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An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate Kartheek Thunga ⇑, T. Venkat Das Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 13 December 2019 Received in revised form 13 January 2020 Accepted 17 January 2020 Available online xxxx Keywords: Sea sand (S.S) River sand (R.S) Durability Strength NaCl H2SO4
a b s t r a c t This research paper deals with the usage of sea sand in the construction field with the removal of salt content and organic matter from the sand. An experimental setup for boiling and the number of washes with ample water are made suitable for reducing the salt content and for removal of micro-organic matter, wash the sea sand with water along with the chemical solution. To equalize its properties similar to the river sand (R.S). This paper mainly presents the practical study of material properties, pre, and posttests on concrete. This study gives a comparison of the M25 grade conventional concrete properties and sea sand (S.S) as fine aggregate in concrete properties. The partial replacement of sea sand as fine aggregate in concrete was used in gradually increasing proportion to make concrete blocks and then compression and tensile tests are done at 7, 14, 28 days of curing. In the chemical industry, concrete is affected by different chemicals so, the characteristic strength for M25 grade concrete and sea sand concrete is checked. The cubes are cured in 5% NaCl and 3% H2SO4 of the total volume of water, after 7, 14, 28 days the test results for both the sets of concrete were tabulated and graphs were plotted. Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International conference on Advanced Lightweight Materials and Structures.
1. Introduction Concrete is the most widely used man-made products in the world. It occupies second place, after to water as the world’s most utilized substances. Fundamentally, concrete is economical, strong and durable. Concrete has an exceptionally important role in such densely populated developing countries as India and China. The overall demand of concrete per year is 11.5 billion tonnes. This means that the concrete industry is consuming per year 9 billion tonnes of sand and rock together with 1 billion tonnes of mixing water in addition to 1.5 billion tonnes of cement. Sand is a unique raw material for use to the construction industry but coming to current situations sand is available partially to construct the buildings, roads, railway, and more projects. Sand is insufficient nowadays, so we must go alternate with replacement of treated sea sand as a fine aggregate to full fill the construction requirements. According to the industry source, the price of the river sand is more. This research is considering all problems faced due to insufficient sand for construction. Some contractors are mixing the sea
sand with Normal River sand which leads to damage to the structure and also reduces life. Therefore, an alternative to the use of river sand can be replaced with treated sea sand. In many other countries, the situation is similar; several have turned to alternative materials such as ROBO sand, glass powder and stone dust, etc. But the cost of the concrete was increased. Sea sand is always available, but chloride content is more [1]. To overcome this issue, sea sand treated with different chemicals to remove the chloride content and equalize the properties similar to the river sand. The chloride content of sea sand can reduce concrete strength, so sea sand does not use directly in the construction its leads to erosion and rusting in the steel rods in reinforced concrete. To reduce the salt content in sea sand by boiling and the number of washes with ample water is suitable for reducing the salt content [2]. And for removal of micro-organic matter, wash the sea sand with water along with chemical solutions to equalize the sea sand properties similar to the river sand [3]. The removal of chloride content present in sea sand is mandatory because it affects the workability and durability of the structure [4]. The scope of the project is to increase the strength parameters in concrete like by replacing with different percentages of treated sea sand [5].
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Thunga). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356 2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International conference on Advanced Lightweight Materials and Structures.
Please cite this article as: K. Thunga and V. D. T., An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356
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2. Materials and methods 2.1. Cement In this research, we have used Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 53. As per BIS requirements the minimum 28 days compressive strength of 53 Grade OPC should not be less than 53 MPa[6]. In concrete mix design, for concrete a saving of 8 to 10% of cement may be achieved with the use of 53 grade OPC. 2.2. Aggregate Aggregate is used for construction like buildings, roads, railways and more but coming to building materials it is classified into two types, (a) Fine aggregate is passed through 4.75 mm sieve. (b) Coarse aggregate is retained on 4.75 mm sieve.
Fig. 1. Curing of specimens.
2.3. River sand This sand has no salt content and ready to use any construction but nowadays a huge amount of river sand is not available for construction, so we are considering the problem and using sea sand as fine aggregate by replacing partially. 2.3.1. River sand sieve analysis The values of percentage passing of particles from sieves are given in IS: 383–1970. To determine the zone of sand, which is going to be used the concrete and take 1 kg of sand for river sand sieve analysis Table 1. Fig. 2. Boiling the sea sand by using electrical boiling tank.
