An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite

International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture journal homepage: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/ international-journal-of-lightweight-materials-and-manufacture

An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite Divya Zindani a, Kaushik Kumar b, * a b

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India

a r t i c l e i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history: Received 27 May 2019 Received in revised form 28 July 2019 Accepted 15 August 2019 Available online xxx

Production of complex products is achievable easily with the employability of additive manufacturing technology. Customized products can be produced in mass through the usage of additive manufacturing processes. Owing to the versatile feature, additive manufacturing has been employed in a variety of applications such as automotive, aerospace, biomedical, etc. additive manufacturing has gained special attraction due to its capability and potentiality to improve and modify the properties of materials through the inclusion of reinforcements. The present work provides an overview of additive manufacturing used in the manufacturing of fiber-reinforced polymeric composite materials. The scope of the work delineates different additive manufacturing processes, formulations of different materials, drawbacks, and strengths associated with different additive manufacturing processes. Fabrication of fiber reinforced polymeric composites remains the protagonist of the entire work. The challenges related to the employability of additive manufacturing technologies in the fabrication of fiber reinforced polymeric composites are also highlighted towards the end of the work. © 2019 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/).

Keywords: Additive manufacturing Lightweight structures Polymeric composite Fiber reinforced Vat photopolymerization Liquid deposition modeling

1. Introduction Polymeric composites with fibers as reinforcement have gained the attention of researchers as well as industrialists. These composite materials have high strength to weight ratio and therefore landed themselves for a wide range of applications: automotive, sports, construction etc. various manufacturing techniques have been adopted to manufacture fiber reinforced polymeric composite materials: pultrusion [1], filament winding [2], automated fiber placement [3], automated tape laying [4], spray-up [5], resin transfer molding [6,7]and manual layup [8]. However, the aforementioned conventional techniques require the usage of molds and thereby making them expensive. Furthermore, the formability of the final part is also restricted because of the final part. Hence, it is tedious as well as costly to produce complex and customized parts. Additive manufacturing has arisen as a solution to the above mentioned challenges and it is now possible to produce the

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Kumar). Peer review under responsibility of Editorial Board of International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture.

polymeric composite materials economically and with greater flexibility [9]. Additive manufacturing entails the production of products through layer-by-layer process aided by a computer-aided design file. As the mold requirement is eradicated in the additive manufacturing process, it has become the cynosure of design industries. Functionally graded structures can be fabricated using an additive manufacturing process as it boosts for flexibility in terms of changing volume fraction and fiber orientation. As a result, additive manufacturing has become one of the leading manufacturing technologies for composite producing industries. Short fiber reinforced polymeric composites have been prepared for decades using the additive manufacturing processes. Recent research energies have been focused on the development of polymeric composites with continuous fibers using additive manufacturing technologies and in development of novel additive manufacturing processes that can allow for the fabrication of parts possessing enhanced mechanical properties. Some of the major requirements that are needed to be met in order to process fiber reinforced polymeric composites using additive manufacturing process involve: fiber alignment, minimal porosity, types of reinforcement, types of matrices, good fiber-to-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004 2588-8404/© 2019 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: D. Zindani, K. Kumar, An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004

2

D. Zindani, K. Kumar / International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture xxx (xxxx) xxx

matrix bonding and better bonding between different layers of the composite specimen under fabrication. Appropriateness pertaining to size, length, and shape of the fiber to be reinforced needs to be justified in accordance with the requirements. The matrix as well as reinforcing fibers must be compatible with the technique of additive manufacturing process to be used. Composite following the rule of the mixture will result only if there is good bonding between the fiber and the matrix and hence loads from the matrix can be transferred efficiently. Fiber loading is another important factor that is critical to obtain composites from additive manufacturing techniques. Consistent properties throughout the 3D printed composite can be ensured with homogeneous fiber distribution of fibers within the matrix. The desired sections of an object can be strengthened with the controlled fiber distribution and alignment in the desired location. Delamination can be avoided with better interlayer fusion. Finally, the void content can be avoided that otherwise would adversely affect the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced polymeric composite material. Several attempts have been made by researchers to study the different aspects associated with the additive manufacturing process of composite manufacturing. Biomedical applications [10], the mechanical properties of additive manufactured composites and their industrial applications [11], the related opportunities and challenges with the manufacturing of multidirectional preforms [12], 4D printing of polymeric composites [13] and the development aspects with nanocomposites as well as composite materials [14] are some of the prominent studies that have been carried out by the researchers in the past. However, there still exists a lacuna for a review that consolidates the isolated islands of knowledge into one. With this in mind, the present work reviews the different additive manufacturing techniques for manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymeric composite material. Potentiality, as well as the challenges associated with the additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymeric composites, are also included within the scope of the present work. 2. Various additive manufacturing techniques for fiber reinforced polymeric composites As per ASTM International Technical Committee F42 on the additive manufacturing technologies, the different techniques of additive manufacturing fiber reinforced polymeric composite materials can be classified into the following: powder bed fusion, sheet lamination, photo polymerization, and material extrusion. 2.1. Powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes Thermal energy is the main source of energy that used to fuse the regions of powder bed selectively. Selective laser sintering is one of the powder bed fusion processes for polymers. Discontinuous fibers are the reinforcements for carrying out the selective laser sintering process of manufacturing fiber reinforced polymeric composite materials. Mechanical properties, as well as the physical properties of various fibers, have been improved through the inclusion of nano and micro dimensioned fibers. Some of the examples in this direction include those of carbon nanofiber [15], SiC [16], yttrium stabilized zirconia [17], carbon black [18], CNT [19,20], glass beads [21] and nanosilica [22]. Polyamides are the typically used thermoplastic materials as matrix [15,17]. Polystyrene is another matrix material that has been used with a selective laser sintering process [62]. Apart form the resins, higher deposition rates as well as better surface quality was achieved with low power lasers for thin walled aluminium alloy parts [23].

The parts produced using the selective laser sintering process are stronger than those produced using injection or extrusion molding. However, the elastic modulus, as well as the strength, is lower to the parts manufactured using conventional manufacturing processes [18]. The major reason is higher internal porosity as well as the poor dispersion of fibers in the powder feedstock. Investigations on the effect on mechanical properties of the laser intensity have been carried out by Arai et al. [24]. Decreased viscosity can be achieved with increasing laser intensity and therefore enhancing the overall adhesion with the glass fibers. Increasing the laser intensity beyond a certain threshold resulted in declining mechanical properties. The fact was attributed to the decreased molecular weight of composite-copolymer poly powder. One of the major restrictions in employing selective laser sintering for the manufacturing of composites is that it can only process discontinuous ones [25]. Additional devices are required to explore the possibility of manufacturing continuous fiber reinforced polymeric composites. Effect of various parameters were studies for fabrication of 3Y-TZP dental ceramics using SLS process. The laser sintering process was combined with the cold isotactic pressing and the impact on mechanical properties of sintering temperature was investigated. Better mechanical properties were revealed through the proposed process [35]. 2.2. Sheet lamination Objects are fabricated by bonding sheets of material within this context of the additive manufacturing process. Composite-based additive manufacturing method and the laminated object manufacturing falls under this category of the additive manufacturing process. Inkjet technique is employed in case of a composite-based additive manufacturing technique that deposits aqueous-based solution on each fiber sheet. After the deposition is completed, the thermoplastic powder is deposited onto the fiber sheet that adheres to the aqueous solution. Excess thermoplastic powder is removed and the fiber sheets are stacked together, compressed and heated in the oven so that the powdered matrix gets fused. Excess fibers are removed using sandblasting and therefore the final product is obtained. As the fibers are oriented randomly, composite-based additive manufactured parts have lower strength in comparison to that manufactured using laminated object manufacturing [25]. In the case of the laminated object manufacturing process, parts are built through a combination of additive as well as subtractive techniques. In this case of sheet lamination technique, stacks of fiber sheets are used [26]. Fiber sheets are cut using laser and the different sheets are stacked together and bonded by pressure, heat and adhesive. The sheet material can be any form of fiber preform. A good fiber and interlayer adhesion were revealed with the usage of prepreg sheets consisting of E-glass fibers and epoxy matrix. As a result tensile as well as flexural strength were reported to be 716 MPa and 1.19 GPa respectively [26] The process of laminated object manufacturing can be enhanced further if integrated with the mechanism of curved layer building. The mechanism aids in the eradication of stair case effect minimized wastage of material and has the potential capability to align fibers continuously on the directed curvature [27]. One of the key advantages of laminated object manufacturing is the capability to produce high strength parts in comparison to conventional methods. Furthermore, the need for support structure is eliminated cent percent. However, extra sheets are required to take care of overhanging features which could ultimately result in wastage of material. Also, the fabrication of intricate internal features is not possible with the laminated object manufacturing technique owing to the restriction in the removal of unwanted material [26].

