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An overview on characterization of CuO based nano lubricant
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
An overview on characterization of CuO based nano lubricant Neha Deepak Saxena, NathiRam Chauhan Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmere Gate, New Delhi 110006, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 29 March 2019 Received in revised form 5 November 2019 Accepted 23 December 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Nanolubricant Morphology Synthesis approach Techniques of characterization Tribology
a b s t r a c t This paper provides an overview on ‘synthesis and characterization of nanolubricant’. Nowadays, nanolubricant is noticed as an emerging topic that has great potential to enhance the efficiency and durability of base fluid. Nano-size of the particle makes it a futuristic material when compared to ordinary scale material and hence shows a remarkable growth in the last three decades. The changes occur in tribological properties after addition of CuO nano-particle in base engine oil has been studied. It also includes distinctive explanation of nano particle depends on morphology and surface charge. The various characterization techniques and synthesis approach have been discussed. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Computational and Experimental Methods in Mechanical Engineering.
1. Introduction The term ‘Nano’ meant for the size of a particle of scale 10 9 m. Such small size makes it futuristic material compared to ordinary scale material. Nanoparticle shows novel properties because of their nanometer scale dimension [1]. Nanoparticles are already being widely, recently researcher works on solar cells and the efficiency of solar cells had been greatly enhanced by using silicon nanoparticle by adapting the energy from ultraviolet rays. Similarly, Aluminium nanoparticle had been used as a rocket fuel which makes fast burning of fuel and hence release vast energy. Many other growing applications of nanoparticles are: avoid rust in metals, fabrication of stronger batteries, diagnosis of cancer, and get better filtered water. Researcher found nano particle as a fascinating particle, offers uncountable surprising unexpected results and discoveries. Nanoparticle shows great potential because of its unprecedented behaviour which further used for innovative technological applications. Researcher proved that CuO nanoparticles in lubricant show significant reduction in wear and friction, hence can replace the traditional lubricant of the market. But sometimes researcher has to take more care for analyzing as well as develop stable nano particle as it posses’ high surface energy. Therefore more sensitive characterization tools and new techniques, models and theories are being developed [2]. There are different techniques for detecting, measuring and characterizing nanoparticles. None of the method can be termed
as a best method as it depends on the stability of the sample along with cost involve and time constraint. Initially, the detection of nano particle in a sample can be easily done by a straight forward technique, and then many other techniques can be used to determine the size distribution, quantity of nano-particle or surface area of particle.
2. Literature review Many authors worked on nano lubricant in recent years which have been discussed in the literature review. Asrul et al. [3] fabricated the modified CuO nanolubricant dispersed in liquid paraffin and perform various experiments to determine physical properties of modified nanolubricant. Four ball tribotester determines wear and friction characteristics and optical microscope measures wear scar diameter. At higher percentages of nanoparticles, better results were obtained. Pisal and Chavan [4] used copper oxide (CuO) and fabricated modified nano engine oil. Further researcher estimated the tribological properties of nano engine oil at various percentages of nano particles. The results prove that nano engine oil exhibits excellent reduction in coefficient of friction (that is by 53% and 24%) and anti-wear properties. Additionally, SEM techniques had been used to analyze the worn surface. Bhumika and Pathak [5] discussed the reduction in anti-wear properties of modified mineral oil dispersed with nano CuO particles. Various experiments were performed on Pin-on-disk apparatus and then surface morphology of pin was investigated under SEM technique. Result
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.206 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Computational and Experimental Methods in Mechanical Engineering.