2.4. Sea sand Table 1 River sand sieve analysis. Sieve size
Weight retained
% Passing
4.75 mm 2 mm 1 mm 0.6 mm 0.425 mm 0.3 mm 0.15 mm 0.075 mm Pan
0 0.76 244.75 280.75 162.7 134.29 132.27 0.19 34.24
100 99.924 75.449 47.37 31.1 17.671 4.444 4.425 1.001
Total percentage passing = 381.384. Fineness modulus = total percentage passing/100 = 381.384/100 = 3.81. From the results, the sand is conforming to Zone – II.
This sand has already salt (chloride) content and it can also be used for the construction after proper treatment, by removing the chloride content in the sand and washing the sea sand with water along with the chemical solution. 2.4.1. Sea sand sieve analysis The values of percentage passing of particles from sieves are given in IS: 383–1970. To determine the zone of sand, which is going to be used the concrete and take 1 kg of sand for sea sand sieve analysis Table 2. 2.5. Water Normal water is mandatory to finish the work and preparing concrete mix. Water is required for curing to reduce the heat of hydration and gain the required strength Fig. 1.
Table 2 Sea sand sieve analysis. Sieve size
Weight retained
% Passing
4.75 mm 2 mm 1 mm 0.6 mm 0.425 mm 0.3 mm 0.15 mm 0.075 mm Pan
0 3.09 59.78 216.72 211.99 252.10 241.56 0 11.12
100 99.691 93.713 72.051 50.852 25.642 1.486 1.486 0.374
Total percentage passing = 445.295. Fineness modulus = total percentage passing/100 = 445.295/100 = 4.45. From the results, the sand is conforming to Zone – I.
3. Methodology 3.1. Process of removing chloride content in sea sand The sea sand contains a high amount of chloride content. This makes the corrosion when it is used in the reinforcement. So, to remove this chloride content there are three process [7]. 1. Hypo treatment and washing 2. Soaking and 3. Boiling process
Please cite this article as: K. Thunga and V. D. T., An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356
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Fig. 3. Compression and split tensile test.
3.1.1. Hypo treatment and washing In this process some amount of sea sand say 1 kg is weighed and poured into a drum with 1 L of water, add 8 ml of hypo solution with 0.1 normality, mix evenly entire the sea sand. And this is mixed for 2 to 3 min. After then, wash with fresh water [8]. 3.1.2. Soaking process In this process some amount of sea sand say 50 kg is weighed and poured into a drum with some water. And this is soaked for 1 week. During this one week we must stir the sand with water. After this one week the sand is taken from the drum and dried in an oven [9].
100 °C [10] Fig. 2. After this entire process, the sea sand is again dried in an oven and the remaining water is tested for chloride test. 3.2. Compression test and split tensile test After completion of the casting, the cubes were cured in 7, 14 and 28 days and then the cubes are tested in the compression testing machine (Fig. 3) and all the test results are tabulated (Tables 3–5). The cubes are tested to find out the compression test results and cylinders are tested to find out the split tensile test results. The strength results include a different proportion of river sand and sea sand. 4. Test results on concrete specimens
3.1.3. Boiling process In this process the soaked sea sand which is dried in an oven is taken, after this process sea sand is taken in a vessel with some water and is heated up to when it reaches a temperature of
The test results of M25 grade concrete specimens (cubes and cylinders) with different percentages of river sand, normal sea sand and treated sea sand are shown in the graphs.
Table 3 Test results of concrete specimens in cycle 1. S. No
Sand used
1.
100%R.S + 0%S.S
2.
75%R.S + 25%S.S
3.
50%R.S + 50%S.S
4.
25%R.S + 75%S.S
5.