Please cite this article as: D. Zindani, K. Kumar, An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004

D. Zindani, K. Kumar / International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture xxx (xxxx) xxx

2.3. Vat photopolymerization Ultraviolet light is used to selectively cure photopolymer in a vat. The commonly used technique of vat photopolymerization is that of stereolithography for the printing of fiber reinforced polymeric composites. The layering effect is not obvious in this process of additive manufacturing owing to the potential ability to print at a higher resolution. However, one of the major restrictions associated with this technique is that of limited materials that can be processed. Fiber reinforced polymeric composites have been prepared using both the continuous and discontinuous fibers through the stereolithography process. Production of parts with low porosity has been obtained using the stereolithography process [28,29]. Fiber reinforced polymeric composites have been developed using stereolithography techniques with different types of discontinuous nano-scale as well as micrometer-scale fibers. Some of the examples in this category includes: glass fiber [29,56], SiC [31], bioglass [32], titanium carbide [33], ferromagnetic fibers [28], alphaalumina powder [34], graphene oxide [34] and silicate dioxide [29]. The commonly used matrix materials for such fabrication include: epoxy resin [36], polyester resin [37] and photosensitive polyacrylate resin [29,39,40]. Generally, two methods are involved in the preparation of composite materials: dispersing the fiber on the surface of the resin [41] and secondly by premixing the matrix and the fiber reinforcement [28,29,31,33,36,39,42]. Polymerization can be facilitated with the incorporation of additives into the composite. Furthermore, the additives also aid in reduced viscosity of the resin, acts to stabilize the suspension and also acts as a coupling agent between the matrix and the fiber. The sedimentation of fibers in the matrix can be avoided with the addition of resin material before the inception of each layer [43]. The viscosity of the resin can be decreased as well as a higher concentration of fiber can be achieved with suitable fiber surface treatment technique. There is a need for some extra mechanism to align the fibers owing to the reason that fibers are randomly oriented in the composite resin [32 43]. Fiber loading as high as 60 vol% has been achieved, a further increase in the fiber loading resulted in poor dispersion of fibers in the resin material [31]. Also, at higher loading of fiber, entangling of the fiber takes place that further results in weakening of bonding between fiber and the matrix. Generally addition of fiber reinforcement results in enhanced mechanical properties such as tensile strength [29], hardness [36], fracture toughness [29,31], flexural strength [31] and young's modulus [29]. However, the achievable mechanical properties depend to a great extent on the density, size, and shape of the fiber reinforcement used. As for instance, negative results for tensile strength have been reported with the addition of microsphere [30,39]. The low density of hollow microsphere is the major reason behind the decreased tensile strength. Variation in length of carbon fibers and its impact on fracture toughness as well as flexural strength was investigated by Lu et al. [31]. The fracture toughness was revealed to be higher for 2 mm fibers while the flexural strength was highest for 1 mm fibers. The print quality was reported to be enhanced with the addition of reinforcements [29]. However, the addition of reinforcements to photocurable resin results in a number of issues. Firstly, the addition of reinforcements leads to increasing viscosity. The increased viscosity adversely effects the processability [29]. Reduction in depth of UV penetration and lateral resolution has been revealed owing to the scattering of light because of the presence of reinforcing particles in the matrix. Therefore, a high density laser is required to process the composite specimen. Addition of reinforcements that are transparent to the UV radiation can aid in circumventing the aforementioned issue

3

[36]. The curing process can be completed only with the post curing process. Stiffness of graphene based composite was enhanced significantly with the post-thermal and UV treatments [34]. Reduction of graphene oxide was aided with such post-treatments and was, therefore, the reason behind enhanced stiffness. Stereolithography process has been carried out for fabrication of continuous fiber reinforced composite materials. Carbon fiber mats [44], carbon fiber bundles [33,45], glass [39]and e-glass fibers. Manual laying process has been adopted for carrying out fabrication of fiber reinforced polymeric composite through stereolithography process [33,45]. Improvement in mechanical properties such as tensile strength has been reported with the incorporation of continuous fiber reinforcement in the resin material [33]. E-glass, aramid nonwoven mats and carbon mats have been incorporated in epoxy-based resins [46]. Around 50% improvement in mechanical properties such as tensile strength as well as elastic modulus was reported. However, due to the restriction associated with the consolidation process, the reinforcement loading couldn't be achieved beyond 20% [39]. Although, enhanced mechanical properties have been reported they don't meet the targeted requirements due to the boor bonding between the fiber and the matrix [33]. The poor bonding may be attributed to the incomplete curing because of the scattered UV radiation. However, the employment of post-processing thermal treatments resulted in improvement over the mechanical properties. Placement of fibers also plays a crucial role in achievable mechanical properties [44] since poor placement can result in air entrapment. Entrapped air may result in uneven surface [33]and thereby weakening the interlayer bonding. 2.4. Material extrusion The composite material is deposited in either filament or in paste form in the material extrusion process. The selective deposition takes place through the aid of a nozzle. The technique through which the filament is melted and extruded is known as fused filament fabrication [47] while it is known as liquid deposition modeling if one utilizes paste. Cost effectiveness is one of the major advantages associated with material extrusion techniques. Furthermore, material extrusion techniques are relatively simpler. In order to extrude short fibers, almost no modifications are required whereas only a few modifications are required related to the printing head in case of extrusion of long fibers. Employability of multiple nozzles can result in expanding the potential application to print multi-material. However, the layering effect is one of the major drawbacks associated with this technique of additive manufacturing. 2.4.1. Liquid deposition modeling In this technique of material extrusion, the liquid or material in paste form is deposited selectively using a syringe. The syringe is attached to a computerized numerical control machine. Till date, reinforcements are only present in the form of discontinuous fibers. Matrix material such as thermoplastics as well as thermosets has been employed as matrix material in the liquid deposition modeling technique of additive manufacturing [48,49]. Discontinuous reinforcements such as silicon carbide (SiC), CNT [48e51], glass fibers [49], carbon fibers [49,50] and whiskers [50] have been employed in this technique of material extrusion. Paste like material is formed by mixing liquid resin with the reinforcing material. Agglomeration is one of the major setbacks associate with some of the reinforcements. Hence few acidic treatments are required to ionize the reinforcing material or some suitable solvent agents can be used as for instance polyvinylpyrrolidone [51]that aids in suitable dispersion mechanism.

Please cite this article as: D. Zindani, K. Kumar, An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004

4

D. Zindani, K. Kumar / International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture xxx (xxxx) xxx

Thermoset resins can be processed easily in comparison to thermoplastics while employing the liquid deposition modeling technique. Thermosets such as epoxy resin, however, requires specific viscoelastic as well as rheological properties to be extruded smoothly through the nozzle. A shear-thinning behavior is the characteristic feature of most ink dispersants. This is due to the increasing shear rate with declining viscosity [51]. There is another variation wherein dual-cure composites are formed through the presence of thermocurable as well as photocurable components. The photocurable component aids on the one hand in fast curing to maintain the shape, the cross-linking is achieved by the presence of the thermocurable component. Better mechanical properties are achieved through such variations [49]. Printing window to has been reported to be expanded to around 30 days through the inclusion of imidazole-based ionic fluids. The processing temperatures of thermoplastics tend to decrease with the employability of volatile solvents [50]. Work reported with epoxy resins is of significance since it depicts the manner of aligning fibers by controlling important parameters such as nozzle diameter and aspect ratio [50]. Although, the printing of discontinuous fiber reinforced polymeric composites has only been accomplished. 2.4.2. Fused filament fabrication Fused filament fabrication technique has been used to develop fiber reinforced composite materials ranging nano-scale to continuous fiber form. Carbon [52], glass [53], fibers of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers in long chopped for or in millimeter range [54], iron [55], metallic powders of copper in micrometer range [57], graphene [58], multiwalled and singlewalled carbon nanotube [52,56] are some of the materials that have been researched for the fabrication of composites through the fused filament fabrication technique. Even natural fibers such as hemp and harakeke have also been employed to fabricate polymeric composite using this technique [59]. The commonly used matrix materials are thermoplastics. Few examples of thermoplastics requiring low processing temperatures include polypropylene [54], poly-lactic acid [56,60], nylon [56], acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [52,53,57,58,61]. Polyether ether ketone and Ultem are examples of matrix materials that require high processing temperature. The alignment of fibers is achieved through the shear force between the nozzle walls and the fibers [52]. Improved mechanical properties are normally achieved using long fibers [61] as for instance with the incorporation of millimeter-sized carbon fiber [52] or with the addition of singlewalled carbon nano tubes. The larger surface area of the fiber material results in higher shear at the interface of the fiber and matrix and is, therefore, the reason behind enhanced mechanical properties. Fiber loading is another relevant area of research that has been investigated extensively and has been demonstrated to be dependent on the reinforcement ematrix combination. Elastic modulus increases with the fiber loading up to a certain threshold limit [52]. Poor wettability of the fibers with the matrix materials is the cause to be attributed towards the poor fiber-matrix interface. Increase in fiber loading results in increased matrix viscosity and lower flowability [62]. This may lead to clogging of the nozzle [58]. Plasticizers and surfactants may be added to enhance the fiber-matrix bonding. This will ensue in better process ability of the material. As for instance the addition of Buna-N and linear lowdensity polyethylene were added as compatibilizers and toughening agents respectively with the reinforcing material in ABS [53]. The tensile strength was reported to be enhanced with the addition of 1 wt% hydrogenated Buna-N and 30 wt% of linear lowdensity polyethylene.