Please cite this article as: N. D. Saxena and N. Chauhan, An overview on characterization of CuO based nano lubricant, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.206
2
N.D. Saxena, N. Chauhan / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
concluded that about 28% of reduction was found in Coefficient of friction and 70% reduction in anti wear properties compared with unadulterated mineral oil. Baskar and Sriram [6] investigated the tribological behavior of bearing material under different lube oil like pure Engine oil (SAE20W40), rapeseed oil which was chemically modified and rapeseed oil dispersed with CuO nanoparticle. Under given parameters the friction and wear test were carried out and concluded that nano rapeseed oil possess lower coefficient of friction as compared to other two oils. Whereas, the bearing material work under traditional engine oil and chemical modified rapeseed oil observed higher wear. The worn surfaces were examined by using SEM techniques. Long et al. [7] discussed the thermoeffect on tribological properties includes wear and friction of a modified nano lube oil consist of Cu nanoparticles. Various characteristics like elemental distribution, micro mechanical properties, surface and size morphologies, chemical states were determined by SEM technique, Nano indentation tester, EDS and XPS techniques. From various experimental studies, it is being concluded that at higher level of temperature shows excellent tribological properties of nano-lube oil. Wu et al. [8] examined the friction & wear properties on reciprocating sliding tribometer of API-SF engine oil and nano base engine oil. Nano base engine oil was fabricated by using TiO2, CuO and Nano-Diamond nano particles and traditional engine oil. From various experiment on nano base engine oil and API-SF engine oil it was concluded that CuO base nanolubricant exhibits excellent friction and anti wear properties. Numerically, the friction coefficient was reduced by 18.4% and 5.8%, whereas worn scar depth was reduced by 16.7% and 78.8% than traditional lube oils without nanoparticles. SEM, TEM, EDX and OM techniques were used to determine the COF and antiwear properties of nanolubricant. Paras et al. [9] investigated the friction and wear properties along with extreme pressure hold by the two modified lubricants: completely formulated Poly-alpha olefin 8 (PAO 8) and lube oil GL-4 (SAE 75W-85) with base lube oil dispersed with CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles. Optical microscopy, EDS, Optimal SRV 4 tester and SEM, Four ball tester techniques were used to evaluate the anti-wear tests, wear scar diameter and extreme pressure test. Various experiments concluded that for CuO nano fluid, Anti-wear reduces by 18% and 14% whereas wear scar diameter reduces by 2 wt% with respect to the percentage concentration of nanoparticle. Furthermore, load carrying capacity of both the modified synthetic oil was enhanced by 14% and 273%. However, no effective changes were shown after the inclusion of Al2O3 nanoparticles. Hardly, load carrying capacity was increased by 18% and 12% for both the modified synthetic lube oil. Patil et al. [10] fabricated the nanolubricant by using Cu, Copper oxide, titanium-di-oxide and ceria. Further Researcher did the deep comparison and critical investigation to determine the tribological properties of modified nano fluid at varying concentration of nanoparticle. An et al. [11] produced the Copper and Silver nanoparticle and then further studied the tribological properties of nanolubricant formed by the Copper and silver nano composites. Various tests on Cu-MoS2 and Ag-MoS2 composite were carried out and concluded that coefficient of friction of grease and thus enhance its resistance to wear.
Fig. 1. Primary methods for Nanoparticle synthesis.
nanoparticles were fabricated by physical, chemical and biological method. Some of the universally used methods are shown in Fig. 2. In Bottom up technique, nanoparticle is formed by processing the atom into nuclei whereas in top down technique, nano particle is formed from bulk material. Furthermore, synthesis of nano particle are depends on physical, chemical and biological techniques as shown in Fig. 2. 4. Characterization of nanoparticle The word ‘Characterization of nanoparticles’ means a depiction of the distinctive nature. The distinctive explanation depends on shape, size, size distribution (morphology) and surface charge. Many highly developed microscopic process like particle size, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta Potential, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are some of the physical methods used to characterize the nanolubricants. Whereas, electron microscopy techniques are used to determine shape, size or surface morphology of nanoparticles. Physical stability and the performance of the nanoparticle depend on the properties like particle diameter, size distribution, surface charge etc. Different characterization tools and methods for nano particles are mentioned in Fig. 3. Therefore, it is important to determine the morphology, particle size and surface charge during characterization of nanoparticles. 4.1. Particle size The term ‘Characterizations of nanoparticles’ basically get started from the evaluation of particle size distribution, and then further proceed with the calculation of morphology. The technique like electron microscopy is one of the best way to determine the morphology and at the same time average size of nanoparticles. It has been reported from many researcher that the size of nano particles has deep influence on the release or discharge of drug. Large surface area of nanoparticle results in to fast drug discharge. Laden drug when exposed to the nano particle. It has larger surface area causes major drug discharge whereas larger particles will go through the slow diffusion of drug release. As a result tiny particles have a tendency to amass and dispersion during storage as well as transportation of nanoparticle. For that reason, maximum stability of nanoparticle and size are mutually getting compromised [13]. 4.2. Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
3. Nanoparticle synthesis Researcher used two approaches for the synthesis for nano particle; firstly, bottom up approach and secondly, top down approach as shown in Fig. 1. In both the approaches, author formulates the nanoparticle at the molecular level and secondary at larger level directed to their assembly formed. Bottom up approach is comparatively complex than top down approach [12].Conventionally
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is also termed as Photoncorrelation Spectroscopy (PCS). Modern research requires the best and most accepted method for calculating the particle size of nanoparticle. Hence, the most accepted techniques like dynamic light scattering (DLS) is extensively used to find out the nano particles size in nano lubricant. It also measures the size distribution profile of particles undergone Brownian motion by using the
Please cite this article as: N. D. Saxena and N. Chauhan, An overview on characterization of CuO based nano lubricant, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.206
N.D. Saxena, N. Chauhan / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 2. Secondary methods for nanoparticle synthesis.
