1612
RESEARCH NOTES
of the bird. The bird can drink voluntarily with the esophageal cannula in situ. Specific amounts of feed and /or water can be given at specific times. The technique has been used for as long as three weeks and voluntary feed intake occurred after removal of the cannula. With the diets used, only small amounts of water are required to make them semi-solid which allowed relatively large amounts of feed to be given in one feeding. REFERENCES Gleaves, E. W., L. V. Tonkinson, J. D. Wolf, M. H. Henley, C. K. Harman and R. H. Thayer, 1963. Poultry Nutrition Manual. Misc. Publ., Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oklahoma State University (195 pages). Gleaves, E. W., L. V. Tonkinson, J. D. Wolf, C. K. Harman, R. H. Thayer and R. D. Morrison, 1968. The action and interaction of physiological food intake regulators in the laying hen. 1. Effects of dietary factors upon feed consumption and production responses. Poultry Sci. 47: 38-67. Romijn, C , and E. L. Vreugdenhil, 1969. Energy balance and heat regulation in the White Leghorn fowl. The Netherlands J. Vet. Sci. 2: 32-58. Wolford, J. H., and D. Polin, 1972. Force-feeding: A technique for nutritional-physiological research. Poultry Sci. 51: 1888.
THE PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE BROILERS WITH NON-ORTHOTOPIC, TESTICULAR HOMOGRAFTS L. B. COLVIN AND P. L. WRIGHT Research Department, Agricultural Division, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 (Received for publication January 17, 1974)
ABSTRACT Subcutaneous implantation of intact testes into the cervical region of broiler pullets at either one-day or fourteen-days of age failed to alter the performance of the recipient pullets. These results demonstrate that testicular homografts are an inadequate means of achieving increased growth and efficiency of feed utilization in pullets. POULTKY SCIENCE 53: 1612-1614, 1974
INTRODUCTION UAL factors have been postulated to be responsible for sex-related differences in growth rates; (1) estrogens secreted by the ovaries exert a growth inhibitory influence, and (2) the androgens of the testes tend to increase mature body weight (Brody,
D
1964). Therefore, female body weights might be increased by either suppression of estrogen biosynthesis or stimulation of androgen biosynthesis. In the bird both processes could operate concomitantly since only the left ovary becomes functional in the mature female and stimulation of the right gonad often
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Carolina University on April 22, 2015
the floor of a cage with elastic medical bandages. This prevented twisting and removal of the cannula, while enabling the bird to sit and stand in a normal manner. Water was provided ad libitum. The diets used were formulated by utilizing the technique of Gleaves et al. (1963, 1968) where sand and solka floe are included as non-nutrient components of the diet to adjust the volume and weight. The birds had been voluntarily eating these diets prior to the experiments. For force-feeding, the sand and solka-floc were replaced with water and the animal fat with corn oil, to make a semi-solid diet. The diet was finely ground in a hammer mill and then mixed for 3 min. with the water and corn oil in a blender to prevent separation of the diet. The semi-solid diet could be force-fed without marked resistance. As much as 68 g. of diet, which is approximately equal to one-half the voluntary intake of laying hens, was force-fed in one feeding. The technique described here has certain advantages. It enables force-feeding from a distance to avoid changing the environment
RESEARCH NOTES
REFERENCES Ashwwod-Smith, M. J., 1971. Radioprotective and cryoprotective properties of DMSO. In: Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Vol. 1, S. W. Jacob, E. E. Rosenbaum and D. C. Wood (Eds.). Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. pp. 147-187. Gowe, R. S., 1950. Techniques for identifying fertile hens' eggs. Poultry Sci. 29: 409-413. Jacob, S. W., M. Bischel and R. J. Herschler, 1964. Dimethyl sulfoxide: Effects on the permeability of biologic membranes (preliminary report). Current Therapeutic Res. 6: 193-198.