Incorporation of fibers weakens the out-of plane tensile strength of the composite and the strength is even lower than the unreinforced thermoplastics [52]. The reason may be attributed to the low conformity of the fibers to the previous layer and hence, as a result, the contact area between the layers is reduced. Furthermore, the fibers are not aligned across and hence are not able to reinforce the out-of-plane tensile strength. Tensile strength of composites obtained from carbon nanotubes reinforced in PEEK was tested and an improvement in the tensile strength of the composite filament was revealed [62]. The tensile strength was however decreased with the addition of higher wt% of carbon nano tubes. The reason being the presence of more pores. This very result explains the fact that the air gap introduces owing to the interaction between the fiber and the reinforcing material during the extrusion process. Therefore void formation is another area of research which can aid in reducing the impact on mechanical properties. Fused filament fabrication is convenient for short fiber reinforced polymeric composites. This is because they are extruded in a normal filament without the need for an extra layer. However, the fused filament fabrication suffers from voids and porosity. Reduced tensile strength and delamination results owing to the formation of voids in between the extruded filaments [52]. It is more effective to incorporate reinforcements along the filament direction. This is because the fibers tend to align themselves in the direction of extrusion and thereby resulting in better anisotropy in mechanical properties [58]. The fused filament fabrication process has been used for the fabrication of continuous fiber reinforced polymeric composites [63e66]. Additive manufacturing can simply be accomplished by a simple modification of the print head. A number of different approaches have been adopted to print continuous fiber reinforced polymeric composite such as extrusion, in situ consolidation of fibers and thermoplastic at the nozzle [28,30,31,33,39e65,69] and in situ fusion of fibers and thermoplastics before extrusion [67]. In case of in situ consolidation, viscosity effects both the traction force as well as the viscosity of the resin. Fibers in case of in situ fusion of fibers at the nozzle are fused with the resin at the nozzle and the fibers are extruded automatically without the employment of any feeding device. Certain mechanisms such as resistive heating [70], laser cutting [70] and mechanical cutting [68] are required to cut the fibers at the end of each composite layer. Reinforcements using continuous fibers produces significant improvement in tensile properties [68,71] Table 1 depicts the advantages and disadvantages of various AM techniques. 3. Scope of future work 3.1. Material usability in different AM techniques Most of the research work carried out in the domain of additive manufactured composite materials are on the short fiber reinforcements. There are umpteen challenges associated with the employability of other forms of fibers. However, challenges associated needs to be overcome in order to have stronger materials. Some of the research has been taken in this direction as obvious from Table 2. The physical, as well as the chemical properties, are inhibited by the availability of a narrow range of commercial resins [14]. Research in this direction has led to the development of functionalized materials with a broader range of properties such as dielectric [88,89], electrical conductivity [19,85], thermal [86] and piezoelectric [87]. Functionally graded materials are now being fabricated using the AM techniques by controlling the distribution of reinforcement spatially. Different arrangements of materials with diverse properties can aid in the development of material with

Please cite this article as: D. Zindani, K. Kumar, An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004

D. Zindani, K. Kumar / International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture xxx (xxxx) xxx

5

Table 1 Different additive manufacturing techniques for composite materials with their advantages and disadvantages. Techniques

Advantages

Disadvantages

Fiber alignment

Laminated object manufacturing

     

 Higher wastage of material  It is relatively difficult to build parts with complex cavities.

 Random fiber orientation  Uniform direction of the fiber

 Rough surface finish.  Slow printing  Not possible to fabricate composites with long fibers.  Expensive  High porosity in the final parts.  Formation of bubbles takes place.  Limited materials can only be used.  Sedimentation of fiber in resin  Increased resin viscosity with the addition of fibers.  The issue with the penetration of UV rays.  Degradation of the nozzle.  Obvious layer-by-layer effect.  At higher reinforcement loading, nozzle gets clogged.

 Random fiber orientation

Powder bed fusion

Low cost. Parts with high strength can be produced. No requirement for post-processing. No requirement of support structures. Support structures can be removed easily. Composites with higher reinforcement of loading can be achieved.  Fine resolution  Powders that remains unused can be used again

Vat photopolymerization

 Fibers can be aligned randomly.  Finer resolution

Material extrusion

   

Easy to fabricate. Economical Multi-material capability. Print-heads can be easily modified.

enhanced properties. As for instance, materials with different permittivity can result in materials with diverse refractive indices [88]and resonant frequencies [89]. A smart material using CF/PEEK was developed by Yang et al. [90] that can change the shape of electrical heating. Research work has been in progress to develop and fabricate continuous wire polymeric composite using the extrusion process. A successful application will ensue in the development of thermal and mechanical sensors and heating elements that can be integrated into AM structures [86]. Multimaterial capabilities of AM techniques must be explored to fabricate composites through selective deposition of two or more different types of materials at different locations. The research exploration will ultimately push the boundaries and add a new paradigm to create and develop fiber reinforced polymeric composites using AM techniques. Multimaterial capabilities have been explored and have been used for a variety of applications such as robotics [91], 4D printing [92], medical phantom models [93] and biologically inspired materials [94]. Sandwich composites have been developed using multimaterial AM techniques. Fiber reinforced facesheets [32] have been manufactured using honeycomb structures through the aid of additive manufacturing techniques. Honeycomb structures have been obtained by adhesively assembling sandwich core such as lattices [95], cellular structures [32,96],etc. Fabrication of functional composites through the creation of hybrid one-step process will be led to the creation of a new paradigm in the composite design industry. 3.2. Interfacial properties Interfacial characteristics play a critical role in deciding the overall properties of the fabricated composite material. Effectiveness of stress transfer depends on the interfacial shear stress which also dictates the functional performance, toughness, off-axial strength and environmental stability of fiber reinforced polymeric composites [97]. Changing the composition may aid in controlling the interfacial properties of the fabricated composites. Research associated with the interface of the composites fabricated using AM techniques is scarce. Majority of research is focused on the bulk material properties only. The interfacial properties in most of the studies are deduced using the SEM images [15,45]. Interfacial strength of composites is required to be studied in a detailed approach at three different levels such as macroscopic,

    

Random fiber orientation Along the direction of electric-field. Along the direction of magnetic-field. Along the direction of laying. In accordance with the fiber pattern of the mat.

 Along the direction of printing.

mesoscopic and micro-level [98]. The interfacial adhesion between the fibers and the matrix can be assessed using macroscopic test methods. However, only qualitative analysis can be made using such tests and therefore interfacial strength can't be deduced such as. To the best of the knowledge, the quantitative assessment of the interfacial strength hasn't been carried out till date for the additive manufactured composites. Quantification and analysis of the associated mechanical interactions can be assessed such as thermal residual stress, sliding friction stress, nonbinding energy and nanomechanical interlocking [99,100]. Analysis of interfaces can aid in understanding the wettability between the polymeric matrix and the fibers. Although a number of studies are available for non-additive manufactured composites, the studies in the domain of additive manufactured composites have been focused primarily on fused filament fabrication [32,101], SLA [88] and selective laser sintering [77,102]. 3.3. Interlayer bonding It is very essential to determine the bonding between layers to assess the overall strength of the 3D printed parts. Research has been carried out to study the interlayer bonding strength of pure thermoplastics [103] and parameters such as tensile strength in the z-direction, inter laminar fracture toughness [104] and shear strength [68,105] have been studied to gauge the interlayer properties of the additive manufactured composites. In the majority of cases, the z-direction tensile strength has been revealed to be weaker than those in in-plane [105,106]. Hence research is required to be directed to investigate and improve the interlayer strength of additive manufactured composite materials and such as many studies have been carried out and many are in progress [107e111]. 3.4. Printability The rheology of the material changes with the addition of reinforcements giving rise to issues associated with printability. Hence rheology control is critical when fabricating composites using additive manufacturing techniques. Viscosity, melt flow index and is one of the properties that has been explored and investigated [111e118]. Viscosity is controlled through the addition of rheology modifiers and ensures the printability of composite materials. As for instance, PVP enhances the viscosity of CNT ink

Please cite this article as: D. Zindani, K. Kumar, An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004

6

D. Zindani, K. Kumar / International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2 Mechanical properties of composites fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques. Fabrication Techniques

Reference

Composite composition

Mechanical Properties

Selective laser sintering

[15]

3 wt% Carbon nanofiber reinforced in PA-12 4 wt% Carbon black reinforced in PA-12

[19] [73] [74]

4 wt% carbon nanotube reinforced into PA-12 and PU Carbon fibers with dimensions ranging 100e200 mm reinforced in PA-12 25 wt% glass fiber in PA-12

The storage modulus of 1.2 GPa at room temperature. Impact strength of 12 Jm 2 Flexural modulus of 1.4 GPa Young's modulus of 1 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 26 MPa Thermal conductivity of upto 16.9 Wm 1K 1 Tensile modulus of 6.3 GPa

[22]

3 wt% nanosilica in PA-12

[16]

SiC with different weight fractions: 10, 25 and 50 reinforced in PA-12

[21]

30 wt% glass beads in PA-11

[17] [75]

5 wt% YSZ with PA-6 10, 20, 30 wt% glass fiber in poly (propylene-co-ethylene)

[62] [76]

Glass fiber in polystyrene 25 wt% Wollastonite fibers in PA-12

30 wt% Glass fiber in cPBT

[77]

30 wt% carbon fibers thermally as well as HNO3

Laminated object manufacturing

[78]

55 vol% e-glass fibers in aerospace grade prepreg in epoxy resin

SLA

[49]

Irregular SiC powders in DSM Somos 19 120 resin

[32] [39] [34]

Bioglass in the acrylate-based monomer Hollow microsphere in polyacrylate resin Graphene oxide (0.5 phr) in PEO-diacrylate Graphene oxide (0.3 phr) in PEO-diacrylate