However the technique provides the some degree of information about the distribution of size and accurate population average. All through the procedure of characterization by SEM, the colloidal solution of nano particles can be transformed into a dry powder. Then this powder in dry state is located on a holder pursued by veneered by using a sputter coater with a conductive metal (e.g. gold). Then focused beam of electron is used to scan the whole sample. Secondary electrons emanate from the sample tells the surface characteristics of the given sample [6,7,16]. Results obtained by SEM technique can be easily compared with outcome achieved by dynamic light scattering technique. Above all, these techniques are costly and time consuming. Apart from this, these techniques are repeatedly requires the corresponding information about the size morphology [18,19]. 4.4. Transmission electron microscope Fig. 3. Various methods for nanoparticle characterization.
Stokes-Einstein relationship. spherical particles in a solution causes a doppler shift which further exposed to monochromatic light, which in turn changes the wavelength of light. Level of change in wavelength will precisely determine the particle size. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) or quasi elastic light scattering techniques offer the most repeatedly technique used for precise evaluation of the size of the particle its size distribution [14,15].
4.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) This powerful tool is used to determine the high resolution or magnification of imaging surfaces. This technique uses electron microscopy which is produced by a source which gives thermal emission, and hence precisely determines the surface, shape and size morphology. Therefore it offers numerous advantages in the area of surface morphological and analyzing the shape, size and amount of phases.
TEM is traditional techniques depends on transmitted electrons offers higher resolution or magnification. It provides the detailed information about the internal composition. This technique determines the various properties of the sample, such as crystallization of nanoparticle, size and shape morphology. It is also used for determining the dislocation of particle imaging, granule boundaries, minuscule precipitates and various other defects in solids. The image formed on fluorescent screens. But TEM can analyze a limited quantity of sample at a time. The working principle of TEM is entirely different from the principle of SEM; however it provides almost same type of data. Ultra thin sample need to prepare for TEM process, therefore it’s a complex and time consuming method. Only ultra thin sample can transmit electron beam and hence the high resolution of image will form [8,16]. 4.5. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [FTIR] This technique identifies the chemicals like polymeric, organic, and some cases of inorganic materials. It depends on the principle of infrared spectroscopy, where it measures the intensity of infra-
Please cite this article as: N. D. Saxena and N. Chauhan, An overview on characterization of CuO based nano lubricant, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.206
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Fig. 4. Microstructure of worn surface a) pure paraffin oil b) 2% of CuO + paraffin oil.
Fig. 5. SEM image of worn surface a) pure mineral oil b) 0.2% of CuO + mineral oil.
red radiation and frequency or wavelength of light and hence determines the bonding between the molecules of the material. It determines the nature of associated functional groups of organic materials, and at the same time it helps in structural analysis of nano-biological extracts. Particular technique, primarily Identifies and characterize the material, secondary determines the contamination in a particles, and thirdly it is used for determining the chemical composition of material [17]. 5. Results and conclusions Although there are various measurements techniques to characterize the nanoparticles, still it is not comprehensible that which measurement technique is closely related to give more accurate tribological results. CuO nanoparticle when added to paraffin oil enhances the properties of lubricant. The film formed by the CuO separates two mating surfaces which avoids the contacts between the two surfaces. Hence wear and friction between the surfaces reduces as shown in Fig. 4. From SEM images, many scuffing marks and plastic deformation has been noticed in Fig. 5(a) whereas in mineral oil with 0.2% CuO nanoparticle gives almost negligible scuffing marks as well as plastic deformation [20].
