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An improved steam steriliser
GENERAL ARTICLES. GENERAL ARTICLES.
others, to others, to this this condition condition of of simple simple hypertrophy hypertrophy of of the the epithelium, epithelium, there there is added is added aa further further abnormality, abnormality, viz., viz., the the thickened thickened epithelium epithelium shows shows villous or villous or papillary papillary projections projections jutting jutting into into the the lumen lumen of of the the duct duct (Fig. (Fig. In many many cases cases this this process process has has led led to to the the complete complete filling filling up up of of 13). In 13).
FIG. Hl.-Adenomatous FIG. Hl.-Adenomatous growth growth originating originating in in connection connection with with aa duct duct of of the the mamma mamma of of aa bitch bitch (x (x 40). 40). In In the centre the centre of of the the figure figure there there is is seen seen the the lumen lumen of of aa large large duct, duct, largely largely filled filled up up by by villous-like villous-like process of process of epithelium. epithelium. Towards Towards the the left left upper upper corner corner of of the the figure figure the the adenomatous adenomatous growth growth appears to appears to have have extended extended into into the the connective connective tissue tissue of of the the gland. gland.
the duct the duct with with epithelium epithelium arranged. arranged. in in aa distinctly distinctly adenomatous adenomatous manner. Some manner. Some of of the the ducts ducts thus thus 'altered 'altered are are dilated dilated to to the the calibre calibre of of aa crow crow quill. quill. A A 'section 'section of of such such aa duct duct at at the the first first glance glance simulates simulates the appearance the appearance of of 'an 'an ultimate ultimate lobule lobule of of aa gland. gland. Externally Externally it it is is bounded by bounded by aa distinct distinct fibrous fibrous ring-the ring-the original original fibrous fibrous wall wall of of the the duct. Within duct. Within this this there there is is an an appearance appearance as as of of gland gland acini acini and and tubes, tubes, bounded by bounded by epithelium, epithelium, and and cut cut in in various various directions. directions. The The epithelium, epithelium, however, has however, has not not associated associated with with it it either either connective connective tissue tissue or or vessels, vessels, and the and the connection connection between between ·the ·the peripheral peripheral layer layer and and the the fibrous fibrous connective tissue connective tissue upon upon which which it it rests' rests' is is so so slight slight that that in in sections sections the the whole epithelial whole epithelial mass mass sometimes sometimes drops drops out. out. At certain At certain parts parts it it seems, seems, however, however, as as if if this this atypical atypical epithelial epithelial growth had growth had burst burst outwards outwards into into the the surrounding surrounding connective connective tissue, tissue, and were and were proliferating proliferating there, there, so so as as to to produce produce irregularly irregularly disposed disposed masses of masses of epithelial epithelial cells, cells, generally generally still still showing showing the the adenomatous adenomatous arrangement, but arrangement, but sometimes sometimes appearing appearing as as solid solid strings. strings. .. This interesting This interesting behaviour behaviour of of the the lining lining epithelium epithelium of of the the larger larger ducts appears ducts appears to to be be aa subsidiary subsidiary process process in in the the gland. gland. The The same' same' thing to thing to aa less less extent extent is is met met with with in in Tumours Tumours XVIII. XVIII. and and XIX., XIX., but but in all in all three three tumours tumours the the main main pathological pathological process process appears appears to to be be aa induration with with consequent consequent destruction destruction of of the the gland gland acini. acini. fibrous induration fibrous (To be (To be continued.) continued.)
AN IMPROVED AN IMPROVED STEAM STEAM STERILISER. STERILISER.
By By
J.J.
M'FADYEAN, M.B., M'FADYEAN, M.B., B.Sc., B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.R.S.E., Royal Royal Veterinary Veterinary College, College, Edinburgh. Edinburgh.
IN bacteriological IN bacteriological work work the the steam steam steriliser steriliser is is an an indispensable indispensable piece piece of apparatus. of apparatus. The The most most common common instrument instrument of of the the kind kind is is that that designed by designed by Koch. Koch. This This is is aa cylindrical cylindrical metal metal vessel vessel with with aa closecloseand with with aa wire-grating wire-grating carried carried across across the the cylinder cylinder at at aa depth depth fitting lid, fitting lid, and of about of about 6 6 inches inches from from the the bottom. bottom. When When the the instrument instrument is is to to be be used used
GENERAL ARTICLES. GENERAL ARTICLES.