Fused fiber fabrication

[29]

SiO2 nanoparticles in acrylated functionalized oligomers

[35]

Nanocarbon black in visible light curing polymer

[30]

e-glass fiber in SLA 250 photopolymer

[39] [79]

e-glass fiber in polyacrylate resin Carbon fiber and Nylon Glass fiber/Nylon Kevlar fiber and Nylon e-glass fiber in polypropylene Carbon fiber in ABS

[80] [81]

Carbon fiber in PETG Carbon fiber in PLA [71]

Glass fiber and Nylon

[71]

Carbon fiber and Nylon

Fracture toughness of 3.9 MPa m1/2 Ultimate tensile strength of 43.7 MPa Tensile modulus of 2.71 GPa Impact strength of 40.2 kJ m 2 Ultimate tensile strength of 43.7 MPa Tensile modulus of 2.71 GPa Tensile strength ranging 34e40.5 MPa Increased loading leads to reduced strength Higher porosity Tensile modulus of 1.7 GPa The compressive modulus of 2.6 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 25 MPa Ultimate tensile strength 15e20 MPa Tensile modulus 0.7e1.15 GPa Flexural strength of 16.3 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of 40 MPa Tensile modulus of 3.6 GPa Flexural creep modulus of 3.6 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 60 MPa Flexural strength of 90 MPa Impact strength of 2 kJ m 2 Ultimate tensile strength of 80 MPa Young's modulus of 5.8 GPa Flexural strength of 114 MPa Flexural Modulus of 5.9 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 713 MPa Compressive strength of 896 MPa Flexural strength of 1190 MPa Interlaminar shear strength of 42.6 MPa Flexural strength of 325 MPa Fracture toughness of 45 MPa m1/2 Biaxial strength of 40 MPa Reduced tensile stress Compression modulus of 11.1 MPa Young's modulus of 0.0110 GPa Young's modulus of 0.0116 GPa Compression modulus of 9.6 MPa Fracture toughness of 0.38 MPa m 1/2 Young's modulus of 1.7 GPa The hardness of 81 mm Ultimate tensile strength of 0.24 MPa Good thermal and electrical conductivities Ultimate tensile strength of 24.13 MPa Young's modulus of 5.8 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 26 MPa Impact strength of 82.26 kJ m 2 Impact strength of 280.95 kJ m 2 Impact strength of 184.76 kJ m 2 Flexural modulus of 13.06 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 574.44 MPa Young's modulus of 25.86 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 69 MPa Young's modulus of 8.5 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 69 MPa Young's modulus of 9 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 575 MPa Young's modulus of 25.86 GPa Poisson's ratio of 0.37 Shear strength of 67.77 MPa Compression strength (0 ) of 82 MPa Compression strength (90 ) of 12.73 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of 701 MPa Young's modulus of 68.08 GPa Compression strength (0 ) of 223.06 MPa Compression strength (90 ) of 41.83 MPa Poisson's ratio of 0.35

Please cite this article as: D. Zindani, K. Kumar, An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004

D. Zindani, K. Kumar / International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture xxx (xxxx) xxx

7

Table 2 (continued ) Fabrication Techniques

Reference

Composite composition

Mechanical Properties

[72]

35 vol% Kevlar fiber and nylon

[72]

41 vol% Carbon fiber and Nylon

[82]

8.9 vol% Recycled carbon fiber in Poly Lactic Acid

[65]

48.3 vol% Carbon fiber and Nylon

[83]

Bundles carbon fibers with epoxy resin

[63]

Carbon Fiber in poly lactic acid

[40]

10% Kevlar and Nylon

[63] [63]

Bundled carbon fiber in ABS Bundled carbon fiber in PLA

[68]

34.5% Carbon fiber and Nylon

[70]

CNT yarn in Ultem 1010

[38]

1 wt% CNT in PEEK

[66]

0.5 wt5 CNT in PLA

[62]

6 wt% CNT in ABS

[58]

4 wt% Graphene nanoplatelets

[56]

0.2% MWCNTs in PLA

[60] [52]

5.6 wt% Graphene in ABS and PLA 5 wt% SWCNTs, 5 wt% Carbon fiber and MAGNUM 231 in ABS

[67]

4 wt% Glass fiber in PLA

[59]

10-30 wt% Harakeke in PP

Ultimate tensile strength of 450 MPa Young's modulus of 7.2 GPa Flexural strength of 149 MPa Indentation energy of 7.05 kJ Flexural modulus of 14.7 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of 600 MPa Young's modulus of 13 GPa Flexural strength of 430 MPa Flexural modulus of 38.1 MPa Indentation energy of 6.26 kJ Ultimate tensile strength of 260 MPa Young's modulus of 20 GPa Impact strength of 40 kJm 2 Flexural strength of 263 MPa Flexural modulus of 13.3 GPa Flexural strength of 231.1 MPa Flexural modulus of 14.17 MPa Compressive strength of 53.3 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of 792 MPa Young's modulus of 161 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 91 MPa Flexural strength of 156 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of 91 MPa Young's modulus of 9 GPa Elastic modulus of 1767 MPa Enhanced strength Ultimate tensile strength of 90 MPa Young's modulus of 5.8 GPa Tensile modulus of 294 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of 475 MPa Young's modulus of 35.7 GPa Enhance tensile modulus Ultimate tensile strength of 117 MPa Young's modulus of 2.4 GPa Tensile strength of 317 MPa Shear strength of 27 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of 70 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of 80 MPa Young's modulus of 1.99 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 47.1 MPa Young's modulus of 2.625 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of 35.5 MPa Young's modulus of 2.8 GPa Higher tensile modulus Ultimate tensile strength of 55 MPa Young's modulus of 3 GPa 47% increased tensile strength Higher mechanical strength was achieved Ultimate tensile strength of 30 MPa Young's modulus of 1.75 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 30 MPa Young's modulus of 4 GPa Impact strength of 60 Jm-1 Ultimate tensile strength of 25 MPa Young's modulus of 0.32 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 15 MPa Young's modulus of 0.3 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 42 MPa Young's modulus of 2.5 GPa The toughness of 6.3 J m-3 Ultimate tensile strength of 15 MPa Young's modulus of 0.23 GPa Tensile modulus of 5.4 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of 4 MPa Young's modulus of 0.054 GPa Enhanced stiffness and thermal properties Ultimate tensile strength of 38 MPa Young's modulus of 5.9 GPa Shear strength of 13 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of 90 MPa Young's modulus of 3.5 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of 70 MPa Young's modulus of 8.91 GPa Enhanced ductility Improved flexibility Ultimate tensile strength of 44.6 MPa

10-30 wt% PP [61]

15 wt% short fiber in ABS

[57]

Copper and Iron micro-scale in ABS

[55]

Fe3O4 in P301 Nylon

[84]

Carbon fiber in ABS

[62]

10 wt% Carbon fiber in the millimeter scale in PA 12

[52]

Carbon fiber in the millimeter scale in ABS

[53]

18 wt% glass fiber in ABS

(continued on next page)

Please cite this article as: D. Zindani, K. Kumar, An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004

8

D. Zindani, K. Kumar / International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2 (continued ) Fabrication Techniques

Liquid deposition modeling

Reference

Composite composition

Mechanical Properties

[54]

28 wt% Vectra A950 TLCP in Amoco PP

[48] [51] [49]

1 wt% MWCNTs in 30 wt% PLA 7 wt% MWCNTs in PVP Carbon fibers (millimeter dimensions) in Bisphenol A ethoxylatediacrylate SiC whiskers and carbon fibers in epoxy

Higher tensile modulus Ultimate tensile strength of 45 MPa Young's modulus of 4 GPa Improved electrical conductivity Improved electrical conductivity Ultimate tensile strength of 40 MPa Young's modulus of 3.6 GPa Longitudinal ultimate tensile strength of 66.2 MPa Transverse ultimate tensile strength of 43.9 MPa Longitudinal young's modulus of 24.5 GPa Transverse young's modulus of 8.06 MPa Longitudinal ultimate tensile strength of 96.6 MPa Transverse ultimate tensile strength of 69.8 MPa Longitudinal young's modulus of 16.10 GPa Transverse young's modulus of 10.61 MPa

[50]

SiC whiskers in epoxy

A comparative analysis of the different AM techniques has been depicted in Table 3.

Table 3 A comparative analysis for different AM techniques. S.No.

Technology

Advantages

Disadvantages

1

Stereolithography

Can only process materials such as resins or plastics. Cannot process functional materials such as metals.