Various physical properties like viscosity, viscosity index and fire point are effectively modified after adding various nanoadditives. From many experimentation, it is observed that CuO nanoparticles when mixes well with engine oil, all above properties are lucratively modified. By using CuO nanoparticle in base engine oil, there is reduction in wear of the material hence the antiwear properties of engine oil get enhanced which can easily be identified by using SEM or TEM images. There is a significant reduction in both friction coefficient and wear rate for CuO nanolubricants when compared with the pure engine oil. Specific rolling mechanisms between the mating surfaces along with mending effect and formation of protective layer could be responsible for reducing both wear rate and friction coefficient. Health and Safety NanoAlert services, 2007 suggested the parameters like, mass, number and surface area measurements of a nano particle which helps in assessing the adverse potential effects. The precision of the characterization technique can be compared by the results obtained from same sample but different techniques. 1. Enhances the friction reducing properties of lube oil after adding of CuO nanoparticles.
Please cite this article as: N. D. Saxena and N. Chauhan, An overview on characterization of CuO based nano lubricant, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.206
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2. Presence of surfactant helps in fabricating the stable nano lubricant. 3. CuO based nano lubricants posses’ excellent tribological properties and enhances the load carrying capacity. It also reduces the anti-wear and friction property as compared to base lube oil. Nanoparticles get deposited between the mating surfaces and form the protective film, thus reduce the surface to surface contact. Therefore there is significant reduction in wear and friction and hence a better tribological property was achieved [20]. In future, various studies ought to develop the green fluid, hybrid lube oil and chemically modified lube oil. According to the global scenario performance parameters need to be critically studied, as it affects the tribological properties of the modified lubricant. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References [1] M.A. Susan, M. Kauzlarich, K.L. Alexandra Navrotsky, Frank E Osterloh, Inorganic nanoparticles unique properties and novel applications, Mater, Matters, 2007, 2. [2] F.J. Heiligtag, Markus Niederberger, The fascinating world of nanoparticle research materials today, 2013, 16 7-8, 262-271. [3] M. Asrula. N.W.M. Zulkiflia, H.H. Masjukia, M.A. Kalama, Tribological properties and lubricant mechanism of Nanoparticle in Engine Oil Procedia Engineering, 2013, 68, 320–325. [4] Ajinkya S. Pisal, S. Chavan, Experimental Investigation of Tribological Properties of Engine oil with CuO nanoparticles, ISSN, 2014, 3 2, 2319–3182. [5] S. Bhaumik, S.D. Pathak, Analysis of anti-wear properties of CuO nanoparticles as friction modifiers in mineral oil (460cSt Viscosity) using pin-on-disk tribometer, Tribol. Indust. 37 (2) (2015) 196–203.
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[6] S. Baskar, G. Sriram, Tribological behavior of journal bearing material under different lubricants, Tribol. Indust. 36 2 (2014) 127–133. [7] He-long Yu, Yi Xu, Pei-jing Shi, Bin-shi Xu, Xiao-li Wang, Qian Liu, Tribological properties and lubricating mechanisms of Cu nanoparticles in lubricant Trans nonferrous met, Soc. China 18 (2007) 636–641. [8] Y.Y. Wu, W.C. Tsui, T.C. Liu, Experimental analysis of tribological properties of lubricating oils with nanoparticle additives Wear, 2007, 262, 819–825 [9] Laura Peña-Parás, Jaime Taha-Tijerina, Lorena Garza, Maldonado-Cortés, Remigiusz Michalczewski, Carolina Lapray, Effect of CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticle additives on the tribological behavior of fully formulated oils, Wear 332–333 (2015) 1256–1261. [10] Sangram J. Patil, D.P. Patil, A.P. Shrotri, V.P. Patil, A review on effect of addition of nano particles on tribological properties of lubricants, Int. J. Mechan. Eng. Technol. (IJMET) ISSN (2014), 0976–6340 5-11 (120-129). [11] V. An, E. Anisimov, V. Druzyanova, N. Burtsev, I. Shulepov, M. Khaskelberg, Study of Tribological Behavior of Cu–MoS2 and Ag–MoS2 Nanocomposite LUBRICANTS, Springer plus, 2016, doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-1702-y. [12] Prathna T C, Lazar Mathew N, Chandrasekaran Ashok, M Raichur and Amitava Mukherjee, Iomimetic synthesis of nanoparticles: science, technology & applicability learning from nature. Published by In Tech Open, 2010. [13] Y. Sun, M. Mezian, P. Pathak, L. Qu, Polymeric nanoparticle from rapid expansion of super critical fluid solution, 2005, 11, 1366–1373. [14] D.N. De Assis, M.S. Andare, V.C. Mosqueira, V.N. Cardoso, J.M. Vilela, Release profile and morphological characterization of atomic force microscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy of 99m technetium – fluconazole nanocapsules, Int. J. Pharmaceut. 