157
the lower part of it, to near the grating, is filled with water, and the others, of thewith epithelium, there objects totothis be condition sterilised of aresimple placedhypertrophy in a tin vessel a perforated is added a further abnormality, viz., the thickened epithelium shows bottom, which is introduced into the upper compartment, so as to rest villous papillary A projections of burner the ductis (Fig. on the orgrating. large gasjutting flame into fromthea lumen Bunsen now many cases the complete of 13). In to play uponthis theprocess bottomhas of led thetovessel, and whenfilling the up water allowed enters into ebullition the upper part of the cylinder becomes filled with steam. The chief disadvantage of Koch's steriliser is that, in order to avoid the risk of the whole of the water becoming vaporised, a considerable quantity-two pints or more-must be introduced, and the time required to generate steam temperature throughout the upper part of the vessel is therefore prolonged. It follows also that a considerable gas flame is required to keep the water boiling. The steriliser which is here figured (p. 158) is one which has been in use by me in the Pathological Laboratory at the Veterinary College for the past four years. The credit of having suggested the improvement FIG. Hl.-Adenomatous growth originating in connection of the mamma a bitch 40). In upon Koch's instrument belongs to with mya duct colleague, Drof A. P. (x Aitken. the centre of the figure there is seen the lumen of a large duct, largely filled up by villous-like The modification consists in adding tocorner the ofsteriliser a adenomatous second vessel, process of epithelium. Towards the left upper the figure the growth appears extended into the connective tissue of thefeeds gland. the lower part of which acts as toahave reservoir, and automatically the sterilising with a arranged. sufficiency It is, in fact, an the duct withvessel epithelium in ofa water. distinctly adenomatous adaptationSome of theofprinciple of thus the Bunsen bath. manner. the ducts 'altered evaporating are dilated to the calibre of The quill. steriliser proper (A) is a cylindrical tin first vesselglance with simulates a conical a crow A 'section of such a duct at the bottom. To theofapex of this cone there solderedExternally a small copper the appearance 'an ultimate lobule of ais gland. it is vessel (a) of shape offibrous a thimble. A pieceoriginal of metalfibrous tubing wall (n) connects bounded bythe a distinct ring-the of the the interior of this reservoir.as of Asgland in Koch's duct. Within this thimble there is to an the appearance acini instrument, and tubes, (b) is carried across the lower part of the and a metal grating bounded by epithelium, and cut in various directions. Thesteriliser, epithelium, upon thishas the not vessel containing theit objects to be sterilised The however, associated with either connective tissuerests. or vessels, lid ofthe the steriliser (c) has a length equal to that of latter itself. and connection between ·thenearly peripheral layer andthethe fibrous The lid thus slides up and down insideis the steriliser a telescope connective tissue upon which it rests' so slight thatlike in sections the tube, and by thismass simple device the capacity whole epithelial sometimes drops out. of the steam chamber can be At varied at will. is a great advantage, as, for example, when certain parts This it seems, however, as if this atypical epithelial one wishes introduce bothinto a large flask and a filtering funnel, in growth had toburst outwards the surrounding connective tissue, filtering or gelatine The centre of the lid carries and wereagar-agar proliferating there, solutions. so as to produce irregularly disposed an aperture (d) for a cells, thermometer. Finally, the whole may be masses of epithelial generally still showing the vessel adenomatous provided withbut an envelope hair-felt. as solid strings. arrangement, sometimesofappearing . The is. a cylindrical vesselepithelium divided into twolarger by a This reservoir interesting(B)behaviour of the lining of the septum (e). The lower and smaller chamber with the ducts appears to be a subsidiary process in communicates the gland. The same' copper of theissteriliser the previously mentioned thing tothimble a less extent met withby in Tumours XVIII. and XIX.,metal but tube. This tube is provided withpathological a stop-cock (p), and for convenience in all three tumours the main process appears to be ait ought to have awith coupling (r), bydestruction means of which thegland two vessels induration consequent of the acini. can, fibrousalso if required, be disconnected.(To The lower chamber carries, just below be continued.) the level of the septum, a cork hole (Iz). The upper chamber communicates with the exterior by a hole (k) in the centre of its roof, this hole being tightly corked when the instrument is in use. It also communicates with AN the lower chamber by two tubes; one of these (f) starts IMPROVED STEAM STERILISER. at the septum and leads down to near the bottom of the lower chamber. By J. M'FADYEAN, The other M.B., (g), which B.Sc.,must F.R.S.E., be of narrow Royal Veterinary bore, passe~College, through the septum, and is carried Edinburgh. upwards to near the top of the upper chamber, and downwards into the lower chamber, where it terminates IN work the steam steriliser is the an indispensable at bacteriological the level of the metal tube connecting reservoir withpiece the of apparatus. The most common instrument of the kind is steriliser. The upper chamber is provided with a water-gauge em).that designed by instrument Koch. This a cylindrical metal vessel with a closeWhen the is inisuse, the lower chamber contains water to the and with a wire-grating carried across the cylinder at a depth fitting lid, level of the tube connecting it with the copper thimble, and this latter of about 6 inches from the bottom. When the instrument is to be used
GENERAL ARTICLES.