2

Selective laser sintering

3

Laminated object manufacturing

4

Powder-based fusion process

Concept prototypes can be manufactured conveniently. Processing time is faster. Good surface finish and accuracy in geometry. No need for support structures. Parts can be produced from materials such as plastics, metals, and ceramics. No requirement of the support structure. Good geometrical accuracy. Parts are produced with less porosity. Variety of powders can be used and processed. Manufacturing of large components is possible. Higher rates of deposition are possible.

used during the LDM process. However, there is a downside to this introduction i.e., it limits the amount of surfactant that can be added as well as results in degradation of CNTs [118]. Another important property that needs to be considered is that of powder flow ability during the processing of composite materials. Feeding quality is affected by the powder particle size. Higher friction between the particles occurs if extremely fine powders are used and hence leads to printability issues [118]. Larger powder size would result in coarser layer surface. Therefore an optimal particle size should be adopted to minimize the printability issue. 3.5. Porosity Material integrity is reduced with the presence of pores. Mechanical properties too are affected with porosity. Therefore to maintain the material integrity it is necessary to know the cause of porosity formation. Some voids are present due to the presence of voids in the polymeric matrix and may even induce during the manufacturing of the composite specimen. There are technical issues that also results in the pore formation [111]such as thermal conductivity of the material, the energy received by the material, the thickness of the material layer etc. 4. The sustainability aspect of AM AM is one of the emerging manufacturing processes and it directly impacts the product life cycle which represents an important dimension of sustainability. AM process also delivers its advantages to other stages of the product life cycle. Although AM can be considered as a direct substitute to the traditional manufacturing technologies, its economic benefits can only be realized when the customized products

The enclosed chamber is required. Porosity results in mechanically weaker composites. Size of the parts produced is limited by the size of the enclosing chamber. Slow build-up rate. Post processing may be required for accurate dimensioning of the final product. Accuracy of geometry is lower. Stair stepping effect. Post-processing operations are required.

are produced in small batches. The number of industries adopting AM technique is growing because of the obvious advantages and market demonstrations of the AM techniques. For many of the organizations, the AM technique will directly substitute the existing techniques and for many, it will be a market entry as AM technique will lower the cost of production for their customized products. A study on analyzing the sustainability of fused deposition modeling was approached by AlGhamdi [119] and it was revealed that by choosing optimum parameters, sustainable printing can be achieved. An enhanced heating mechanism with consideration to sustainability was proposed for the SLS process [120]. The parts were produced with better mechanical properties with the aid of reverse engineering concepts. Another benefit that AM provides is the freedom allowed for designing of the product. Sustainability benefits can be reaped from redesigning of the components, products and even the process itself. However, it is not possible for the design engineers and the personnel to take advantage of the AM techniques by learning all the associated AM competencies overnight. Such as educational policies are required to promote educational programs that aids in the promotion of the skills needed in the country and investing in AM techniques can be one such paradigm shift. As far as the organizations that have experience in the usage of rapid prototyping can more easily avail the benefits of AM techniques from the sustainability point of view. Digital designs can be produced, once the competencies associated with design for additive manufacturing have been developed. Production of digital design can aid in the development of spare parts as and when needed. Product life can be enhanced through coupled modular design, refurbishment and remanufacturing. Such as not only the affordability of the parts increases but also aids in promoting sustainable business models.

Please cite this article as: D. Zindani, K. Kumar, An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004

D. Zindani, K. Kumar / International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture xxx (xxxx) xxx

The value created through AM techniques can be linked to the benefits associated with the resource efficiency that has economical as well as environmental benefits. As for instance, in the case of aerospace structures, a high degree of generated wastes and usage of high value materials can motivate in providing a strong economic scheme for the adoption of new technologies. For companies in this domain, economic benefits are linked directly to the environmental benefits that can provide a positive side-effect. Creation or capture of the economic importance at times impacts the behaviors, however, at times there are cases wherein the social or the environmental values effects the social behaviors. One of the well-known examples of such ventures is that of Filabot that have aimed to commercialize technologies by minimizing the negative environmental impacts. Some of the opportunities being created by AM techniques with the aim of sustainable development are being realized. Resources of the organization and their cognitive capabilities are the determining factor for companies to respond to such opportunities. The aforementioned factors aids in understanding as to why companies respond to such opportunities and what all areas are there wherein the innovations may be expected to originate. Adoption of AM techniques can aid the established businesses in reconsideration of their business models from the sustainability point of view. Companies are now understanding the potential ability of AM techniques to extend the product life cycle. The loop of repair, refurbishment and remanufacturing can ultimately help companies in the creation of incentives for the companies and therefore adopt a product-service business model. There are some potential advantages as well as challenges of adopting AM techniques to ultimately reach the sustainability goal. Educating the engineers about the potential benefits of AM, providing support for skills development to designers and prosumer, providing certification for new companies, improvising resource efficiency, recycling is limited by the characteristics of material, speed limitations of the AM techniques, higher cost of machining, limited availability of digital designs etc., are some of challenges associated with adoption of AM technique with sustainability goal occupying the protagonist role. The challenges associated with industrial applications have been highlighted by Stavropoulos et al. [121]. 5. Outlook and future trends of AM Additive manufacturing is leading the pathway for digital transformation in the era of Industry 4.0. AM has been considered as one of the purest digital technologies because it eliminates the usage of tooling and fixtures, minimizing the cost and wastages and leading to sustainable business models. AM has led to a paradigm shift for the manufacturing industry from labor intensive manufacturing processes. AM techniques aids in digitizing the inventory and hence aids in saving physical spaces of warehouses. The piles of boxes occupying much of the physical spaces have been replaced by digital files that can be stored in the cloud and are easily accessible as and when required. AM techniques have also helped in distributed manufacturing which enables the companies to decentralize production so that products could be manufactured meeting closer the customer requirements. Manufacturers are now able to better connect the physical supply chain with the digital thread and such as the products could be managed more efficiently. Manufacturing environment can be disbursed to any location that has the facility for digital manufacturing. The decentralization, therefore, promotes a more collaborative, efficient and transparent supply chain. If in case, a natural disaster hits, the AM technology will be able to move forward and sustain in comparison to the traditional manufacturing approaches. Owing to the umpteen benefits, factories of the future will hybrid manufacturing environment incorporating a larger number of small

9

AM print farms being distributed across the globe which may even include consumers home. AM techniques will become simple and cost effective in the coming time that end consumer will be able to take the printout of their product with just the click of their wrist. 6. Supply chain and AM Satisfying customer requirements with on time delivery of goods to their doorsteps has become one of the vital parameters in today's competitive market. The quality as well as the profitability aspect shouldn't be compromised with while looking at the on-time delivery perspective. AM has become one of the potential and key enabling solutions in the domain of supply chain management. Reduction in lead times, digital inventories, minimized wastes, enhanced product quality, ability to produce complex shapes etc. are some of the potential benefits of adopting AM techniques over their conventional counterparts. The number of stages in the supply chain can be rescued through the AM adoption [122]. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the potential effect of AM techniques on the supply chain managements. Wu et al. [123] have analysed and proposed solution models for supply chain through the centralized as well as decentralized AM techniques. An example of aircraft spare parts was considered in their study. A lack of fully functional AM supply chain was highlighted by Hasan and Rennie [124] in being a major obstacle towards the increased usage of AM technique. The potential impacts of AM methods on the supply chain design was investigated by Holmstrom et al. [125]. Some of the effects on the methodologies associated with the supply chain with the advent of AM techniques were analysed by Tuck and Hague [126] and Tuck et al. [127]. The subsequent impact on the mass production of customizable product was aldo studied by the authors. The effect of lean and agile supply chain and mass customization was anaysed by Tuck et al. [128] throught three examples of automotive and medical domains. The impact of AM techniques with emphasis on distributed manufacturing strategy to minimize the cost of inventory was studied by Liu et al. [122] SCOR model was used for the evaluation of the performances for different configrations. The social and technical impact of AM was reviewed by Hunag et al. [129] and a comparative analysis with the existing conventional supply chain was made. The benefits of AM technologies to the supply chain were investigated by Janssen et al. [130]. A case study for design with the AM of orthopedic insoles was undertaken for carrying out the investigation. Most of the studies were able to identify the potential benefits of AM adoption for the supply chains. The studies identified the contribution of AM technologies on different associated methodologies of supply chain such as agile, legality and lean. However, there still lies lacuna in understanding the effect of AM on supply chain from operations management perspective. 7. Conclusion The present work has provided a brief overview of the AM processes used for the fabrication of composites. The resulting properties of the composites resulting from different AM techniques have also been summarized. It has been observed through various research findings that the properties of continuous FRPC fabricated using AM are superior to those obtained with another form of reinforcements. Each of the AM techniques has its own advantages. The major challenge lies in the process ability of the materials and the properties associated with the interlayer. Achievement of desired mechanical properties can be ensured with the proper selection of the AM technique as well as finding a suitable binder. Future scope of AM in the fabrication of composites have been highlighted and opens up frontiers for future research.