0%R.S + 100%S.S
Specimen no
1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
Split tensile strength (N/mm2)
7th day
14th day
28th day
7th day
14th day
28th day
17.44 17.88 16.11 17.14 17.44 16.55 16.11 16.70 16.11 16.55 16.11 16.25 15.67 13.89 15.22 14.92 12.56 13.00 13.00 12.85
24.44 24.11 25.44 24.55 24.55 23.44 24.56 24.50 23.67 23.67 21.44 22.92 22.33 22.78 21.00 22.03 21.89 21.00 20.11 21.00
26.69 26.36 27.69 26.80 26.80 25.69 26.81 26.75 25.92 25.92 23.69 25.17 24.58 25.03 23.25 24.28 24.14 23.25 22.36 23.25
1.95 2.01 1.95 1.97 1.95 1.95 1.98 1.96 1.87 2.12 1.98 1.99 1.70 1.78 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.78 1.74
2.09 2.17 2.09 2.11 2.26 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.66 1.77 2.68 2.7 2.09 2.19 2.09 2.10 2.77 2.66 2.77 2.73
2.36 2.44 2.36 2.38 2.53 2.86 2.79 2.73 2.93 2.04 2.95 2.97 2.36 2.39 2.36 2.37 3.04 2.93 3.04 3.00
Please cite this article as: K. Thunga and V. D. T., An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356
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Table 4 Test results on specimens in cycle 2. S. no
Sand used
Specimen no
1.
100%R.S + 0%S.S
2.
75%R.S + 25%S.S
3.
50%R.S + 50%S.S
4.
25%R.S + 75%S.S
5.
0%R.S + 100%S.S
1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
Split tensile strength (N/mm2)
7th day
14th day
28th day
7th day
14th day
28th day
17.44 17.88 16.11 17.14 16.56 15.67 16.56 16.26 22.33 24.55 23.67 23.52 17.59 15.67 15.67 16.41 17.89 17.89 18.11 17.96
24.44 24.11 25.44 24.55 26.78 26.33 26.33 26.48 26.78 26.33 26.33 26.48 21.00 21.00 21.44 21.29 28.11 23.67 24.56 25.92
26.69 26.36 27.69 26.80 27.69 24.14 27.69 26.5 29.03 28.58 28.58 28.73 23.25 23.69 23.69 23.54 30.36 25.92 26.81 28.17
1.95 2.01 1.95 1.97 2.15 2.43 2.43 2.33 2.18 2.37 2.26 2.27 1.53 2.23 2.38 2.04 2.46 3.20 2.94 2.86
2.09 2.17 2.09 2.11 2.46 2.46 2.40 2.45 2.60 3.79 3.37 3.25 2.21 2.49 2.49 2.40 3.08 3.59 3.51 3.39
2.36 2.44 2.36 2.38 2.73 2.76 2.67 2.72 2.87 4.02 3.64 3.52 2.48 2.76 2.76 2.67 3.35 3.86 3.78 3.66
Table 5 Test results on concrete specimens cured in chemical solutions. S. no
Sand used
Specimen no
Compressive strength NaCl (N/mm2) 7th day 14th day 28th day
Compressive strength H2SO4 (N/mm2) 7th day 14th day 28th day
1.
100%R.S + 0%S.S
2.
75%R.S + 25%S.S
3.
50%R.S + 50%S.S
4.
25%R.S + 75%S.S
5.
0%R.S + 100%S.S
1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG
17.89 19.22 17.44 18.18 16.56 21.55 15.67 17.89 25.89 26.78 24.56 26.74 16.56 17.89 16.56 17.00 22.33 22.33 21.00 21.88
20.11 14.33 15.67 16.70 26.78 29.11 26.78 27.22 16.11 19.67 16.11 17.29 27.22 22.33 22.33 23.96 15.67 22.33 20.11 19.37
28.56 29.00 25.89 27.81 23.22 26.78 25.44 25.15 25.89 31.22 31.00 28.70 26.38 25.89 25.44 25.90 27.22 29.44 29.00 28.55
30.81 31.25 28.14 30.06 25.47 29.03 27.69 27.40 28.14 33.47 33.25 30.95 28.63 28.14 27.69 28.15 29.47 31.69 31.25 30.80
19.22 22.77 20.11 20.70 22.78 33.44 29.00 28.40 23.67 17.89 20.11 20.55 29.00 28.56 24.56 27.37 26.78 25.00 24.56 25.44
21.47 25.02 22.36 23.02 25.03 35.69 31.25 30.65 25.92 20.14 22.36 22.80 31.25 30.81 26.81 29.62 29.03 27.25 26.81 27.69
Fig. 4. Compressive strength of normal R.S and non-treated S.S.
Please cite this article as: K. Thunga and V. D. T., An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356
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4.1. Cycle 1, normal river sand and non-treated sea sand. After testing the number of concrete specimens with mixing at different percentages of river sand and non-treated sea sand and test results are shown in Table 3.
