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English) traffic signs
chiefs, mechanics, door gunners), warrant officer candidate trainees, warrant officer rated pilots, commissioned trainees, and commissioned pilots. Summary statistics and percentiles for 80 a n t h r o p o m e t n c mdzces and for some 73 a n t h r o p o m e t n c variables computed from the measured dlmenmons are gwen, as zs the correlation matrix for the measured variables and age.
4.3.118 (62395) White, R.M. The body saze of soldiers: US Army Anthropometry 1966. Final report 1966-1971. Dec 1 9 7 1 , 3 4 2 p p , a b s t r
m Sczentzfzc and Technzcal Aerospace Reports (Report No N73-10160). As a part of the US Armed Forces anthropometnc surveys of 1966, a sample of 6682 Army men was measured including basic trainees, infantrymen, armoured crewmen, and awatzon personnel. Seventy'body measurements were taken on each man. The a n t h r o p o m e t n c data from this survey are presented and discussed. These new data represent the ftrst major updating of body s~ze mformat~on on US Army personnel since the Army anthropometrlc survey of 1946. Changes m the body s~ze of Army men between 1946 and 1966 are dzscussed and the Army data are compared with a n t h r o p o m e t n c data from other services.
4.3.119 (62396) Thompson, D. et ak Anthropometry of Brttlsh women.
lnstttute for Consumer Ergonomtcs Ltd, Untverszty of Technology, Loughborough, Lezcs, UK, 1972, 16 pp Data on five body measurements taken on British women between the ages of 18 and 80 years.
4.3.120 (62399)
Nowak, E. Angular measurements of foot motion for application to design of foot-pedals. Ergonomtcs, Jul 1972, 1 5 . 4 , 4 0 7 - 4 1 5 . The purpose of ergonomzcs research conducted by the Institute of lndustrml Design, Poland, ~s to prowde data for demgn. The subject of th~s paper ~s concerned with anatomical factors which determine the hm~ts of foot movements when operating a foot-pedal. Measurements using specml equipment were taken from persons, selected at random, including women and men aged from 18 to 65 years.
Visual displays 4.3.121 (62420) Allen, ].G. The colour-codmg jumble. Australuzn Safety News, J a n - F e b 1969, 40.1, 13- 15, abstr in Occupatzonal
Safety an d Health A bstra cts. Official lndu stnal c olour-co drag schemes, intended to promote safety, may have the opposite effect because some schemes are too revolved and there are many confhcts between different schemes even w~thm one country. The author quotes several Australian and British standards m support of his affirmations (eg according to one Australmn standard, a p~pe containing water may be ezther green or red, depending on the use to which the water ~s to be put, under one standard, blue indicates azr, whzlst under another, it indicates nitrous oxzde). As a confused colourcoding scheme is dangerous, a smaple, integrated, international scheme ~s needed to cover all types of hazard, substance and equipment, but ~t zs the hazard which has to be coded. 4.3.122 (62422) Ton, W.I-I. Optmaal visual characteristics for large screen displays. Information Display, 1969, 6, 48-52, abstr m
Legzbthty Research Abstracts. The author has rewewed studies m the psychology and physiology of v~szon which are pertinent to the design or large screen displays. The studies were focused on the areas of symbol size and spacing, colour usage, coding, registration, refresh rate and ambzent ~Uummatlon. 4.3.123 (62424) Hills, B.L. Measurements of the mght-ttme VlSlbdlty of signs and dehneators on an Australian Rural road. A ustrahan Road Research, Dec 1972=, 4. I 0, 38-57. • The vlsibdltles of m-serwce szgns and delineators have been measured under • practical dn~,lng conditions on a fourlane &vlded highway. The nlght-ttme experiments were conducted using American-British dipped beams. It was found that the mght-tmae leglbdlty distances of reflective sagns were on average halt" those obtained during the day. These same factors were found to reduce the reflectwlty of delineators on grade posts set back 10 ft (3-3m) from the pavement by as much as elghtedn times. The corresponding reduction m vlslbdlty was from 1 000 ft (304 m) to less than 100 ft (30 m). The mean detection distance
for the 3 ft (1 m) guide posts was 590 ft (179 m) for normal observers. On average, the grade posts were f o u n d to be shghtly more vlmble than thezr re.d dehneators. For a colour defective (protanomal) observer, the mean detection &stance of the delineators was half that of the guide post. Heavy ram was found to have little effect on the performance of enclosed lens reflective sheeting, although other ewdence suggests that drzzzle can reduce its vlslbdlty considerably. The dependence of current szgnmg and dehneatlon practices m Austraha u p o n a high level of maintenance has therefore been shown. The study also indicates that there is a need for a careful examination of the present standards for dehneators. 4.3.124 (62426) Rutley, K.S. An investigation into Bxhngual (Welsh/Enghsh) traffic signs.