Please cite this article as: D. Zindani, K. Kumar, An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004

10

D. Zindani, K. Kumar / International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture xxx (xxxx) xxx

Conflict of interest The authors affirm that they have no financial affiliation (including research funding) or involvement with any commercial organization that has a direct financial interest in any matter included in this article. Disclaimer The view(s) expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official policy or position of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra. Funding The authors have not received funding from any agency, governmental or otherwise, for the work presented in this paper. Author contributions All authors contributed equally in the preparation of this manuscript. References [1] C.H. Chen, C.C.M. Ma, Pultrudedfibre-reinforced polyurethane composites. III. Static mechanical, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties, Compos. Sci. Technol. 52 (3) (1994) 427e432. [2] F.H. Abdalla, S.A. Mutasher, Y.A. Khalid, S.M. Sapuan, A.M.S. Hamouda, B.B. Sahari, M.M. Hamdan, Design and fabrication of low cost filament winding machine, Mater. Des. 28 (1) (2007) 234e239. [3] K. Croft, L. Lessard, D. Pasini, M. Hojjati, J. Chen, A. Yousefpour, Experimental study of the effect of automated fiber placement induced defects on performance of composite laminates, Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. 42 (5) (2011) 484e491. [4] H.J.L. Dirk, C. Ward, K.D. Potter, The engineering aspects of automated prepreg layup: history, present and future, Compos. B Eng. 43 (3) (2012) 997e1009. [5] R. Luchoo, L.T. Harper, M.D. Bond, N.A. Warrior, A. Dodworth, Net shape spray deposition for compression moulding of discontinuous fibre composites for high performance applications, Plast. Rubber Compos. 39 (3e5) (2010) 216e231. [6] Y. Wang, Effect of consolidation method on the mechanical properties of nonwoven fabric reinforced composites, Appl. Compos. Mater. 6 (1) (1999) 19e34. [7] D.A. Papargyris, R.J. Day, A. Nesbitt, D. Bakavos, Comparison of the mechanical and physical properties of a carbon fibre epoxy composite manufactured by resin transfer moulding using conventional and microwave heating, Compos. Sci. Technol. 68 (7e8) (2008) 1854e1861. [8] M.A. Abanilla, Y. Li, V.M. Karbhari, Durability characterization of wet layup graphite/epoxy composites used in external strengthening, Compos. B Eng. 37 (2e3) (2005) 200e212. [9] C.K. Chua, K.F. Leong, 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing Principles and Applications Fifth Edition of Rapid Prototyping, 2014. [10] S. Kumar, J.P. Kruth, Composites by rapid prototyping technology, Mater. Des. 31 (2) (2010) 850e856. [11] X. Wang, M. Jiang, Z. Zhou, J. Gou, D. Hui, 3D printing of polymer matrix composites: a review and prospective, Compos. B Eng. 110 (2017) 442e458. [12] Z. Quan, A. Wu, M. Keefe, X. Qin, J. Yu, J. Suhr, J.H. Byun, B.S. Kim, T.W. Chou, Additive manufacturing of multi-directional preforms for composites: opportunities and challenges, Mater. Today 18 (9) (2015) 503e512. [13] P. Parandoush, D. Lin, A review on additive manufacturing of polymer-fiber composites, Compos. Struct. 182 (2017) 36e53. [14] U. Kalsoom, P.N. Nesterenko, B. Paull, Recent developments in 3D printable composite materials, RSC Adv. 6 (65) (2016) 60355e60371. [15] R.D. Goodridge, M.L. Shofner, R.J.M. Hague, M. McClelland, M.R. Schlea, R.B. Johnson, C.J. Tuck, Processing of a Polyamide-12/carbon nanofibre composite by laser sintering, Polym. Test. 30 (1) (2011) 94e100. [16] K.K.B. Hon, T.J. Gill, Selective laser sintering of SiC/polyamide composites, CIRP Annals 52 (1) (2003) 173e176. [17] R.D. Goodridge, C.J. Tuck, R.J.M. Hague, Laser sintering of polyamides and other polymers, Prog. Mater. Sci. 57 (2) (2012) 229e267. [18] S.R. Athreya, K. Kalaitzidou, S. Das, Mechanical and microstructural properties of Nylon-12/carbon black composites: selective laser sintering versus melt compounding and injection molding, Compos. Sci. Technol. 71 (4) (2011) 506e510.

[19] S. Yuan, J. Bai, C. Chua, J. Wei, K. Zhou, Material evaluation and process optimization of CNT-coated polymer powders for selective laser sintering, Polymers 8 (10) (2016) 370. [20] J. Bai, R.D. Goodridge, R.J. Hague, M. Song, H. Murakami, Nanostructural characterization of carbon nanotubes in laser-sintered polyamide 12 by 3DTEM, J. Mater. Res. 29 (17) (2014) 1817e1823. [21] H. Chung, S. Das, Processing and properties of glass bead particulate-filled functionally graded Nylon-11 composites produced by selective laser sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 437 (2) (2006) 226e234. [22] Y. Chunze, S. Yusheng, Y. Jinsong, L. Jinhui, A nanosilica/nylon-12 composite powder for selective laser sintering, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 28 (23) (2009) 2889e2902. [23] Z. Zhang, C. Sun, X. Xu, L. Liu, Surface quality and forming characteristics of thin-wall aluminium alloy parts manufactured by laser assisted MIG arc additive manufacturing, Int. J. Lightweight Mater. Manuf. 1 (2) (2018) 89e95. [24] S. Arai, S. Tsunoda, R. Kawamura, K. Kuboyama, T. Ougizawa, Comparison of crystallization characteristics and mechanical properties of poly (butylene terephthalate) processed by laser sintering and injection molding, Mater. Des. 113 (2017) 214e222. [25] M. Chapiro, Current achievements and future outlook for composites in 3D printing, Reinforc Plast 60 (6) (2016) 372e375. [26] M. Mani, K.W. Lyons, S.K. Gupta, Sustainability characterization for additive manufacturing, J. Res. Nat. Inst. Stand. Technol. 119 (2014) 419. [27] M. Vaezi, H. Seitz, S. Yang, A review on 3D micro-additive manufacturing technologies, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 67 (5e8) (2013) 1721e1754. [28] D.E. Yunus, W. Shi, S. Sohrabi, Y. Liu, Shear induced alignment of short nanofibers in 3D printed polymer composites, Nanotechnology 27 (49) (2016) 495302. [29] C.M. Cheah, J.Y.H. Fuh, A.Y.C. Nee, L. Lu, Mechanical characteristics of fiberfilled photo-polymer used in stereolithography, Rapid Prototyp. J. 5 (3) (1999) 112e119. [30] V.R. Gervasi, R.S. Crockett, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Process of making a three-dimensional object, U.S. Patent 6 (623) (2003) 687. [31] Z.L. Lu, F. Lu, J.W. Cao, D.C. Li, Manufacturing properties of turbine blades of carbon fiber-reinforced SiC composite based on stereolithography, Mater. Manuf. Process. 29 (2) (2014) 201e209. [32] P. Tesavibul, R. Felzmann, S. Gruber, R. Liska, I. Thompson, A.R. Boccaccini, J. Stampfl, Processing of 45S5 Bioglass® by lithography-based additive manufacturing, Mater. Lett. 74 (2012) 81e84. [33] G.D. Goh, Y.L. Yap, S. Agarwala, W.Y. Yeong, Recent progress in additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, Adv. Mater. Technol. 4 (1) (2019) 1800271. [34] A. Chiappone, I. Roppolo, E. Naretto, E. Fantino, F. Calignano, M. Sangermano, F. Pirri, Study of graphene oxide-based 3D printable composites: effect of the in situ reduction, Compos. B Eng. 124 (2017) 9e15. [35] F. Chen, J.M. Wu, H.Q. Wu, Y. Chen, C.H. Li, Y.S. Shi, Microstructure and mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP dental ceramics fabricated by selective laser sintering combined with cold isostatic pressing, Int. J. Lightweight Mater. Manuf. 1 (4) (2018) 239e245. [36] S.H. Chiu, S.T. Wicaksono, K.T. Chen, C.Y. Chen, S.H. Pong, Mechanical and thermal properties of photopolymer/CB (carbon black) nanocomposite for rapid prototyping, Rapid Prototyp. J. 21 (3) (2015) 262e269.
e, A novel quasicrystal[37] A. Sakly, S. Kenzari, D. Bonina, S. Corbel, V. Fourne resin composite for stereolithography, Mater. Des. 56 (2014) 280e285 (1980-2015). [38] R. Nagalingam, S. Sundaram, B. Stanly, J. Retnam, Effect of nanoparticles on tensile, impact and fatigue properties of fibre reinforced plastics, Bull. Mater. Sci. 33 (5) (2010) 525e528. [39] M. Gurr, D. Hofmann, M. Ehm, Y. Thomann, R. Kübler, R. Mülhaupt, Acrylic nanocomposite resins for use in stereolithography and structural light modulation based rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing technologies, Adv. Funct. Mater. 18 (16) (2008) 2390e2397. [40] A.A. Ogale, T. Renault, (3-f) photolithography for composite flevelopment: discontinuous reinforcements, Work 5 (1991) 6. [41] T. Renault, A. Ogale, 3-D photolithography: mechanical properties of glass and quartz fiber composites, ANTEC 92eShaping Future. 1 (1992) 745e747. [42] V.K. Popov, A.V. Evseev, A.L. Ivanov, V.V. Roginski, A.I. Volozhin, S.M. Howdle, Laser stereolithography and supercritical fluid processing for customdesigned implant fabrication, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 15 (2) (2004) 123e128. [43] G. Zak, A.Y.F. Chan, C.B. Park, B. Benhabib, Viscosity analysis of photopolymer and glass-fibre composites for rapid layered manufacturing, Rapid Prototyp. J. 2 (3) (1996) 16e23. [44] D. Karalekas, K. Antoniou, Composite rapid prototyping: overcoming the drawback of poor mechanical properties, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 153 (2004) 526e530. [45] A. Gupta, A.A. Ogale, Dual curing of carbon fiber reinforced photoresins for rapid prototyping, Polym. Compos. 23 (6) (2002) 1162e1170. [46] D.E. Karalekas, Study of the mechanical properties of nonwoven fibre mat reinforced photopolymers used in rapid prototyping, Mater. Des. 24 (8) (2003) 665e670. [47] B.N. Turner, S.A. Gold, A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes: II. Materials, dimensional accuracy, and surface roughness, Rapid Prototyp. J. 21 (3) (2015) 250e261.