349 (2007) 152–160. [15] W. Mehnert, K. Jores, C. Johan, M. Drecusler, Investigation o the stricter of solid lipid nanoparticles and oil loaded solid nanoparticles by photon correlation spectroscopy, J. Control Rel. 17 (2004) 217–227. [16] J. Molpeceres, M. Guzman, M.R. Aberturas, Biodegradable nanoparticles as a delivery system for cyclosporine: preparation and characterization, J. Microencapsul. 17 (2000) 599–614. [17] Boris Y Shekunov Pratibhash Chattopadhyay, Henry H Y Tong and Albert Chow, Particle Size Analysis in Pharmaceutics: Principles, Methods and Applications, 2007, DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9146-7. [18] A. Hernández Battez Rubén González Rodríguez J. L. Viesca J. A. Riba, CuO, ZrO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles as Antiwear Additive in Oil Lubricants Wear, 2008, DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2007.11.013. [19] Laura Pena-Paras, Jaime Taha-Tijerina, Lorena Garza, Demofilo MaldonadoCortes, Remigiusz Michalczewski, Carolina Lapray, Effect of CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticle additives on the tribological behavior of fully formulated oils, Wear 332–333 (2015) 1256–1261. [20] H. Harshwardhan, D.S. Patil Prof, A.T. Chavan Prof, Pise, Tribological properties of SiO2 nanoparticles added In SN-500 base oil, Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. (IJERT) 2 (2013).
Please cite this article as: N. D. Saxena and N. Chauhan, An overview on characterization of CuO based nano lubricant, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.206
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
An overview on characterization of CuO based nano lubricant Neha Deepak Saxena, NathiRam Chauhan Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmere Gate, New Delhi 110006, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 29 March 2019 Received in revised form 5 November 2019 Accepted 23 December 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Nanolubricant Morphology Synthesis approach Techniques of characterization Tribology
a b s t r a c t This paper provides an overview on ‘synthesis and characterization of nanolubricant’. Nowadays, nanolubricant is noticed as an emerging topic that has great potential to enhance the efficiency and durability of base fluid. Nano-size of the particle makes it a futuristic material when compared to ordinary scale material and hence shows a remarkable growth in the last three decades. The changes occur in tribological properties after addition of CuO nano-particle in base engine oil has been studied. It also includes distinctive explanation of nano particle depends on morphology and surface charge. The various characterization techniques and synthesis approach have been discussed. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Computational and Experimental Methods in Mechanical Engineering.
1. Introduction The term ‘Nano’ meant for the size of a particle of scale 10 9 m. Such small size makes it futuristic material compared to ordinary scale material. Nanoparticle shows novel properties because of their nanometer scale dimension [1]. Nanoparticles are already being widely, recently researcher works on solar cells and the efficiency of solar cells had been greatly enhanced by using silicon nanoparticle by adapting the energy from ultraviolet rays. Similarly, Aluminium nanoparticle had been used as a rocket fuel which makes fast burning of fuel and hence release vast energy. Many other growing applications of nanoparticles are: avoid rust in metals, fabrication of stronger batteries, diagnosis of cancer, and get better filtered water. Researcher found nano particle as a fascinating particle, offers uncountable surprising unexpected results and discoveries. Nanoparticle shows great potential because of its unprecedented behaviour which further used for innovative technological applications. Researcher proved that CuO nanoparticles in lubricant show significant reduction in wear and friction, hence can replace the traditional lubricant of the market. But sometimes researcher has to take more care for analyzing as well as develop stable nano particle as it posses’ high surface energy. Therefore more sensitive characterization tools and new techniques, models and theories are being developed [2]. There are different techniques for detecting, measuring and characterizing nanoparticles. None of the method can be termed
as a best method as it depends on the stability of the sample along with cost involve and time constraint. Initially, the detection of nano particle in a sample can be easily done by a straight forward technique, and then many other techniques can be used to determine the size distribution, quantity of nano-particle or surface area of particle.