(the stopcock being open) is necessarily filled with water to the same level. The upper part of the lower chamber contains air, and communicates freely with the exterior by the hole (It), which is left open. The upper chamber contains more or less water, as does also the (
c
II
m
STEAM SxERILISER, OUTS IDE VIEW.
STEAM STERILISER., SECTION.
tube (f). The longer tube (g) contains air, and its lower end just reaches the surface of the water in the lower chamber, while its upper opens into an air-containing space above the water in the upper chamber. As the water in the copper thimble is vaporised, its surface necessarily sinks, and since the water here is continuous with that in the lower chamber of the reservoir (through the connecting tube), the surface of the water in the latter also sinks. But, when this occurs, the lower end of the tube g ceases to dip into the water, and a bubble or two of air enters it, and passes up into the .upper part of the upper chamber, the water of which is thus allowed to sink into the lower chamber by the tube f. But this immediately raises the level of the water in the lower chamber, and the lower end of the tube "g being again submerged, the passage of air through it is cut off, and the further sinking of the water in the upper chamber is prevented. As soon as further evaporation of the water in the copper thimble has again lowered the surface of the water in the lower part of the reservoir, the same events are repeated, and so on, as long as any water is left in the upper chamber. When it is seen that the water in the latter is low, a new supply must be introduced. To do this the stop-cock in the connecting tube between the steriliser and the reservoir must first be closed, and the hole in the lower chamber must be tightly corked. The cork is then removed from the hole in the roof of the reservoir, and water is poured in here until it is seen by the water gauge that the upper chamber is nearly full. The hole in the top of the reservoir is now corked, and the stop-cock and the hole in the lower chamber are re-opened.
EDITORIAL ARTICLES.
159
It is unnecessary to give details regarding the size of the instrument, as that may be varied according to requirements. It must be noted, however, that, to retain the advantages of the instrument, the copper thimble should always be small. In my own steriliser it has a length of 3 inches and a diameter of an inch and a half I find that, even without any hair-felt envelope to the steriliser, and with only a small gas-flame playing on the bottom of the thimble, a thermometer with the bulb at the centre of the steriliser registers a temperature of over 2 11" F. within ten minutes. With a reservoir holding half a gallon of water, the steriliser will work continuously without replenishing for a whole day.
ED I TORIAL
AR TI CLE S.
--0--
INSPECTION OF MEAT AT LIVERPOOL.
ABOUT twelve months ago great discredit was thrown upon the system of meat inspection in force in Glasgow by certain facts brought to light in the well-known tuberculous meat trial. It was then disclosed that the duty of practical meat inspection in that large city devolved upon policemen, and that, until a short time before the trial mentioned, cases of disputed seizure of carcases had been adjudicated upon by a board of experts composed of two butchers and the police surgeon. This system, it was stated in evidence, had given every satisfaction to the Glasgow butchers, and no one will doubt that it deserved to. It was generally supposed that this disgraceful state of affairs was unique, at least in the case of our large cities, and no one having any knowledge of human or animal diseases ra,ised a voice in support of it. It appears, however, that an almost identical system of meat inspection is at the present moment in force in Liverpool, and, what is much more remarkable, one of the medical officers for the city has had the courage, not to say the hardihood, to defend it. On a recent occasion, Professor Walley read at a meeting of the Lancashire Veterinary Medical Association the paper on meat inspection which appears in the preceding pages of this number. The Professor's strictures appear to have been construed by the Liverpool people, or by some of them at least, as having been specially directed towards the system of meat inspection practised in that city, and one of the medical officers to the corporation, through the medium of an interview with a newspaper reporter, has sought to rebut the statements made in the paper in question, so far as they might have been intended to apply to Liverpool. Dr Hope, the gentleman referred to, is described as deputy medical officer and chief of the sanitary department of the Liverpool Corporation. He is also, in passing, said to be "a recognised authority upon all matters relating to diseases of
others, to others, to this this condition condition of of simple simple hypertrophy hypertrophy of of the the epithelium, epithelium, there there is added is added aa further further abnormality, abnormality, viz., viz., the the thickened thickened epithelium epithelium shows shows villous or villous or papillary papillary projections projections jutting jutting into into the the lumen lumen of of the the duct duct (Fig. (Fig. In many many cases cases this this process process has has led led to to the the complete complete filling filling up up of of 13). In 13).