5
From the experimental work the compressive strength of normal R.S and non-treated S.S ranges between 23.25 N/mm2 and 26.8 N/mm2 and the strength was more at the mix of 100%R.S + 0%S.S for the curing period of 28 days which was shown in the Fig. 4.
Fig. 5. Split tensile strength of normal R.S and non-treated S.S.
Fig. 6. Compressive strength of normal R.S and treated S.S.
Fig. 7. Split tensile strength of normal R.S and treated S.S.
Please cite this article as: K. Thunga and V. D. T., An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356
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From the experimental results the split tensile strength of normal R.S and non-treated S.S was increased at the mix of 0%R.S + 100%S.S as shown in the Fig. 5. 4.2. Cycle 2, normal river sand and treated sea sand. After testing the number of concrete specimens with mixing at different percentages of river sand and treated sea sand and test results are shown in Table 4. The compressive strength of normal R.S and treated S.S was increased at the mix of 50%R.S + 50%S.S for the period of 28 days as shown in the Fig. 6. The split tensile strength of normal R.S and treated S.S was increased at the mix of 0%R.S + 100%S.S as shown in the Fig. 7.
5. Durability test results on concrete specimens 5.1. Cycle 1, normal river sand and treated sea sand compressive strength results of specimens cured in chemicals (NaCl and H2SO4) After testing the number of concrete specimens with mixing at different percentages of river sand and treated sea sand, cubes are cured in chemical solutions and test results are shown in Table 5. The compressive strength of normal R.S and treated S.S in NaCl increases to 30.95 N/mm2 at the mix of 50%R.S + 50%S.S for the age of 28 days as shown in the Fig. 8. Compressive strength of normal R.S and treated S.S in H2SO4 increased at the mix of 75%R.S + 25%S.S for the age of 28 days as shown in the Fig. 9.
6. Conclusions In this research paper we found that the compressive and split tensile strength at different percentages of river sand. Sea sand and treated sea sand gives the best results compared with river sand. Compressive strength test results of concrete (normal river sand and non-treated sea sand) giving uneven results when we are increasing the non-treated sea sand proportion so it cannot be suggested in construction. After checking the number of proportions, we have seen the best results in compressive strength test when entire river sand is replaced by treated sea sand and it was found that strength was increased by 6.71%. Split tensile strength results of concrete were fluctuating as in the case of compressive strength test results when we used non-treated sea sand. After checking the number of proportions, it has seen that the best split tensile strength test results occurred when entire river sand is replaced by treated sea sand and it was found that strength was increased by 34.97%. From the results it has seen that at 50% of river sand and 50% of treated sea sand had best results when cubes are cured in NaCl and the percentage was increased by 2.87% compared with normal concrete cured in same chemical. From the experimental results it has seen that at 75% of river sand and 25% of treated sea sand had best results when cubes are cured in H2SO4 and the percentage was increased by 24.89% compared with normal concrete cured in same chemical.
Fig. 8. Compressive strength of normal R.S and treated S.S in NaCl.
Fig. 9. Compressive strength of normal R.S and treated S.S in H2SO4.
Please cite this article as: K. Thunga and V. D. T., An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356
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Author contributions
References
Kartheek Thunga, Venkat Das T conceived the idea, conducted the Experimental part and testing results. Kartheek Thunga, Venkat Das T discussed the results. The language correction, proper discussion of results, and manuscript formatting was done by Venkat Das T. All authors of the article provided substantive comments.
[1] M. Ahbilash, Comparative study on strength of concrete by replacing fine aggregate with sea sand, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 184 (2018) 497–501. [2] J. Davies, Reactions of sand smelt to low pH sea-water, Marine Pollut. Bull. 22 (2) (1991) 74–77. [3] S. Md, A. Wahab, A.K. Md, A study on the mechanical properties of concrete by replacing sand with waste foundry sand, Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng. 3 (2013) 83–88. [4] J. Xiao et al., Use of sea-sand and seawater in concrete construction: Current status and future opportunities, Constr. Build. Mater. 155 (2017) 1101–1111. [5] Indian Standard, ‘‘IS 456 2000: Plain and Reinforced Concrete”. Code of Practice (4th revision). New Delhi, 2000. [6] Indian Standard, ‘‘IS 12269: 1987”. Specification for. 53. [7] S.P. Leatherman, Beach rating: a methodological approach, J. Coastal Res. 13 (1997) 253–258. [8] H. Kumada, The nitrate utilization in seed embryos of Vigna sesquipedalis, J. Biochem. 40 (5) (1953) 439–450. [9] Y.L. Young, H. Xiao, T. Maddux, Hydro-and morpho-dynamic modeling of breaking solitary waves over a fine sand beach, Part I Exp. Study. Marine Geol. 269 (3–4) (2010) 107–118. [10] M. Palma, Z. Piñeiro, C.G. Barroso, Stability of phenolic compounds during extraction with superheated solvents, J. Chromatogr. A 921 (2) (2001) 169– 174.
Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgement First and foremost, I express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide Mr. Venkat Das T. Assistant Professor, Department of civil engineering, KL deemed to be university. for his valuable guidance, encouragement, and suggestions offered throughout my project work.
Please cite this article as: K. Thunga and V. D. T., An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate Kartheek Thunga ⇑, T. Venkat Das Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 13 December 2019 Received in revised form 13 January 2020 Accepted 17 January 2020 Available online xxxx Keywords: Sea sand (S.S) River sand (R.S) Durability Strength NaCl H2SO4
a b s t r a c t This research paper deals with the usage of sea sand in the construction field with the removal of salt content and organic matter from the sand. An experimental setup for boiling and the number of washes with ample water are made suitable for reducing the salt content and for removal of micro-organic matter, wash the sea sand with water along with the chemical solution. To equalize its properties similar to the river sand (R.S). This paper mainly presents the practical study of material properties, pre, and posttests on concrete. This study gives a comparison of the M25 grade conventional concrete properties and sea sand (S.S) as fine aggregate in concrete properties. The partial replacement of sea sand as fine aggregate in concrete was used in gradually increasing proportion to make concrete blocks and then compression and tensile tests are done at 7, 14, 28 days of curing. In the chemical industry, concrete is affected by different chemicals so, the characteristic strength for M25 grade concrete and sea sand concrete is checked. The cubes are cured in 5% NaCl and 3% H2SO4 of the total volume of water, after 7, 14, 28 days the test results for both the sets of concrete were tabulated and graphs were plotted. Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International conference on Advanced Lightweight Materials and Structures.
1. Introduction Concrete is the most widely used man-made products in the world. It occupies second place, after to water as the world’s most utilized substances. Fundamentally, concrete is economical, strong and durable. Concrete has an exceptionally important role in such densely populated developing countries as India and China. The overall demand of concrete per year is 11.5 billion tonnes. This means that the concrete industry is consuming per year 9 billion tonnes of sand and rock together with 1 billion tonnes of mixing water in addition to 1.5 billion tonnes of cement. Sand is a unique raw material for use to the construction industry but coming to current situations sand is available partially to construct the buildings, roads, railway, and more projects. Sand is insufficient nowadays, so we must go alternate with replacement of treated sea sand as a fine aggregate to full fill the construction requirements. According to the industry source, the price of the river sand is more. This research is considering all problems faced due to insufficient sand for construction. Some contractors are mixing the sea
sand with Normal River sand which leads to damage to the structure and also reduces life. Therefore, an alternative to the use of river sand can be replaced with treated sea sand. In many other countries, the situation is similar; several have turned to alternative materials such as ROBO sand, glass powder and stone dust, etc. But the cost of the concrete was increased. Sea sand is always available, but chloride content is more [1]. To overcome this issue, sea sand treated with different chemicals to remove the chloride content and equalize the properties similar to the river sand. The chloride content of sea sand can reduce concrete strength, so sea sand does not use directly in the construction its leads to erosion and rusting in the steel rods in reinforced concrete. To reduce the salt content in sea sand by boiling and the number of washes with ample water is suitable for reducing the salt content [2]. And for removal of micro-organic matter, wash the sea sand with water along with chemical solutions to equalize the sea sand properties similar to the river sand [3]. The removal of chloride content present in sea sand is mandatory because it affects the workability and durability of the structure [4]. The scope of the project is to increase the strength parameters in concrete like by replacing with different percentages of treated sea sand [5].
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Thunga). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356 2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International conference on Advanced Lightweight Materials and Structures.