Please cite this article as: D. Zindani, K. Kumar, An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004

D. Zindani, K. Kumar / International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture xxx (xxxx) xxx [48] G. Postiglione, G. Natale, G. Griffni, M. Levi, S. Turri, Composites 76 (2015) 110 (48) Part A. [49] M. Invernizzi, G. Natale, M. Levi, S. Turri, G. Griffini, UV-assisted 3D printing of glass and carbon fiber-reinforced dual-cure polymer composites, Materials 9 (7) (2016) 583. [50] B.G. Compton, J.A. Lewis, 3D-printing of lightweight cellular composites, Adv. Mater. 26 (34) (2014) 5930e5935. [51] J.H. Kim, S. Lee, M. Wajahat, H. Jeong, W.S. Chang, H.J. Jeong, J.R. Yang, J.T. Kim, S.K. Seol, Three-dimensional printing of highly conductive carbon nanotube microarchitectures with fluid ink, ACS Nano 10 (9) (2016) 8879e8887. [52] M.L. Shofner, F.J. Rodrıguez-Macıas, R. Vaidyanathan, E.V. Barrera, Single wall nanotube and vapor grown carbon fiber reinforced polymers processed by extrusion freeform fabrication, Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. 34 (12) (2003) 1207e1217. [53] W. Zhong, F. Li, Z. Zhang, L. Song, Z. Li, Short fiber reinforced composites for fused deposition modeling, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 301 (2) (2001) 125e130. [54] R.W. Gray IV, D.G. Baird, J. Helge Bøhn, Effects of processing conditions on short TLCP fiber reinforced FDM parts, Rapid Prototyp. J. 4 (1) (1998) 14e25. [55] S.H. Masood, W.Q. Song, Development of new metal/polymer materials for rapid tooling using fused deposition modelling, Mater. Des. 25 (7) (2004) 587e594. [56] A. Plymill, R. Minneci, D.A. Greeley, J. Gritton, Graphene and Carbon Nanotube PLA Composite Feedstock Development for Fused Deposition Modeling, 2016. [57] M. Nikzad, S.H. Masood, I. Sbarski, Thermo-mechanical properties of a highly filled polymeric composites for fused deposition modeling, Mater. Des. 32 (6) (2011) 3448e3456. [58] S. Dul, L. Fambri, A. Pegoretti, Fused deposition modelling with ABSegraphene nanocomposites, Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. 85 (2016) 181e191. [59] M. Milosevic, D. Stoof, K. Pickering, Characterizing the mechanical properties of fused deposition modelling natural fiber recycled polypropylene composites, J. Compos. Sci. 1 (1) (2017) 7. [60] X. Wei, D. Li, W. Jiang, Z. Gu, X. Wang, Z. Zhang, Z. Sun, 3D printable graphene composite, Sci. Rep. 5 (2015) 11181. [61] F. Ning, W. Cong, J. Qiu, J. Wei, S. Wang, Additive manufacturing of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites using fused deposition modeling, ́ ́ Compos. B Eng. 80 (2015) 369e378. [62] S. Berretta, R. Davies, Y.T. Shyng, Y. Wang, O. Ghita, Fused Deposition Modelling of high temperature polymers: exploring CNT PEEK composites, Polym. Test. 63 (2017) 251e262. [63] N. Li, Y. Li, S. Liu, Rapid prototyping of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites by 3D printing, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 238 (2016) 218e225. [64] H. Zhang, D. Yang, Y. Sheng, Performance-driven 3D printing of continuous curved carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites: a preliminary numerical study, Compos. B Eng. 151 (2018) 256e264. [65] C. Yang, X. Tian, T. Liu, Y. Cao, D. Li, 3D printing for continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites: mechanism and performance, Rapid Prototyp. J. 23 (1) (2017) 209e215. [66] G.W. Melenka, B.K. Cheung, J.S. Schofield, M.R. Dawson, J.P. Carey, Evaluation and prediction of the tensile properties of continuous fiber-reinforced 3D printed structures, Compos. Struct. 153 (2016) 866e875. [67] W. Zhong, F. Li, Z. Zhang, L. Song, Z. Li, Research on rapid-prototyping/part manufacturing (RP&M) for the continuous fiber reinforced composite, Mater. Manuf. Process. 16 (1) (2001) 17e26. [68] F. Van Der Klift, Y. Koga, A. Todoroki, M. Ueda, Y. Hirano, R. Matsuzaki, 3D printing of continuous carbon fibre reinforced thermo-plastic (CFRTP) tensile test specimens, Open J. Compos. Mater. 6 (01) (2015) 18. [69] X. Tian, T. Liu, C. Yang, Q. Wang, D. Li, Interface and performance of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced PLA composites, Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. 88 (2016) 198e205. [70] G.D. Goh, W.Y. Yeong, Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Additively Manufactured Carbon Fibre Thermoplastic, 2018.
vara, L. García-Guzma
n, F. París, Characterization of 3D printed [71] J. Justo, L. Ta long fibre reinforced composites, Compos. Struct. 185 (2018) 537e548. [72] G.D. Goh, V. Dikshit, A.P. Nagalingam, G.L. Goh, S. Agarwala, S.L. Sing, J. Wei, W.Y. Yeong, Characterization of mechanical properties and fracture mode of additively manufactured carbon fiber and glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics, Mater. Des. 137 (2018) 79e89. [73] A.E. Nel, E. Nasser, H. Godwin, D. Avery, T. Bahadori, L. Bergeson, E. Beryt, J.C. Bonner, D. Boverhof, J. Carter, V. Castranova, A multi-stakeholder perspective on the use of alternative test strategies for nanomaterial safety assessment, ACS Nano 7 (8) (2013) 6422e6433. [74] A. Salazar, A. Rico, J. Rodríguez, J.S. Escudero, R. Seltzer, F.M. de la EscaleraCutillas, Fatigue crack growth of SLS polyamide 12: effect of reinforcement and temperature, Compos. B Eng. 59 (2014) 285e292. [75] R.G. Kleijnen, J.P. Sesseg, M. Schmid, K. Wegener, Insights into the development of a short-fiber reinforced polypropylene for laser sintering, in: AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1914, No. 1, p. 190002), AIP Publishing, 2017, December. [76] D.A. Türk, F. Brenni, M. Zogg, M. Meboldt, Mechanical characterization of 3D printed polymers for fiber reinforced polymers processing, Mater. Des. 118 (2017) 256e265.