FIG. Hl.-Adenomatous FIG. Hl.-Adenomatous growth growth originating originating in in connection connection with with aa duct duct of of the the mamma mamma of of aa bitch bitch (x (x 40). 40). In In the centre the centre of of the the figure figure there there is is seen seen the the lumen lumen of of aa large large duct, duct, largely largely filled filled up up by by villous-like villous-like process of process of epithelium. epithelium. Towards Towards the the left left upper upper corner corner of of the the figure figure the the adenomatous adenomatous growth growth appears to appears to have have extended extended into into the the connective connective tissue tissue of of the the gland. gland.
the duct the duct with with epithelium epithelium arranged. arranged. in in aa distinctly distinctly adenomatous adenomatous manner. Some manner. Some of of the the ducts ducts thus thus 'altered 'altered are are dilated dilated to to the the calibre calibre of of aa crow crow quill. quill. A A 'section 'section of of such such aa duct duct at at the the first first glance glance simulates simulates the appearance the appearance of of 'an 'an ultimate ultimate lobule lobule of of aa gland. gland. Externally Externally it it is is bounded by bounded by aa distinct distinct fibrous fibrous ring-the ring-the original original fibrous fibrous wall wall of of the the duct. Within duct. Within this this there there is is an an appearance appearance as as of of gland gland acini acini and and tubes, tubes, bounded by bounded by epithelium, epithelium, and and cut cut in in various various directions. directions. The The epithelium, epithelium, however, has however, has not not associated associated with with it it either either connective connective tissue tissue or or vessels, vessels, and the and the connection connection between between ·the ·the peripheral peripheral layer layer and and the the fibrous fibrous connective tissue connective tissue upon upon which which it it rests' rests' is is so so slight slight that that in in sections sections the the whole epithelial whole epithelial mass mass sometimes sometimes drops drops out. out. At certain At certain parts parts it it seems, seems, however, however, as as if if this this atypical atypical epithelial epithelial growth had growth had burst burst outwards outwards into into the the surrounding surrounding connective connective tissue, tissue, and were and were proliferating proliferating there, there, so so as as to to produce produce irregularly irregularly disposed disposed masses of masses of epithelial epithelial cells, cells, generally generally still still showing showing the the adenomatous adenomatous arrangement, but arrangement, but sometimes sometimes appearing appearing as as solid solid strings. strings. .. This interesting This interesting behaviour behaviour of of the the lining lining epithelium epithelium of of the the larger larger ducts appears ducts appears to to be be aa subsidiary subsidiary process process in in the the gland. gland. The The same' same' thing to thing to aa less less extent extent is is met met with with in in Tumours Tumours XVIII. XVIII. and and XIX., XIX., but but in all in all three three tumours tumours the the main main pathological pathological process process appears appears to to be be aa induration with with consequent consequent destruction destruction of of the the gland gland acini. acini. fibrous induration fibrous (To be (To be continued.) continued.)
AN IMPROVED AN IMPROVED STEAM STEAM STERILISER. STERILISER.
By By
J.J.
M'FADYEAN, M.B., M'FADYEAN, M.B., B.Sc., B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.R.S.E., Royal Royal Veterinary Veterinary College, College, Edinburgh. Edinburgh.
IN bacteriological IN bacteriological work work the the steam steam steriliser steriliser is is an an indispensable indispensable piece piece of apparatus. of apparatus. The The most most common common instrument instrument of of the the kind kind is is that that designed by designed by Koch. Koch. This This is is aa cylindrical cylindrical metal metal vessel vessel with with aa closecloseand with with aa wire-grating wire-grating carried carried across across the the cylinder cylinder at at aa depth depth fitting lid, fitting lid, and of about of about 6 6 inches inches from from the the bottom. bottom. When When the the instrument instrument is is to to be be used used
GENERAL ARTICLES. GENERAL ARTICLES.