Please cite this article as: K. Thunga and V. D. T., An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356
2
K. Thunga, V.D. T. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Cement In this research, we have used Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 53. As per BIS requirements the minimum 28 days compressive strength of 53 Grade OPC should not be less than 53 MPa[6]. In concrete mix design, for concrete a saving of 8 to 10% of cement may be achieved with the use of 53 grade OPC. 2.2. Aggregate Aggregate is used for construction like buildings, roads, railways and more but coming to building materials it is classified into two types, (a) Fine aggregate is passed through 4.75 mm sieve. (b) Coarse aggregate is retained on 4.75 mm sieve.
Fig. 1. Curing of specimens.
2.3. River sand This sand has no salt content and ready to use any construction but nowadays a huge amount of river sand is not available for construction, so we are considering the problem and using sea sand as fine aggregate by replacing partially. 2.3.1. River sand sieve analysis The values of percentage passing of particles from sieves are given in IS: 383–1970. To determine the zone of sand, which is going to be used the concrete and take 1 kg of sand for river sand sieve analysis Table 1. Fig. 2. Boiling the sea sand by using electrical boiling tank.
2.4. Sea sand Table 1 River sand sieve analysis. Sieve size
Weight retained
% Passing
4.75 mm 2 mm 1 mm 0.6 mm 0.425 mm 0.3 mm 0.15 mm 0.075 mm Pan
0 0.76 244.75 280.75 162.7 134.29 132.27 0.19 34.24
100 99.924 75.449 47.37 31.1 17.671 4.444 4.425 1.001
Total percentage passing = 381.384. Fineness modulus = total percentage passing/100 = 381.384/100 = 3.81. From the results, the sand is conforming to Zone – II.
This sand has already salt (chloride) content and it can also be used for the construction after proper treatment, by removing the chloride content in the sand and washing the sea sand with water along with the chemical solution. 2.4.1. Sea sand sieve analysis The values of percentage passing of particles from sieves are given in IS: 383–1970. To determine the zone of sand, which is going to be used the concrete and take 1 kg of sand for sea sand sieve analysis Table 2. 2.5. Water Normal water is mandatory to finish the work and preparing concrete mix. Water is required for curing to reduce the heat of hydration and gain the required strength Fig. 1.
Table 2 Sea sand sieve analysis. Sieve size
Weight retained
% Passing
4.75 mm 2 mm 1 mm 0.6 mm 0.425 mm 0.3 mm 0.15 mm 0.075 mm Pan
0 3.09 59.78 216.72 211.99 252.10 241.56 0 11.12
100 99.691 93.713 72.051 50.852 25.642 1.486 1.486 0.374
Total percentage passing = 445.295. Fineness modulus = total percentage passing/100 = 445.295/100 = 4.45. From the results, the sand is conforming to Zone – I.
3. Methodology 3.1. Process of removing chloride content in sea sand The sea sand contains a high amount of chloride content. This makes the corrosion when it is used in the reinforcement. So, to remove this chloride content there are three process [7]. 1. Hypo treatment and washing 2. Soaking and 3. Boiling process
Please cite this article as: K. Thunga and V. D. T., An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356
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K. Thunga, V.D. T. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 3. Compression and split tensile test.
3.1.1. Hypo treatment and washing In this process some amount of sea sand say 1 kg is weighed and poured into a drum with 1 L of water, add 8 ml of hypo solution with 0.1 normality, mix evenly entire the sea sand. And this is mixed for 2 to 3 min. After then, wash with fresh water [8]. 3.1.2. Soaking process In this process some amount of sea sand say 50 kg is weighed and poured into a drum with some water. And this is soaked for 1 week. During this one week we must stir the sand with water. After this one week the sand is taken from the drum and dried in an oven [9].
100 °C [10] Fig. 2. After this entire process, the sea sand is again dried in an oven and the remaining water is tested for chloride test. 3.2. Compression test and split tensile test After completion of the casting, the cubes were cured in 7, 14 and 28 days and then the cubes are tested in the compression testing machine (Fig. 3) and all the test results are tabulated (Tables 3–5). The cubes are tested to find out the compression test results and cylinders are tested to find out the split tensile test results. The strength results include a different proportion of river sand and sea sand. 4. Test results on concrete specimens
3.1.3. Boiling process In this process the soaked sea sand which is dried in an oven is taken, after this process sea sand is taken in a vessel with some water and is heated up to when it reaches a temperature of
The test results of M25 grade concrete specimens (cubes and cylinders) with different percentages of river sand, normal sea sand and treated sea sand are shown in the graphs.