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, TRRL Report No LR475, 1972, 28 pp. The reading tmaes of three types of bxhngual (Enghsh/Welsh) advance dzrectlon sagns have been compared with thetr mono-lmgual, all Enghsh, equivalents by some 28 subjects, several of whom speak Welsh. Increased reachng times were f o u n d with most of the bdlngual signs. The increases were greatest if the Welsh name was placed above the Enghsh name on the s3gn. Similar results were f o u n d for a n u m b e r of warning and regulatory signs which had supplementary panels bearing worded messages. One exception to the general findings was for a szmple primary route (green background) sign for a crossroads with one destination shown m each dtrect~on. Prowdmg the Enghsh version of the place name was pos~tloned above the Welsh there was apparently no increase m reading time. Also considered m the report is the increased area of the signs and the consequent increased cost. 4.3.125 (62443) Waiters, D.J., and Beyer, R. V-STOL displays for approach and landing. TRC Report No N72-22632M, Feb 1972, 10 pp, abstr m R and D
A bstra cts. The lntormatlon requirements of a pdot carrying out a V/STOL approach and landing under adverse weather condlt~ons are described, and solutions that were tried out experimentally are analysed. Among the tentatwe conclusions are (1) The amount ot reformation needed for V/STOL d~splays and the independent motion
Applied Ergonomics September 1973
179
4.3.118 (62395) White, R.M. The body saze of soldiers: US Army Anthropometry 1966. Final report 1966-1971. Dec 1 9 7 1 , 3 4 2 p p , a b s t r
m Sczentzfzc and Technzcal Aerospace Reports (Report No N73-10160). As a part of the US Armed Forces anthropometnc surveys of 1966, a sample of 6682 Army men was measured including basic trainees, infantrymen, armoured crewmen, and awatzon personnel. Seventy'body measurements were taken on each man. The a n t h r o p o m e t n c data from this survey are presented and discussed. These new data represent the ftrst major updating of body s~ze mformat~on on US Army personnel since the Army anthropometrlc survey of 1946. Changes m the body s~ze of Army men between 1946 and 1966 are dzscussed and the Army data are compared with a n t h r o p o m e t n c data from other services.
4.3.119 (62396) Thompson, D. et ak Anthropometry of Brttlsh women.
lnstttute for Consumer Ergonomtcs Ltd, Untverszty of Technology, Loughborough, Lezcs, UK, 1972, 16 pp Data on five body measurements taken on British women between the ages of 18 and 80 years.
4.3.120 (62399)
Nowak, E. Angular measurements of foot motion for application to design of foot-pedals. Ergonomtcs, Jul 1972, 1 5 . 4 , 4 0 7 - 4 1 5 . The purpose of ergonomzcs research conducted by the Institute of lndustrml Design, Poland, ~s to prowde data for demgn. The subject of th~s paper ~s concerned with anatomical factors which determine the hm~ts of foot movements when operating a foot-pedal. Measurements using specml equipment were taken from persons, selected at random, including women and men aged from 18 to 65 years.
