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An eye on the arts—The arts on the eye
Journal of AAPOS Volume 3 Number 1 February 1999
8 Mudgil and Repka 6. Ing EB, Sullivan TJ, Clarke MP, Buncic JR. Oculomotor nerve palsies in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1992;29:331-6. 7. Hamed LM. Associated neurologic and ophthalmologic findings in congenital oculomotor nerve palsy. Ophthalmology 1991;98:708-14. 8. Mizen TR, Burde RM, Kingele TG. Cryptogenic oculomotor nerve palsies in children. Am J Ophthalmol 1985;100:65-7. 9. Kodsi SR, Younge BR. Acquired oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent cranial nerve palsies in pediatric patients. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114:568-74. 10. Tsaloumas MD, Willshaw HE. Congenital oculomotor palsy: associated neurological and ophthalmological findings. Eye 1997;11:500-3. 11. Bradford GM, Kutschke PJ, Scott WE. Results of amblyopia therapy in eyes with unilateral structural abnormalities. Ophthalmology 1992;99:1616-21.
12. Holladay JT, Prager TC. Mean visual acuity. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;111:372-4. 13. Townshend AM, Holmes JM, Evans LS. Depth of anisometropic amblyopia and difference in refraction. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;116:431-6. 14. Smith CH. Nuclear and infranuclear ocular motility disorders. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ, editors. Walsh and Hoyt’s clinical neuroophthalmology. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1998. p. 1220. 15. Lepard CW. Comparative changes in the error of refraction between fixing and amblyopic eyes during growth and development. Am J Ophthalmol 1975;80:485-90. 16. Ariochane M, Repka MX. Outcome of sixth nerve palsy or paresis in young children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1995;32:152-6.
An Eye on the Arts – The Arts on the Eye
My eyes reach out but cannot touch. It is like trying to feel with frozen fingers, it is like numbness being touched. The reality of things is hidden behind a spiderweb that gives but will not yield. There are now entrances, no exits. The outside world will forever remain just that. Everyone, everything is saying, Noli me tangere. My eyes remember the forgetting of sight. They remember the melting of contours, the fading away of colors. My eyes have memories of losses. My eyes are forgetting to remember. —Felix Pollak (from “REALITY” in Tunnel Visions [writings of a poet going blind]). Reprinted with permission from Spoon River Poetry Press.
Journal of AAPOS Volume 3 Number 1 February 1999
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. 12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Enyedi, Freedman, and Buckley 39
R. Latanoprost for uncontrolled glaucoma in a compassionate case protocol. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:279-86. Watson P, Stjernschantz J, the Latanoprost Study Group. A sixmonth, randomized, double-masked study comparing latanoprost with timolol in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Ophthalmology 1996;103:126-37. Alm A, Stjernschantz J, the Scandinavian Latanoprost Study Group. Effects on intraocular pressure and side effects of 0.005% latanoprost applied once daily, evening or morning: a comparison with timolol. Ophthalmology 1995;102:1743-52. Hoyng PF, Rulo A, Greve E, Watson P, Alm A. The additive intraocular pressure-lowering effect of latanoprost in combined therapy with other ocular hypotensive agents. Surv Ophthalmol 1997;41(suppl):93-8. Rulo AH, Greve EL, Hoyng PF. Additive ocular hypotensive effect of latanoprost and acetazolamide: a short-term study in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Ophthalmology 1997;104:1503-7. Gabelt BT, Kaufman PL. Prostaglandin F2α increases uveoscleral outflow in the cynomolgus monkey. Exp Eye Res 1989;49:389-402. Nilsson SFE, Samuelsson M, Bill A, Stjernschantz J. Increased uveoscleral outflow as a possible mechanism of ocular hypotension caused by prostaglandin F2α 1-isopropylester in the cynomolgus monkey. Exp Eye Res 1989;48:707-16. Toris CB, Camras CB, Yablonski ME. Effects of PhXA41, a new prostaglandin F2α analog, on aqueous humor dynamics in human eyes. Ophthalmology 1993;100:1297-304. Fristrom B, Nilsson SEG. Interaction of PhXA41, a new prostaglandin analogue, with pilocarpine: a study on patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:662-5. Rulo AH, Greve EL, Hoyng PF. Additive effect of latanoprost, a prostaglandin F2α analogue, and timolol in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Br J Ophthalmol 1994;78:899-902. Villumsen J, Alm A. Effect of the prostaglandin F2α analogue PhXA41 in eyes treated with pilocarpine and timolol [abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33(suppl):1248. Linden C, Alm A. Latanoprost and physostigmine have mostly additive ocular hypotensive effects in human eyes. Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115:857-61.