Kosin, I. L., 1944. Macro- and microscopic methods of detecting fertility in unincubated hen's eggs. Poultry Sci. 23: 266-269. Patten, B. M., 1971. Early Embryology of the Chick. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 284 pages. Rol'nik, V. V., 1968. Bird Embryology. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 1970. 379 pages. Tretyakov, N. P., I. N. Zusman and L. Ju. Kiselev, 1973. Morphological variability in embryogensis of the domestic fowl and factors affecting it. Poultry Sci. 52:93-101.
F . B . MATHER AND MALIK M. AHMAD
Department of Poultry and Wildlife Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68503 (Received for publication January II, 1974)
ABSTRACT A technique was developed to force-feed birds in order to conduct experiments regarding feed intake mechanisms. The technique can be used with various experimental objectives. The esophageal cannulation described enables the force-feeding of birds isolated inside a closed chamber. Also, a procedure is described for preparing diets which allows as much as 68 g. of diet to be force-fed in one feeding. POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 1610-1612, 1974
INTRODUCTION
D
IFFERENT techniques have been used to force-feed birds for experimental purposes. Romijn and Vreugdenhil (1969) cannulated the crop of chickens to infuse liquid diets. However, it appears that semisolid feed could not be given and there was no provision for voluntary intake of water. Wolford and Polin (1972) presented procedures for preparing diets to force-feed chickens. Three separate feedings were required to give approximately 55 g. feed. The technique did not enable the force-feeding of birds isolated inside a closed chamber. MATERIALS AND METHODS
An esophageal cannulation technique is described to force-feed birds. Polyethylene 1. Published as Paper Number 3723, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.
tubing (Tygon) as long as 1.5 m. (5 ft.) was used as a cannula. The inside and outside diameters of the tubing were 0.5 cm. (3/16 in.) and 0.8 cm. (5/16 in.), respectively. One end of the tubing was inserted 1 cm. into a piece of flexible rubber tubing of the same diameters and 10.0 cm. (4 in.) long. The other end of the polyethylene tubing was attached to a plastic tube connector (Nalgene No. 65) by using epoxy glue. A 50 ml. plastic syringe was modified by attaching a similar plastic tube connector to enable the syringe and tubing to be easily connected and disconnected. Two separate wire loops were placed around the side extensions of the connectors to secure the tubing to the syringe (Figure 1). Prior to placement in the esophagus, the entire tubing was filled with feed to prevent forcing large amounts of air into the bird and also to have accurate measurement of the feed forced into the bird. A bird was prepared for esophageal can-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Carolina University on April 22, 2015
AN ESOPHAGEAL CANNULA FORCE-FEEDING TECHNIQUE1
1611
RESEARCH NOTES
PLASTIC TUBE CONNECTORSn
>
v
\
'
>
•-
J-1
.1—1 ,
U
, i—i.
+ i—i'
•POLYETHYLENE TUBING
L-WIRE LOOP -RUBBER TUBING
Fio. 1. Cannula, connectors and plastic syringe modified for force feeding.
PURSE-STRING SUTURE
(a) POLYETHYLENE TUBING RUBBER TUBING
-LIGATURE
(b)
POLYETHYLENE TUBING
INTERRUPTED SUTURES
FIG. 2. Procedure used for esophageal cannulation; (a) the site just prior to cannulation, (b) the rubber tubing secured in the esophagus and a ligature around the polyethylene tubing, and (c) suturing of the skin incision, after the polyethylene tubing is secured to the skin. (Anterior is to the left in the diagrams).