Visual displays 4.3.121 (62420) Allen, ].G. The colour-codmg jumble. Australuzn Safety News, J a n - F e b 1969, 40.1, 13- 15, abstr in Occupatzonal
Safety an d Health A bstra cts. Official lndu stnal c olour-co drag schemes, intended to promote safety, may have the opposite effect because some schemes are too revolved and there are many confhcts between different schemes even w~thm one country. The author quotes several Australian and British standards m support of his affirmations (eg according to one Australmn standard, a p~pe containing water may be ezther green or red, depending on the use to which the water ~s to be put, under one standard, blue indicates azr, whzlst under another, it indicates nitrous oxzde). As a confused colourcoding scheme is dangerous, a smaple, integrated, international scheme ~s needed to cover all types of hazard, substance and equipment, but ~t zs the hazard which has to be coded. 4.3.122 (62422) Ton, W.I-I. Optmaal visual characteristics for large screen displays. Information Display, 1969, 6, 48-52, abstr m
Legzbthty Research Abstracts. The author has rewewed studies m the psychology and physiology of v~szon which are pertinent to the design or large screen displays. The studies were focused on the areas of symbol size and spacing, colour usage, coding, registration, refresh rate and ambzent ~Uummatlon. 4.3.123 (62424) Hills, B.L. Measurements of the mght-ttme VlSlbdlty of signs and dehneators on an Australian Rural road. A ustrahan Road Research, Dec 1972=, 4. I 0, 38-57. • The vlsibdltles of m-serwce szgns and delineators have been measured under • practical dn~,lng conditions on a fourlane &vlded highway. The nlght-ttme experiments were conducted using American-British dipped beams. It was found that the mght-tmae leglbdlty distances of reflective sagns were on average halt" those obtained during the day. These same factors were found to reduce the reflectwlty of delineators on grade posts set back 10 ft (3-3m) from the pavement by as much as elghtedn times. The corresponding reduction m vlslbdlty was from 1 000 ft (304 m) to less than 100 ft (30 m). The mean detection distance
for the 3 ft (1 m) guide posts was 590 ft (179 m) for normal observers. On average, the grade posts were f o u n d to be shghtly more vlmble than thezr re.d dehneators. For a colour defective (protanomal) observer, the mean detection &stance of the delineators was half that of the guide post. Heavy ram was found to have little effect on the performance of enclosed lens reflective sheeting, although other ewdence suggests that drzzzle can reduce its vlslbdlty considerably. The dependence of current szgnmg and dehneatlon practices m Austraha u p o n a high level of maintenance has therefore been shown. The study also indicates that there is a need for a careful examination of the present standards for dehneators. 4.3.124 (62426) Rutley, K.S. An investigation into Bxhngual (Welsh/Enghsh) traffic signs.
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, TRRL Report No LR475, 1972, 28 pp. The reading tmaes of three types of bxhngual (Enghsh/Welsh) advance dzrectlon sagns have been compared with thetr mono-lmgual, all Enghsh, equivalents by some 28 subjects, several of whom speak Welsh. Increased reachng times were f o u n d with most of the bdlngual signs. The increases were greatest if the Welsh name was placed above the Enghsh name on the s3gn. Similar results were f o u n d for a n u m b e r of warning and regulatory signs which had supplementary panels bearing worded messages. One exception to the general findings was for a szmple primary route (green background) sign for a crossroads with one destination shown m each dtrect~on. Prowdmg the Enghsh version of the place name was pos~tloned above the Welsh there was apparently no increase m reading time. Also considered m the report is the increased area of the signs and the consequent increased cost. 4.3.125 (62443) Waiters, D.J., and Beyer, R. V-STOL displays for approach and landing. TRC Report No N72-22632M, Feb 1972, 10 pp, abstr m R and D
A bstra cts. The lntormatlon requirements of a pdot carrying out a V/STOL approach and landing under adverse weather condlt~ons are described, and solutions that were tried out experimentally are analysed. Among the tentatwe conclusions are (1) The amount ot reformation needed for V/STOL d~splays and the independent motion
Applied Ergonomics September 1973
179