18. Poyer JF, Millar C, Kaufman PL. Prostaglandin F2α effects on isolated rhesus monkey ciliary muscle. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36:2461-5. 19. Van Alphen GWHM, Wilhelm PB, Elsenfeld PW. The effect of prostaglandins on the isolated internal muscles of the mammalian eye, including man. Doc Ophthalmol 1977;42:397-415. 20. Lutjen-Drecoll E, Tamm E. Morhphological study of the anterior segment of cynomolgus monkey eyes following treatment with prostaglandin F2α. Exp Eye Res 1988;47:761-9. 21. Kashiwagi K, Lindsey J, Kashiwagi F, Weinreb R. Extracellular matrix changes induced by prostaglandins in cultured human ciliary muscle cells [abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36 (suppl):S729. 22. Tamm E, Rittig M, Lutjen-Drecoll E. Elektronenmikroskopische und immunhistochemische Untersuchungenzur Augendrucksenkenden wirkung von Prostaglandin F2α. Fortschr Ophthalmol 1990;87: 623-9. 23. Maumenee AE. Further observations on the pathogenesis of congenital glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1963;55:1163-76. 24. Kupfer C, Kaiser-Kupfer MI. Observations on the development of the anterior chamber angle with reference to the pathogenesis of congenital glaucomas. Am J Ophthalmol 1979;88:424-6. 25. Johnstone MA. Hypertrichosis and increased pigmentation of eyelashes and adjacent hair in the region of the ipsilateral eyelids of patients treated with unilateral topical latanoprost. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:544-7. 26. Wand M. Latanoprost and hyperpigmentation of eyelashes. Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115:1206-8. 27. Jimenez de Asua L, Otto AM, Lindgren JA, Hammarstom S. The stimulation of the initiation of DNA synthesis and cell division in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells by prostaglandin F2α requires specific functional groups in the molecule. J Biol Chem 1983;258:8774-80. 28. Wistrand PJ, Stjernschantz J, Olsson K. The incidence and timecourse of latanoprost-induced iridial pigmentation as a function of eye color. Surv Ophthalmol 1997;41(suppl 2):S129-38. 29. Rowe JA, Hattenhauer MG, Herman DC. Adverse side effects associated with latanoprost. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:683-5.
An Eye on the Arts – The Arts on the Eye
Consider the owl, a pair of binoculars with wings, whose eyes make up a third of its head size. Arrowhead crabs, bright spiderlike reef creatures familiar to scuba-divers, have eyes set so far apart they can see in almost a complete circle. Horses have little depth perception, because their eyes are placed far around each side of the head. Like prey in general, they need peripheral vision to keep an eye out for an attack from a predator. I’ve always thought it was particularly brave of horses to be willing to take jumps they must lose sight of at the last moment. Predators frequently have vertical pupils, since they look forward for their prey; whereas sheep, goats, and many other hoofed animals, which must be vigilant across the fields in which they gaze, have horizontal pupils. An interesting feature of the alligator’s pupil is that it can tilt a little as the angle of the head changes, so that prey will always be in focus. Roadside alligator wrestlers who flip a ‘gator over, rub its stomach, and “put it to sleep” are actually giving it a bad case of vertigo. Upside down, an alligator’s pupils can’t adjust, and the world becomes a confusing tumult of images. —Diane Ackerman (from A Natural History of the Senses)
Journal of AAPOS Volume 3 Number 1 February 1999
52 Bullard et al phylaxis and retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 1993; 111:618-20. 44. Liggins GC, Howie RN. A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants. Pediatrics 1972;50:515-20. 45. Crowley P. Update of the antenatal steroid meta-analysis: current knowledge and future research needs. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:322-35. 46. Leviton A, Kuban KC, Pagano M, Allred EN, Van Marter L.
Antenatal corticosteroids appear to reduce the risk of postnatal germinal matrix hemorrhage in intubated low birth weight newborns. Pediatrics 1993;91:1083-8. 47. Kari MA, Hallman M, Eronen M, et al. Prenatal dexamethasone treatment in conjunction with human surfactant therapy: a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter study. Pediatrics 1994;93:730-6. 48. Pearson E, Bose T, Snidow L, Ransom T, et al. Trial of vitamin A supplementation in very low birth weight infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 1992;121:420-7.
