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An open-hearth furnace making steel by a continuous process
454
Notes and Comments.
[J. F. I.,
solution of the problem of the geological occurrence of oil and of oil d e v e l o p m e n t s and explorations, the writer h a s long been convinced on the considerations and for the reasons given above. Our s u g g e s t i o n s are therefore that, as far as practical results are concerned, the i m p o r t a n t point is to a c c u r a t e l y trace these fissured zones or belts on good maps and to drill in the localities t h u s indicated. I have been at work for years, ever since i888, on m a p s of this c h a r a c t e r e m b r a c i n g N o r t h America, and I hope to be able to publish these before v e r y long, a n d as soon as our present k n o w l e d g e of these m o s t i m p o r t a n t s t r u c t u r a l dislocations is a little more complete. TORONTO, OI~TARIO,CANADA, December 5, 19o3-
AN O P E N - H E A R T H F U R N A C E M A K I N G S T E E L BY A CONTINUOUS PROCESS. I n a recent n u m b e r of Slam und Eisen, Dr. Surzycki describes a n openh e a r t h furnace t h a t has been w o r k i n g satisfactorily since September, 19o2 , at t h e works of B. H a n t k e , at Czenstocha. I n this furnace, w h i c h is of 3o-ton capacity, two tap-holes situated one over t h e other, b u t not in line, lead into a double spout by which t h e whole or a n y part of t h e contents of t h e furnace are easily tapped at a n y time. T h e furnace is charged with cold scrap to which, w h e n melted, molten pig iron from a blast furnace or a m i x e r is poured in. W h e n t h e b a t h is quiet, iron ore a n d mill-scale are added, and a f u r t h e r a m o u n t of pig iron. T h e c h a r g i n g lasts u n t i l t h e furnace is quite filled. T h e charge is de-phosphorized by a d d i n g lime, a n d w h e n de-carbonization h a s gone far enough t h e furnace is tapped. T h e de-oxidation of t h e steel is carried out b y a d d i n g wood carbon a n d ferro-manganese in a ladle d u r i n g t h e t a p p i n g of t h e charge. After tapping, t h e upper tap-hole of t h e furnace is closed a n d the furnace repaired. A calculated a m o u n t of ore a n d roll-scale and a proportionate a m o u n t of pig iron is t h e n r u n in. T h e practice is carried out u n i n t e r r u p t e d l y for one to two weeks. If, from a n y cause, t h e r e m a i n d e r of t h e furnace contents must be cast, it is easily done by opening t h e lower tap-hole. T h e method, while based on t h e Talbot process, h a s t h e advantage t h a t it m a y be worked in a n ordinary fixed furnace, if not t o o small. R A I L W A Y S O F T H E W O R L D I N 19o2. At the end of 19o2 the railway mileage of t h e world was 352,5oo miles, of which the United States h a d 2o2,471 miles, or 38 per cent., a n d Europe had I8O,7O8 miles, or 34 per cent. T h e British E m p i r e h a d 91,485 miles, or I7 per cent. of t h e total ; t h e G e r m a n E m p i r e h a d 32,753 miles, a n d .'.he Russian Empire, 31,945 miles. T h e United States had, therefore, six times as m u c h mileage as either t h e Russian E m p i r e or t h e G e r m a n Empire.
Notes and Comments.
[J. F. I.,
solution of the problem of the geological occurrence of oil and of oil d e v e l o p m e n t s and explorations, the writer h a s long been convinced on the considerations and for the reasons given above. Our s u g g e s t i o n s are therefore that, as far as practical results are concerned, the i m p o r t a n t point is to a c c u r a t e l y trace these fissured zones or belts on good maps and to drill in the localities t h u s indicated. I have been at work for years, ever since i888, on m a p s of this c h a r a c t e r e m b r a c i n g N o r t h America, and I hope to be able to publish these before v e r y long, a n d as soon as our present k n o w l e d g e of these m o s t i m p o r t a n t s t r u c t u r a l dislocations is a little more complete. TORONTO, OI~TARIO,CANADA, December 5, 19o3-
AN O P E N - H E A R T H F U R N A C E M A K I N G S T E E L BY A CONTINUOUS PROCESS. I n a recent n u m b e r of Slam und Eisen, Dr. Surzycki describes a n openh e a r t h furnace t h a t has been w o r k i n g satisfactorily since September, 19o2 , at t h e works of B. H a n t k e , at Czenstocha. I n this furnace, w h i c h is of 3o-ton capacity, two tap-holes situated one over t h e other, b u t not in line, lead into a double spout by which t h e whole or a n y part of t h e contents of t h e furnace are easily tapped at a n y time. T h e furnace is charged with cold scrap to which, w h e n melted, molten pig iron from a blast furnace or a m i x e r is poured in. W h e n t h e b a t h is quiet, iron ore a n d mill-scale are added, and a f u r t h e r a m o u n t of pig iron. T h e c h a r g i n g lasts u n t i l t h e furnace is quite filled. T h e charge is de-phosphorized by a d d i n g lime, a n d w h e n de-carbonization h a s gone far enough t h e furnace is tapped. T h e de-oxidation of t h e steel is carried out b y a d d i n g wood carbon a n d ferro-manganese in a ladle d u r i n g t h e t a p p i n g of t h e charge. After tapping, t h e upper tap-hole of t h e furnace is closed a n d the furnace repaired. A calculated a m o u n t of ore a n d roll-scale and a proportionate a m o u n t of pig iron is t h e n r u n in. T h e practice is carried out u n i n t e r r u p t e d l y for one to two weeks. If, from a n y cause, t h e r e m a i n d e r of t h e furnace contents must be cast, it is easily done by opening t h e lower tap-hole. T h e method, while based on t h e Talbot process, h a s t h e advantage t h a t it m a y be worked in a n ordinary fixed furnace, if not t o o small. R A I L W A Y S O F T H E W O R L D I N 19o2. At the end of 19o2 the railway mileage of t h e world was 352,5oo miles, of which the United States h a d 2o2,471 miles, or 38 per cent., a n d Europe had I8O,7O8 miles, or 34 per cent. T h e British E m p i r e h a d 91,485 miles, or I7 per cent. of t h e total ; t h e G e r m a n E m p i r e h a d 32,753 miles, a n d .'.he Russian Empire, 31,945 miles. T h e United States had, therefore, six times as m u c h mileage as either t h e Russian E m p i r e or t h e G e r m a n Empire.