2. Literature review Many authors worked on nano lubricant in recent years which have been discussed in the literature review. Asrul et al. [3] fabricated the modified CuO nanolubricant dispersed in liquid paraffin and perform various experiments to determine physical properties of modified nanolubricant. Four ball tribotester determines wear and friction characteristics and optical microscope measures wear scar diameter. At higher percentages of nanoparticles, better results were obtained. Pisal and Chavan [4] used copper oxide (CuO) and fabricated modified nano engine oil. Further researcher estimated the tribological properties of nano engine oil at various percentages of nano particles. The results prove that nano engine oil exhibits excellent reduction in coefficient of friction (that is by 53% and 24%) and anti-wear properties. Additionally, SEM techniques had been used to analyze the worn surface. Bhumika and Pathak [5] discussed the reduction in anti-wear properties of modified mineral oil dispersed with nano CuO particles. Various experiments were performed on Pin-on-disk apparatus and then surface morphology of pin was investigated under SEM technique. Result
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.206 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Computational and Experimental Methods in Mechanical Engineering.
Please cite this article as: N. D. Saxena and N. Chauhan, An overview on characterization of CuO based nano lubricant, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.206
2
N.D. Saxena, N. Chauhan / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
concluded that about 28% of reduction was found in Coefficient of friction and 70% reduction in anti wear properties compared with unadulterated mineral oil. Baskar and Sriram [6] investigated the tribological behavior of bearing material under different lube oil like pure Engine oil (SAE20W40), rapeseed oil which was chemically modified and rapeseed oil dispersed with CuO nanoparticle. Under given parameters the friction and wear test were carried out and concluded that nano rapeseed oil possess lower coefficient of friction as compared to other two oils. Whereas, the bearing material work under traditional engine oil and chemical modified rapeseed oil observed higher wear. The worn surfaces were examined by using SEM techniques. Long et al. [7] discussed the thermoeffect on tribological properties includes wear and friction of a modified nano lube oil consist of Cu nanoparticles. Various characteristics like elemental distribution, micro mechanical properties, surface and size morphologies, chemical states were determined by SEM technique, Nano indentation tester, EDS and XPS techniques. From various experimental studies, it is being concluded that at higher level of temperature shows excellent tribological properties of nano-lube oil. Wu et al. [8] examined the friction & wear properties on reciprocating sliding tribometer of API-SF engine oil and nano base engine oil. Nano base engine oil was fabricated by using TiO2, CuO and Nano-Diamond nano particles and traditional engine oil. From various experiment on nano base engine oil and API-SF engine oil it was concluded that CuO base nanolubricant exhibits excellent friction and anti wear properties. Numerically, the friction coefficient was reduced by 18.4% and 5.8%, whereas worn scar depth was reduced by 16.7% and 78.8% than traditional lube oils without nanoparticles. SEM, TEM, EDX and OM techniques were used to determine the COF and antiwear properties of nanolubricant. Paras et al. [9] investigated the friction and wear properties along with extreme pressure hold by the two modified lubricants: completely formulated Poly-alpha olefin 8 (PAO 8) and lube oil GL-4 (SAE 75W-85) with base lube oil dispersed with CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles. Optical microscopy, EDS, Optimal SRV 4 tester and SEM, Four ball tester techniques were used to evaluate the anti-wear tests, wear scar diameter and extreme pressure test. Various experiments concluded that for CuO nano fluid, Anti-wear reduces by 18% and 14% whereas wear scar diameter reduces by 2 wt% with respect to the percentage concentration of nanoparticle. Furthermore, load carrying capacity of both the modified synthetic oil was enhanced by 14% and 273%. However, no effective changes were shown after the inclusion of Al2O3 nanoparticles. Hardly, load carrying capacity was increased by 18% and 12% for both the modified synthetic lube oil. Patil et al. [10] fabricated the nanolubricant by using Cu, Copper oxide, titanium-di-oxide and ceria. Further Researcher did the deep comparison and critical investigation to determine the tribological properties of modified nano fluid at varying concentration of nanoparticle. An et al. [11] produced the Copper and Silver nanoparticle and then further studied the tribological properties of nanolubricant formed by the Copper and silver nano composites. Various tests on Cu-MoS2 and Ag-MoS2 composite were carried out and concluded that coefficient of friction of grease and thus enhance its resistance to wear.