nulation by being restrained on a surgical board in a supine position. The feathers in the middle of the neck were taped laterally to expose the right lateral cervical apterium. A 0.2 ml. injection of a local anesthetic (2% lidocaine hydrochloride) was given subcutaneously at the intended site of incision. An electric cauterizing knife was used for essentially bloodless surgery. As illustrated in Figure 2, a 4 cm. lengthwise skin incision was made. Then a 1 cm. incision was made lengthwise in the esophagus. A purse-string suture was made around the esophageal opening and was tied securely around the tubing after insertion. The insertion depth of approximately 8.5 cm. was such that the injected feed emptied into the esophagus just anterior to the crop. Thus, the cannulation should not have influenced the function of the crop. To prevent accidental removal of the tubing, a ligature was placed around the polyethylene tubing just anterior to the junction of the tubes. This ligature was then used to make the first skin suture, after the tubing was positioned against the anterior edge of the skin incision. The rest of the skin incision was closed with interrupted sutures. The tubing was securely taped to the feathers on the dorsal side of the neck near the skin incision. The tubing was suspended from the ceiling of the chamber with a rubber band. The tube was then passed outside of the chamber and connected to the syringe. The bird was semi-restrained by tying its feet to
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Carolina University on April 22, 2015
SKIN INCISION ESOPHAGEAL INCISION
1612
RESEARCH NOTES
of the bird. The bird can drink voluntarily with the esophageal cannula in situ. Specific amounts of feed and /or water can be given at specific times. The technique has been used for as long as three weeks and voluntary feed intake occurred after removal of the cannula. With the diets used, only small amounts of water are required to make them semi-solid which allowed relatively large amounts of feed to be given in one feeding. REFERENCES Gleaves, E. W., L. V. Tonkinson, J. D. Wolf, M. H. Henley, C. K. Harman and R. H. Thayer, 1963. Poultry Nutrition Manual. Misc. Publ., Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oklahoma State University (195 pages). Gleaves, E. W., L. V. Tonkinson, J. D. Wolf, C. K. Harman, R. H. Thayer and R. D. Morrison, 1968. The action and interaction of physiological food intake regulators in the laying hen. 1. Effects of dietary factors upon feed consumption and production responses. Poultry Sci. 47: 38-67. Romijn, C , and E. L. Vreugdenhil, 1969. Energy balance and heat regulation in the White Leghorn fowl. The Netherlands J. Vet. Sci. 2: 32-58. Wolford, J. H., and D. Polin, 1972. Force-feeding: A technique for nutritional-physiological research. Poultry Sci. 51: 1888.
THE PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE BROILERS WITH NON-ORTHOTOPIC, TESTICULAR HOMOGRAFTS L. B. COLVIN AND P. L. WRIGHT Research Department, Agricultural Division, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 (Received for publication January 17, 1974)
ABSTRACT Subcutaneous implantation of intact testes into the cervical region of broiler pullets at either one-day or fourteen-days of age failed to alter the performance of the recipient pullets. These results demonstrate that testicular homografts are an inadequate means of achieving increased growth and efficiency of feed utilization in pullets. POULTKY SCIENCE 53: 1612-1614, 1974
INTRODUCTION UAL factors have been postulated to be responsible for sex-related differences in growth rates; (1) estrogens secreted by the ovaries exert a growth inhibitory influence, and (2) the androgens of the testes tend to increase mature body weight (Brody,
D
1964). Therefore, female body weights might be increased by either suppression of estrogen biosynthesis or stimulation of androgen biosynthesis. In the bird both processes could operate concomitantly since only the left ovary becomes functional in the mature female and stimulation of the right gonad often
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Carolina University on April 22, 2015
the floor of a cage with elastic medical bandages. This prevented twisting and removal of the cannula, while enabling the bird to sit and stand in a normal manner. Water was provided ad libitum. The diets used were formulated by utilizing the technique of Gleaves et al. (1963, 1968) where sand and solka floe are included as non-nutrient components of the diet to adjust the volume and weight. The birds had been voluntarily eating these diets prior to the experiments. For force-feeding, the sand and solka-floc were replaced with water and the animal fat with corn oil, to make a semi-solid diet. The diet was finely ground in a hammer mill and then mixed for 3 min. with the water and corn oil in a blender to prevent separation of the diet. The semi-solid diet could be force-fed without marked resistance. As much as 68 g. of diet, which is approximately equal to one-half the voluntary intake of laying hens, was force-fed in one feeding. The technique described here has certain advantages. It enables force-feeding from a distance to avoid changing the environment