An Eye on the Arts – The Arts on the Eye
. . . blind-from-birth people have no direct experiential awareness of lacking anything. The sighted think of them has living in permanent blackness, and of this as being a terrifying affliction. . . . For all of us the sensory equipment that we have or lack is a contingent matter, and there are all sorts of senses that we might have had but do not have. Many living creatures are equipped with senses that all humans lack—some bats have a sort of radar—but it never occurs to us to think of ourselves as handicapped because we lack them. . . any more than we feel that our freedom is limited by the fact that we are unable to be in two places at once. —Bryan Magee (from On Blindness by Bryan Magee and Martin Mulligan [an exchange of letters between a blind and a sighted philosopher])
8 Mudgil and Repka 6. Ing EB, Sullivan TJ, Clarke MP, Buncic JR. Oculomotor nerve palsies in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1992;29:331-6. 7. Hamed LM. Associated neurologic and ophthalmologic findings in congenital oculomotor nerve palsy. Ophthalmology 1991;98:708-14. 8. Mizen TR, Burde RM, Kingele TG. Cryptogenic oculomotor nerve palsies in children. Am J Ophthalmol 1985;100:65-7. 9. Kodsi SR, Younge BR. Acquired oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent cranial nerve palsies in pediatric patients. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114:568-74. 10. Tsaloumas MD, Willshaw HE. Congenital oculomotor palsy: associated neurological and ophthalmological findings. Eye 1997;11:500-3. 11. Bradford GM, Kutschke PJ, Scott WE. Results of amblyopia therapy in eyes with unilateral structural abnormalities. Ophthalmology 1992;99:1616-21.
12. Holladay JT, Prager TC. Mean visual acuity. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;111:372-4. 13. Townshend AM, Holmes JM, Evans LS. Depth of anisometropic amblyopia and difference in refraction. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;116:431-6. 14. Smith CH. Nuclear and infranuclear ocular motility disorders. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ, editors. Walsh and Hoyt’s clinical neuroophthalmology. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1998. p. 1220. 15. Lepard CW. Comparative changes in the error of refraction between fixing and amblyopic eyes during growth and development. Am J Ophthalmol 1975;80:485-90. 16. Ariochane M, Repka MX. Outcome of sixth nerve palsy or paresis in young children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1995;32:152-6.
An Eye on the Arts – The Arts on the Eye
My eyes reach out but cannot touch. It is like trying to feel with frozen fingers, it is like numbness being touched. The reality of things is hidden behind a spiderweb that gives but will not yield. There are now entrances, no exits. The outside world will forever remain just that. Everyone, everything is saying, Noli me tangere. My eyes remember the forgetting of sight. They remember the melting of contours, the fading away of colors. My eyes have memories of losses. My eyes are forgetting to remember. —Felix Pollak (from “REALITY” in Tunnel Visions [writings of a poet going blind]). Reprinted with permission from Spoon River Poetry Press.
Journal of AAPOS Volume 3 Number 1 February 1999
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. 12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Enyedi, Freedman, and Buckley 39
R. Latanoprost for uncontrolled glaucoma in a compassionate case protocol. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:279-86. Watson P, Stjernschantz J, the Latanoprost Study Group. A sixmonth, randomized, double-masked study comparing latanoprost with timolol in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Ophthalmology 1996;103:126-37. Alm A, Stjernschantz J, the Scandinavian Latanoprost Study Group. Effects on intraocular pressure and side effects of 0.005% latanoprost applied once daily, evening or morning: a comparison with timolol. Ophthalmology 1995;102:1743-52. Hoyng PF, Rulo A, Greve E, Watson P, Alm A. The additive intraocular pressure-lowering effect of latanoprost in combined therapy with other ocular hypotensive agents. Surv Ophthalmol 1997;41(suppl):93-8. Rulo AH, Greve EL, Hoyng PF. Additive ocular hypotensive effect of latanoprost and acetazolamide: a short-term study in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Ophthalmology 1997;104:1503-7. Gabelt BT, Kaufman PL. Prostaglandin F2α increases uveoscleral outflow in the cynomolgus monkey. Exp Eye Res 1989;49:389-402. Nilsson SFE, Samuelsson M, Bill A, Stjernschantz J. Increased uveoscleral outflow as a possible mechanism of ocular hypotension caused by prostaglandin F2α 1-isopropylester in the cynomolgus monkey. Exp Eye Res 1989;48:707-16. Toris CB, Camras CB, Yablonski ME. Effects of PhXA41, a new prostaglandin F2α analog, on aqueous humor dynamics in human eyes. Ophthalmology 1993;100:1297-304. Fristrom B, Nilsson SEG. Interaction of PhXA41, a new prostaglandin analogue, with pilocarpine: a study on patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:662-5. Rulo AH, Greve EL, Hoyng PF. Additive effect of latanoprost, a prostaglandin F2α analogue, and timolol in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Br J Ophthalmol 1994;78:899-902. Villumsen J, Alm A. Effect of the prostaglandin F2α analogue PhXA41 in eyes treated with pilocarpine and timolol [abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33(suppl):1248. Linden C, Alm A. Latanoprost and physostigmine have mostly additive ocular hypotensive effects in human eyes. Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115:857-61.