11

[77] W. Jing, C. Hui, W. Qiong, L. Hongbo, L. Zhanjun, Surface modification of carbon fibers and the selective laser sintering of modified carbon fiber/nylon 12 composite powder, Mater. Des. 116 (2017) 253e260. [78] D. Klosterman, R. Chartoff, G. Graves, N. Osborne, B. Priore, Interfacial characteristics of composites fabricated by laminated object manufacturing, Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. 29 (9e10) (1998) 1165e1174.
n, I. Garcia-Moreno, G.P. Rodriguez, Impact dam[79] M.A. Caminero, J.M. Chaco age resistance of 3D printed continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites using fused deposition modelling, Compos. B Eng. 148 (2018) 93e103. [80] Z.X. Low, Y.T. Chua, B.M. Ray, D. Mattia, I.S. Metcalfe, D.A. Patterson, Perspective on 3D printing of separation membranes and comparison to related unconventional fabrication techniques, J. Membr. Sci. 523 (2017) 596e613. [81] R. Hoglund, D.E. Smith, Continuous fiber angle topology optimization for polymer fused filament fabrication, in: Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, TX, USA, 2016, August, pp. 8e10. [82] X. Tian, T. Liu, Q. Wang, A. Dilmurat, D. Li, G. Ziegmann, Recycling and remanufacturing of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced PLA composites, J. Clean. Prod. 142 (2017) 1609e1618. [83] W. Hao, Y. Liu, H. Zhou, H. Chen, D. Fang, Preparation and characterization of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermosetting composites, Polym. Test. 65 (2018) 29e34. [84] W. Zhang, C. Cotton, J. Sun, D. Heider, B. Gu, B. Sun, T.W. Chou, Interfacial bonding strength of short carbon fiber/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene composites fabricated by fused deposition modeling, Compos. B Eng. 137 (2018) 51e59. [85] M. Saari, B. Xia, B. Cox, P.S. Krueger, A.L. Cohen, E. Richer, Fabrication and analysis of a composite 3D printed capacitive force sensor, 3D Print. Addit. Manuf. 3 (3) (2016) 136e141. [86] Y. Ibrahim, G.W. Melenka, R. Kempers, Additive manufacturing of continuous wire polymer composites, Manuf. lett. 16 (2018) 49e51. [87] K. Kim, W. Zhu, X. Qu, C. Aaronson, W.R. McCall, S. Chen, D.J. Sirbuly, 3D optical printing of piezoelectric nanoparticleepolymer composite materials, ACS Nano 8 (10) (2014) 9799e9806. [88] D.A. Roper, B.L. Good, R. McCauley, S. Yarlagadda, J. Smith, A. Good, P. Pa, M.S. Mirotznik, Additive manufacturing of graded dielectrics, Smart Mater. Struct. 23 (4) (2014) 045029. [89] D.V. Isakov, Q. Lei, F. Castles, C.J. Stevens, C.R.M. Grovenor, P.S. Grant, 3D printed anisotropic dielectric composite with meta-material features, Mater. Des. 93 (2016) 423e430. [90] C. Yang, B. Wang, D. Li, X. Tian, Modelling and characterisation for the responsive performance of CF/PLA and CF/PEEK smart materials fabricated by 4D printing, Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 12 (1) (2017) 69e76. €ffer, O. Brock, A. Raatz, Soft Robotics, Springer, Heidel[91] A. Verl, A. Albu-Scha berg, 2015. [92] Q. Ge, H.J. Qi, M.L. Dunn, Active materials by four-dimension printing, Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 (13) (2013) 131901. [93] K. Wang, Y. Zhao, Y.H. Chang, Z. Qian, C. Zhang, B. Wang, M.A. Vannan, M.J. Wang, Controlling the mechanical behavior of dual-material 3D printed meta-materials for patient-specific tissue-mimicking phantoms, Mater. Des. 90 (2016) 704e712. [94] L. Djumas, A. Molotnikov, G.P. Simon, Y. Estrin, Enhanced mechanical performance of bio-inspired hybrid structures utilising topological interlocking geometry, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 26706. [95] W. Tao, M.C. Leu, Design of lattice structure for additive manufacturing, in: 2016 International Symposium on Flexible Automation (ISFA), IEEE, 2016, August, pp. 325e332. [96] V. Dikshit, N.A. Prasanth, J.D. Kumar, Y.L. Yap, S. Agarwala, W.Y. Yeong, Out of Plane Compressive Strength of 3D Printed Vertical Pillared Corrugated Core Structure, 2016. [97] Y.C. Zhang, X. Wang, Thermal effects on interfacial stress transfer characteristics of carbon nanotubes/polymer composites, Int. J. Solids Struct. 42 (20) (2005) 5399e5412. [98] L. Liu, C. Jia, J. He, F. Zhao, D. Fan, L. Xing, M. Wang, F. Wang, Z. Jiang, Y. Huang, Interfacial characterization, control and modification of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 121 (2015) 56e72. [99] X. Xu, M.M. Thwe, C. Shearwood, K. Liao, Mechanical properties and interfacial characteristics of carbon-nanotube-reinforced epoxy thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (15) (2002) 2833e2835. [100] V. Lordi, N. Yao, Molecular mechanics of binding in carbon-nanotubeepolymer composites, J. Mater. Res. 15 (12) (2000) 2770e2779. [101] D. Filgueira, S. Holmen, J.K. Melbø, D. Moldes, A.T. Echtermeyer, G. ChingaCarrasco, Enzymatic-assisted modification of thermomechanical pulp fibers to improve the interfacial adhesion with poly (lactic acid) for 3D printing, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5 (10) (2017) 9338e9346. [102] C. Yan, L. Hao, L. Xu, Y. Shi, Preparation, characterisation and processing of carbon fibre/polyamide-12 composites for selective laser sintering, Compos. Sci. Technol. 71 (16) (2011) 1834e1841. [103] S. Zou, D. Therriault, F.P. Gosselin, Failure mechanisms of coiling fibers with sacrificial bonds made by instability-assisted fused deposition modeling, Soft Matter 14 (48) (2018) 9777e9785.

Please cite this article as: D. Zindani, K. Kumar, An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004

12

D. Zindani, K. Kumar / International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture xxx (xxxx) xxx

[104] N. Aliheidari, R. Tripuraneni, A. Ameli, S. Nadimpalli, Fracture resistance measurement of fused deposition modeling 3D printed polymers, Polym. Test. 60 (2017) 94e101.
n, I. García-Moreno, J.M. Reverte, Interlaminar [105] M.A. Caminero, J.M. Chaco bonding performance of 3D printed continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites using fused deposition modelling, Polym. Test. 68 (2018) 415e423. [106] J. Mueller, K. Shea, The effect of build orientation on the mechanical properties in inkjet 3D-printing, in: International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2015, pp. 983e992. [107] A.C. Abbott, G.P. Tandon, R.L. Bradford, H. Koerner, J.W. Baur, Processstructure-property effects on ABS bond strength in fused filament fabrication, Addit. Manuf. 19 (2018) 29e38. [108] A.K. Ravi, A. Deshpande, K.H. Hsu, An in-process laser localized predeposition heating approach to inter-layer bond strengthening in extrusion based polymer additive manufacturing, J. Manuf. Process. 24 (2016) 179e185. [109] L. Zhou, L. Zhang, Y. Xu, Research on the relationships of customized service attributes in cloud manufacturing, in: ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016, June. V002T04A008-V002T04A008. [110] P. Parandoush, L. Tucker, C. Zhou, D. Lin, Laser assisted additive manufacturing of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites, Mater. Des. 131 (2017) 186e195. [111] T. Stichel, T. Frick, T. Laumer, F. Tenner, T. Hausotte, M. Merklein, M. Schmidt, A round robin study for selective laser sintering of polyamide 12: microstructural origin of the mechanical properties, Opt. Laser. Technol. 89 (2017) 31e40. [112] S.A. Ntim, O. Sae-Khow, F.A. Witzmann, S. Mitra, Effects of polymer wrapping and covalent functionalization on the stability of MWCNT in aqueous dispersions, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 355 (2) (2011) 383e388. [113] A.M. Abdullah, T.N.A.T. Rahim, W.N.F.W. Hamad, D. Mohamad, H.M. Akil, Z.A. Rajion, Mechanical and cytotoxicity properties of hybrid ceramics filled polyamide 12 filament feedstock for craniofacial bone reconstruction via fused deposition modelling, Dent. Mater. 34 (11) (2018) e309ee316. [114] L. Verbelen, S. Dadbakhsh, M. Van den Eynde, J.P. Kruth, B. Goderis, P. Van Puyvelde, Characterization of polyamide powders for determination of laser sintering processability, Eur. Polym. J. 75 (2016) 163e174. [115] S. Song, M. Park, J. Lee, J. Yun, A study on the rheological and mechanical properties of photo-curable ceramic/polymer composites with different silane coupling agents for SLA 3D printing technology, Nanomaterials 8 (2) (2018) 93. [116] M.G. Aartsen, K. Abraham, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J.A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, D. Altmann, K. Andeen, T. Anderson, I. Ansseau, Searches for

[117]

[118]

[119]

[120]

[121]

[122]

[123] [124] [125]

[126] [127] [128] [129]

[130]

sterile neutrinos with the IceCube detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 (7) (2016) 071801. K. Lozano, E.V. Barrera, Nanofiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites. I. Thermoanalytical and mechanical analyses, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 79 (1) (2001) 125e133. J.C. Nelson, S. Xue, J.W. Barlow, J.J. Beaman, H.L. Marcus, D.L. Bourell, Model of the selective laser sintering of bisphenol-A polycarbonate, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 32 (10) (1993) 2305e2317. K.A. Al-Ghamdi, Sustainable FDM additive manufacturing of ABS components with emphasis on energy minimized and time efficient lightweight construction, Int. J. Lightweight Mater. Manuf. (2019) https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ijlmm.2019.05.004. (in press). G. Hussain, W.A. Khan, H.A. Ashraf, H. Ahmad, H. Ahmed, A. Imran, I. Ahmad, K. Rehman, G. Abbas, Design and development of a lightweight SLS 3D printer with a controlled heating mechanism: Part A, Int. J. Lightweight Mater. Manuf. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.01.005. (in press). P. Stavropoulos, P. Foteinopoulos, A. Papacharalampopoulos, H. Bikas, Addressing the challenges for the industrial application of additive manufacturing: towards a hybrid solution, Int. J. Lightweight Mater. Manuf. 1 (3) (2018) 157e168. P. Liu, S.H. Huang, A. Mokasdar, H. Zhou, L. Hou, The impact of additive manufacturing in the aircraft spare parts supply chain: supply chain operation reference (scor) model based analysis, Prod. Plan. Control 25 (13e14) (2014) 1169e1181. P. Wu, J. Wang, X. Wang, A critical review of the use of 3-D printing in the construction industry, Autom. ConStruct. 68 (2016) 21e31. S. Hasan, A.E.W. Rennie, The Application of Rapid Manufacturing Technologies in the Spare Parts Industry, 2008. €m, J. Partanen, J. Tuomi, M. Walter, Rapid manufacturing in the J. Holmstro spare parts supply chain: alternative approaches to capacity deployment, J. Manuf. Technol. Manag. 21 (6) (2010) 687e697. C. Tuck, R.J. Hague, The Pivotal Role of Rapid Manufacturing in the Production of Cost Effective Customised Products, 2006. C.J. Tuck, R.J. Hague, M. Ruffo, M. Ransley, P. Adams, Rapid manufacturing facilitated customization, Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. 21 (3) (2008) 245e258. C. Tuck, R. Hague, N. Burns, Rapid manufacturing: impact on supply chain methodologies and practice, Int. J. Serv. Oper. Manag. 3 (2007) 1e22. S.H. Huang, P. Liu, A. Mokasdar, L. Hou, Additive manufacturing and its societal impact: a literature review, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 67 (5e8) (2013) 1191e1203. R. Janssen, I. Blankers, E. Moolenburgh, B. Posthumus, The Impact of 3-D Printing on Supply Chain Management, TNO White Papers; TNO: The Hague, The Netherlands, 2014, pp. 1e24.

Please cite this article as: D. Zindani, K. Kumar, An insight into additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.004