Table 3 Test results of concrete specimens in cycle 1. S. No
Sand used
1.
100%R.S + 0%S.S
2.
75%R.S + 25%S.S
3.
50%R.S + 50%S.S
4.
25%R.S + 75%S.S
5.
0%R.S + 100%S.S
Specimen no
1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
Split tensile strength (N/mm2)
7th day
14th day
28th day
7th day
14th day
28th day
17.44 17.88 16.11 17.14 17.44 16.55 16.11 16.70 16.11 16.55 16.11 16.25 15.67 13.89 15.22 14.92 12.56 13.00 13.00 12.85
24.44 24.11 25.44 24.55 24.55 23.44 24.56 24.50 23.67 23.67 21.44 22.92 22.33 22.78 21.00 22.03 21.89 21.00 20.11 21.00
26.69 26.36 27.69 26.80 26.80 25.69 26.81 26.75 25.92 25.92 23.69 25.17 24.58 25.03 23.25 24.28 24.14 23.25 22.36 23.25
1.95 2.01 1.95 1.97 1.95 1.95 1.98 1.96 1.87 2.12 1.98 1.99 1.70 1.78 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.78 1.74
2.09 2.17 2.09 2.11 2.26 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.66 1.77 2.68 2.7 2.09 2.19 2.09 2.10 2.77 2.66 2.77 2.73
2.36 2.44 2.36 2.38 2.53 2.86 2.79 2.73 2.93 2.04 2.95 2.97 2.36 2.39 2.36 2.37 3.04 2.93 3.04 3.00
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Table 4 Test results on specimens in cycle 2. S. no
Sand used
Specimen no
1.
100%R.S + 0%S.S
2.
75%R.S + 25%S.S
3.
50%R.S + 50%S.S
4.
25%R.S + 75%S.S
5.
0%R.S + 100%S.S
1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
Split tensile strength (N/mm2)
7th day
14th day
28th day
7th day
14th day
28th day
17.44 17.88 16.11 17.14 16.56 15.67 16.56 16.26 22.33 24.55 23.67 23.52 17.59 15.67 15.67 16.41 17.89 17.89 18.11 17.96
24.44 24.11 25.44 24.55 26.78 26.33 26.33 26.48 26.78 26.33 26.33 26.48 21.00 21.00 21.44 21.29 28.11 23.67 24.56 25.92
26.69 26.36 27.69 26.80 27.69 24.14 27.69 26.5 29.03 28.58 28.58 28.73 23.25 23.69 23.69 23.54 30.36 25.92 26.81 28.17
1.95 2.01 1.95 1.97 2.15 2.43 2.43 2.33 2.18 2.37 2.26 2.27 1.53 2.23 2.38 2.04 2.46 3.20 2.94 2.86
2.09 2.17 2.09 2.11 2.46 2.46 2.40 2.45 2.60 3.79 3.37 3.25 2.21 2.49 2.49 2.40 3.08 3.59 3.51 3.39
2.36 2.44 2.36 2.38 2.73 2.76 2.67 2.72 2.87 4.02 3.64 3.52 2.48 2.76 2.76 2.67 3.35 3.86 3.78 3.66
Table 5 Test results on concrete specimens cured in chemical solutions. S. no
Sand used
Specimen no
Compressive strength NaCl (N/mm2) 7th day 14th day 28th day
Compressive strength H2SO4 (N/mm2) 7th day 14th day 28th day
1.
100%R.S + 0%S.S
2.
75%R.S + 25%S.S
3.
50%R.S + 50%S.S
4.
25%R.S + 75%S.S
5.
0%R.S + 100%S.S
1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG 1. 2. 3. AVG
17.89 19.22 17.44 18.18 16.56 21.55 15.67 17.89 25.89 26.78 24.56 26.74 16.56 17.89 16.56 17.00 22.33 22.33 21.00 21.88
20.11 14.33 15.67 16.70 26.78 29.11 26.78 27.22 16.11 19.67 16.11 17.29 27.22 22.33 22.33 23.96 15.67 22.33 20.11 19.37
28.56 29.00 25.89 27.81 23.22 26.78 25.44 25.15 25.89 31.22 31.00 28.70 26.38 25.89 25.44 25.90 27.22 29.44 29.00 28.55
30.81 31.25 28.14 30.06 25.47 29.03 27.69 27.40 28.14 33.47 33.25 30.95 28.63 28.14 27.69 28.15 29.47 31.69 31.25 30.80
19.22 22.77 20.11 20.70 22.78 33.44 29.00 28.40 23.67 17.89 20.11 20.55 29.00 28.56 24.56 27.37 26.78 25.00 24.56 25.44
21.47 25.02 22.36 23.02 25.03 35.69 31.25 30.65 25.92 20.14 22.36 22.80 31.25 30.81 26.81 29.62 29.03 27.25 26.81 27.69
Fig. 4. Compressive strength of normal R.S and non-treated S.S.