18. Poyer JF, Millar C, Kaufman PL. Prostaglandin F2α effects on isolated rhesus monkey ciliary muscle. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36:2461-5. 19. Van Alphen GWHM, Wilhelm PB, Elsenfeld PW. The effect of prostaglandins on the isolated internal muscles of the mammalian eye, including man. Doc Ophthalmol 1977;42:397-415. 20. Lutjen-Drecoll E, Tamm E. Morhphological study of the anterior segment of cynomolgus monkey eyes following treatment with prostaglandin F2α. Exp Eye Res 1988;47:761-9. 21. Kashiwagi K, Lindsey J, Kashiwagi F, Weinreb R. Extracellular matrix changes induced by prostaglandins in cultured human ciliary muscle cells [abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36 (suppl):S729. 22. Tamm E, Rittig M, Lutjen-Drecoll E. Elektronenmikroskopische und immunhistochemische Untersuchungenzur Augendrucksenkenden wirkung von Prostaglandin F2α. Fortschr Ophthalmol 1990;87: 623-9. 23. Maumenee AE. Further observations on the pathogenesis of congenital glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1963;55:1163-76. 24. Kupfer C, Kaiser-Kupfer MI. Observations on the development of the anterior chamber angle with reference to the pathogenesis of congenital glaucomas. Am J Ophthalmol 1979;88:424-6. 25. Johnstone MA. Hypertrichosis and increased pigmentation of eyelashes and adjacent hair in the region of the ipsilateral eyelids of patients treated with unilateral topical latanoprost. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:544-7. 26. Wand M. Latanoprost and hyperpigmentation of eyelashes. Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115:1206-8. 27. Jimenez de Asua L, Otto AM, Lindgren JA, Hammarstom S. The stimulation of the initiation of DNA synthesis and cell division in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells by prostaglandin F2α requires specific functional groups in the molecule. J Biol Chem 1983;258:8774-80. 28. Wistrand PJ, Stjernschantz J, Olsson K. The incidence and timecourse of latanoprost-induced iridial pigmentation as a function of eye color. Surv Ophthalmol 1997;41(suppl 2):S129-38. 29. Rowe JA, Hattenhauer MG, Herman DC. Adverse side effects associated with latanoprost. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:683-5.
An Eye on the Arts – The Arts on the Eye
Consider the owl, a pair of binoculars with wings, whose eyes make up a third of its head size. Arrowhead crabs, bright spiderlike reef creatures familiar to scuba-divers, have eyes set so far apart they can see in almost a complete circle. Horses have little depth perception, because their eyes are placed far around each side of the head. Like prey in general, they need peripheral vision to keep an eye out for an attack from a predator. I’ve always thought it was particularly brave of horses to be willing to take jumps they must lose sight of at the last moment. Predators frequently have vertical pupils, since they look forward for their prey; whereas sheep, goats, and many other hoofed animals, which must be vigilant across the fields in which they gaze, have horizontal pupils. An interesting feature of the alligator’s pupil is that it can tilt a little as the angle of the head changes, so that prey will always be in focus. Roadside alligator wrestlers who flip a ‘gator over, rub its stomach, and “put it to sleep” are actually giving it a bad case of vertigo. Upside down, an alligator’s pupils can’t adjust, and the world becomes a confusing tumult of images. —Diane Ackerman (from A Natural History of the Senses)
Journal of AAPOS Volume 3 Number 1 February 1999
52 Bullard et al phylaxis and retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 1993; 111:618-20. 44. Liggins GC, Howie RN. A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants. Pediatrics 1972;50:515-20. 45. Crowley P. Update of the antenatal steroid meta-analysis: current knowledge and future research needs. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:322-35. 46. Leviton A, Kuban KC, Pagano M, Allred EN, Van Marter L.
Antenatal corticosteroids appear to reduce the risk of postnatal germinal matrix hemorrhage in intubated low birth weight newborns. Pediatrics 1993;91:1083-8. 47. Kari MA, Hallman M, Eronen M, et al. Prenatal dexamethasone treatment in conjunction with human surfactant therapy: a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter study. Pediatrics 1994;93:730-6. 48. Pearson E, Bose T, Snidow L, Ransom T, et al. Trial of vitamin A supplementation in very low birth weight infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 1992;121:420-7.
An Eye on the Arts – The Arts on the Eye
. . . blind-from-birth people have no direct experiential awareness of lacking anything. The sighted think of them has living in permanent blackness, and of this as being a terrifying affliction. . . . For all of us the sensory equipment that we have or lack is a contingent matter, and there are all sorts of senses that we might have had but do not have. Many living creatures are equipped with senses that all humans lack—some bats have a sort of radar—but it never occurs to us to think of ourselves as handicapped because we lack them. . . any more than we feel that our freedom is limited by the fact that we are unable to be in two places at once. —Bryan Magee (from On Blindness by Bryan Magee and Martin Mulligan [an exchange of letters between a blind and a sighted philosopher])