157
the lower part of it, to near the grating, is filled with water, and the others, of thewith epithelium, there objects totothis be condition sterilised of aresimple placedhypertrophy in a tin vessel a perforated is added a further abnormality, viz., the thickened epithelium shows bottom, which is introduced into the upper compartment, so as to rest villous papillary A projections of burner the ductis (Fig. on the orgrating. large gasjutting flame into fromthea lumen Bunsen now many cases the complete of 13). In to play uponthis theprocess bottomhas of led thetovessel, and whenfilling the up water allowed enters into ebullition the upper part of the cylinder becomes filled with steam. The chief disadvantage of Koch's steriliser is that, in order to avoid the risk of the whole of the water becoming vaporised, a considerable quantity-two pints or more-must be introduced, and the time required to generate steam temperature throughout the upper part of the vessel is therefore prolonged. It follows also that a considerable gas flame is required to keep the water boiling. The steriliser which is here figured (p. 158) is one which has been in use by me in the Pathological Laboratory at the Veterinary College for the past four years. The credit of having suggested the improvement FIG. Hl.-Adenomatous growth originating in connection of the mamma a bitch 40). In upon Koch's instrument belongs to with mya duct colleague, Drof A. P. (x Aitken. the centre of the figure there is seen the lumen of a large duct, largely filled up by villous-like The modification consists in adding tocorner the ofsteriliser a adenomatous second vessel, process of epithelium. Towards the left upper the figure the growth appears extended into the connective tissue of thefeeds gland. the lower part of which acts as toahave reservoir, and automatically the sterilising with a arranged. sufficiency It is, in fact, an the duct withvessel epithelium in ofa water. distinctly adenomatous adaptationSome of theofprinciple of thus the Bunsen bath. manner. the ducts 'altered evaporating are dilated to the calibre of The quill. steriliser proper (A) is a cylindrical tin first vesselglance with simulates a conical a crow A 'section of such a duct at the bottom. To theofapex of this cone there solderedExternally a small copper the appearance 'an ultimate lobule of ais gland. it is vessel (a) of shape offibrous a thimble. A pieceoriginal of metalfibrous tubing wall (n) connects bounded bythe a distinct ring-the of the the interior of this reservoir.as of Asgland in Koch's duct. Within this thimble there is to an the appearance acini instrument, and tubes, (b) is carried across the lower part of the and a metal grating bounded by epithelium, and cut in various directions. Thesteriliser, epithelium, upon thishas the not vessel containing theit objects to be sterilised The however, associated with either connective tissuerests. or vessels, lid ofthe the steriliser (c) has a length equal to that of latter itself. and connection between ·thenearly peripheral layer andthethe fibrous The lid thus slides up and down insideis the steriliser a telescope connective tissue upon which it rests' so slight thatlike in sections the tube, and by thismass simple device the capacity whole epithelial sometimes drops out. of the steam chamber can be At varied at will. is a great advantage, as, for example, when certain parts This it seems, however, as if this atypical epithelial one wishes introduce bothinto a large flask and a filtering funnel, in growth had toburst outwards the surrounding connective tissue, filtering or gelatine The centre of the lid carries and wereagar-agar proliferating there, solutions. so as to produce irregularly disposed an aperture (d) for a cells, thermometer. Finally, the whole may be masses of epithelial generally still showing the vessel adenomatous provided withbut an envelope hair-felt. as solid strings. arrangement, sometimesofappearing . The is. a cylindrical vesselepithelium divided into twolarger by a This reservoir interesting(B)behaviour of the lining of the septum (e). The lower and smaller chamber with the ducts appears to be a subsidiary process in communicates the gland. The same' copper of theissteriliser the previously mentioned thing tothimble a less extent met withby in Tumours XVIII. and XIX.,metal but tube. This tube is provided withpathological a stop-cock (p), and for convenience in all three tumours the main process appears to be ait ought to have awith coupling (r), bydestruction means of which thegland two vessels induration consequent of the acini. can, fibrousalso if required, be disconnected.(To The lower chamber carries, just below be continued.) the level of the septum, a cork hole (Iz). The upper chamber communicates with the exterior by a hole (k) in the centre of its roof, this hole being tightly corked when the instrument is in use. It also communicates with AN the lower chamber by two tubes; one of these (f) starts IMPROVED STEAM STERILISER. at the septum and leads down to near the bottom of the lower chamber. By J. M'FADYEAN, The other M.B., (g), which B.Sc.,must F.R.S.E., be of narrow Royal Veterinary bore, passe~College, through the septum, and is carried Edinburgh. upwards to near the top of the upper chamber, and downwards into the lower chamber, where it terminates IN work the steam steriliser is the an indispensable at bacteriological the level of the metal tube connecting reservoir withpiece the of apparatus. The most common instrument of the kind is steriliser. The upper chamber is provided with a water-gauge em).that designed by instrument Koch. This a cylindrical metal vessel with a closeWhen the is inisuse, the lower chamber contains water to the and with a wire-grating carried across the cylinder at a depth fitting lid, level of the tube connecting it with the copper thimble, and this latter of about 6 inches from the bottom. When the instrument is to be used
GENERAL ARTICLES.