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4.1. Cycle 1, normal river sand and non-treated sea sand. After testing the number of concrete specimens with mixing at different percentages of river sand and non-treated sea sand and test results are shown in Table 3.
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From the experimental work the compressive strength of normal R.S and non-treated S.S ranges between 23.25 N/mm2 and 26.8 N/mm2 and the strength was more at the mix of 100%R.S + 0%S.S for the curing period of 28 days which was shown in the Fig. 4.
Fig. 5. Split tensile strength of normal R.S and non-treated S.S.
Fig. 6. Compressive strength of normal R.S and treated S.S.
Fig. 7. Split tensile strength of normal R.S and treated S.S.
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From the experimental results the split tensile strength of normal R.S and non-treated S.S was increased at the mix of 0%R.S + 100%S.S as shown in the Fig. 5. 4.2. Cycle 2, normal river sand and treated sea sand. After testing the number of concrete specimens with mixing at different percentages of river sand and treated sea sand and test results are shown in Table 4. The compressive strength of normal R.S and treated S.S was increased at the mix of 50%R.S + 50%S.S for the period of 28 days as shown in the Fig. 6. The split tensile strength of normal R.S and treated S.S was increased at the mix of 0%R.S + 100%S.S as shown in the Fig. 7.
5. Durability test results on concrete specimens 5.1. Cycle 1, normal river sand and treated sea sand compressive strength results of specimens cured in chemicals (NaCl and H2SO4) After testing the number of concrete specimens with mixing at different percentages of river sand and treated sea sand, cubes are cured in chemical solutions and test results are shown in Table 5. The compressive strength of normal R.S and treated S.S in NaCl increases to 30.95 N/mm2 at the mix of 50%R.S + 50%S.S for the age of 28 days as shown in the Fig. 8. Compressive strength of normal R.S and treated S.S in H2SO4 increased at the mix of 75%R.S + 25%S.S for the age of 28 days as shown in the Fig. 9.
6. Conclusions In this research paper we found that the compressive and split tensile strength at different percentages of river sand. Sea sand and treated sea sand gives the best results compared with river sand. Compressive strength test results of concrete (normal river sand and non-treated sea sand) giving uneven results when we are increasing the non-treated sea sand proportion so it cannot be suggested in construction. After checking the number of proportions, we have seen the best results in compressive strength test when entire river sand is replaced by treated sea sand and it was found that strength was increased by 6.71%. Split tensile strength results of concrete were fluctuating as in the case of compressive strength test results when we used non-treated sea sand. After checking the number of proportions, it has seen that the best split tensile strength test results occurred when entire river sand is replaced by treated sea sand and it was found that strength was increased by 34.97%. From the results it has seen that at 50% of river sand and 50% of treated sea sand had best results when cubes are cured in NaCl and the percentage was increased by 2.87% compared with normal concrete cured in same chemical. From the experimental results it has seen that at 75% of river sand and 25% of treated sea sand had best results when cubes are cured in H2SO4 and the percentage was increased by 24.89% compared with normal concrete cured in same chemical.
Fig. 8. Compressive strength of normal R.S and treated S.S in NaCl.
Fig. 9. Compressive strength of normal R.S and treated S.S in H2SO4.
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Author contributions
References
Kartheek Thunga, Venkat Das T conceived the idea, conducted the Experimental part and testing results. Kartheek Thunga, Venkat Das T discussed the results. The language correction, proper discussion of results, and manuscript formatting was done by Venkat Das T. All authors of the article provided substantive comments.
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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgement First and foremost, I express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide Mr. Venkat Das T. Assistant Professor, Department of civil engineering, KL deemed to be university. for his valuable guidance, encouragement, and suggestions offered throughout my project work.
Please cite this article as: K. Thunga and V. D. T., An experimental investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356