(the stopcock being open) is necessarily filled with water to the same level. The upper part of the lower chamber contains air, and communicates freely with the exterior by the hole (It), which is left open. The upper chamber contains more or less water, as does also the (
c
II
m
STEAM SxERILISER, OUTS IDE VIEW.
STEAM STERILISER., SECTION.
tube (f). The longer tube (g) contains air, and its lower end just reaches the surface of the water in the lower chamber, while its upper opens into an air-containing space above the water in the upper chamber. As the water in the copper thimble is vaporised, its surface necessarily sinks, and since the water here is continuous with that in the lower chamber of the reservoir (through the connecting tube), the surface of the water in the latter also sinks. But, when this occurs, the lower end of the tube g ceases to dip into the water, and a bubble or two of air enters it, and passes up into the .upper part of the upper chamber, the water of which is thus allowed to sink into the lower chamber by the tube f. But this immediately raises the level of the water in the lower chamber, and the lower end of the tube "g being again submerged, the passage of air through it is cut off, and the further sinking of the water in the upper chamber is prevented. As soon as further evaporation of the water in the copper thimble has again lowered the surface of the water in the lower part of the reservoir, the same events are repeated, and so on, as long as any water is left in the upper chamber. When it is seen that the water in the latter is low, a new supply must be introduced. To do this the stop-cock in the connecting tube between the steriliser and the reservoir must first be closed, and the hole in the lower chamber must be tightly corked. The cork is then removed from the hole in the roof of the reservoir, and water is poured in here until it is seen by the water gauge that the upper chamber is nearly full. The hole in the top of the reservoir is now corked, and the stop-cock and the hole in the lower chamber are re-opened.
EDITORIAL ARTICLES.
159
It is unnecessary to give details regarding the size of the instrument, as that may be varied according to requirements. It must be noted, however, that, to retain the advantages of the instrument, the copper thimble should always be small. In my own steriliser it has a length of 3 inches and a diameter of an inch and a half I find that, even without any hair-felt envelope to the steriliser, and with only a small gas-flame playing on the bottom of the thimble, a thermometer with the bulb at the centre of the steriliser registers a temperature of over 2 11" F. within ten minutes. With a reservoir holding half a gallon of water, the steriliser will work continuously without replenishing for a whole day.
ED I TORIAL
AR TI CLE S.
--0--
INSPECTION OF MEAT AT LIVERPOOL.
ABOUT twelve months ago great discredit was thrown upon the system of meat inspection in force in Glasgow by certain facts brought to light in the well-known tuberculous meat trial. It was then disclosed that the duty of practical meat inspection in that large city devolved upon policemen, and that, until a short time before the trial mentioned, cases of disputed seizure of carcases had been adjudicated upon by a board of experts composed of two butchers and the police surgeon. This system, it was stated in evidence, had given every satisfaction to the Glasgow butchers, and no one will doubt that it deserved to. It was generally supposed that this disgraceful state of affairs was unique, at least in the case of our large cities, and no one having any knowledge of human or animal diseases ra,ised a voice in support of it. It appears, however, that an almost identical system of meat inspection is at the present moment in force in Liverpool, and, what is much more remarkable, one of the medical officers for the city has had the courage, not to say the hardihood, to defend it. On a recent occasion, Professor Walley read at a meeting of the Lancashire Veterinary Medical Association the paper on meat inspection which appears in the preceding pages of this number. The Professor's strictures appear to have been construed by the Liverpool people, or by some of them at least, as having been specially directed towards the system of meat inspection practised in that city, and one of the medical officers to the corporation, through the medium of an interview with a newspaper reporter, has sought to rebut the statements made in the paper in question, so far as they might have been intended to apply to Liverpool. Dr Hope, the gentleman referred to, is described as deputy medical officer and chief of the sanitary department of the Liverpool Corporation. He is also, in passing, said to be "a recognised authority upon all matters relating to diseases of