Fig. 1. Primary methods for Nanoparticle synthesis.
nanoparticles were fabricated by physical, chemical and biological method. Some of the universally used methods are shown in Fig. 2. In Bottom up technique, nanoparticle is formed by processing the atom into nuclei whereas in top down technique, nano particle is formed from bulk material. Furthermore, synthesis of nano particle are depends on physical, chemical and biological techniques as shown in Fig. 2. 4. Characterization of nanoparticle The word ‘Characterization of nanoparticles’ means a depiction of the distinctive nature. The distinctive explanation depends on shape, size, size distribution (morphology) and surface charge. Many highly developed microscopic process like particle size, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta Potential, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are some of the physical methods used to characterize the nanolubricants. Whereas, electron microscopy techniques are used to determine shape, size or surface morphology of nanoparticles. Physical stability and the performance of the nanoparticle depend on the properties like particle diameter, size distribution, surface charge etc. Different characterization tools and methods for nano particles are mentioned in Fig. 3. Therefore, it is important to determine the morphology, particle size and surface charge during characterization of nanoparticles. 4.1. Particle size The term ‘Characterizations of nanoparticles’ basically get started from the evaluation of particle size distribution, and then further proceed with the calculation of morphology. The technique like electron microscopy is one of the best way to determine the morphology and at the same time average size of nanoparticles. It has been reported from many researcher that the size of nano particles has deep influence on the release or discharge of drug. Large surface area of nanoparticle results in to fast drug discharge. Laden drug when exposed to the nano particle. It has larger surface area causes major drug discharge whereas larger particles will go through the slow diffusion of drug release. As a result tiny particles have a tendency to amass and dispersion during storage as well as transportation of nanoparticle. For that reason, maximum stability of nanoparticle and size are mutually getting compromised [13]. 4.2. Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
3. Nanoparticle synthesis Researcher used two approaches for the synthesis for nano particle; firstly, bottom up approach and secondly, top down approach as shown in Fig. 1. In both the approaches, author formulates the nanoparticle at the molecular level and secondary at larger level directed to their assembly formed. Bottom up approach is comparatively complex than top down approach [12].Conventionally
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is also termed as Photoncorrelation Spectroscopy (PCS). Modern research requires the best and most accepted method for calculating the particle size of nanoparticle. Hence, the most accepted techniques like dynamic light scattering (DLS) is extensively used to find out the nano particles size in nano lubricant. It also measures the size distribution profile of particles undergone Brownian motion by using the
Please cite this article as: N. D. Saxena and N. Chauhan, An overview on characterization of CuO based nano lubricant, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.206
N.D. Saxena, N. Chauhan / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 2. Secondary methods for nanoparticle synthesis.
However the technique provides the some degree of information about the distribution of size and accurate population average. All through the procedure of characterization by SEM, the colloidal solution of nano particles can be transformed into a dry powder. Then this powder in dry state is located on a holder pursued by veneered by using a sputter coater with a conductive metal (e.g. gold). Then focused beam of electron is used to scan the whole sample. Secondary electrons emanate from the sample tells the surface characteristics of the given sample [6,7,16]. Results obtained by SEM technique can be easily compared with outcome achieved by dynamic light scattering technique. Above all, these techniques are costly and time consuming. Apart from this, these techniques are repeatedly requires the corresponding information about the size morphology [18,19]. 4.4. Transmission electron microscope Fig. 3. Various methods for nanoparticle characterization.
Stokes-Einstein relationship. spherical particles in a solution causes a doppler shift which further exposed to monochromatic light, which in turn changes the wavelength of light. Level of change in wavelength will precisely determine the particle size. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) or quasi elastic light scattering techniques offer the most repeatedly technique used for precise evaluation of the size of the particle its size distribution [14,15].
4.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) This powerful tool is used to determine the high resolution or magnification of imaging surfaces. This technique uses electron microscopy which is produced by a source which gives thermal emission, and hence precisely determines the surface, shape and size morphology. Therefore it offers numerous advantages in the area of surface morphological and analyzing the shape, size and amount of phases.
TEM is traditional techniques depends on transmitted electrons offers higher resolution or magnification. It provides the detailed information about the internal composition. This technique determines the various properties of the sample, such as crystallization of nanoparticle, size and shape morphology. It is also used for determining the dislocation of particle imaging, granule boundaries, minuscule precipitates and various other defects in solids. The image formed on fluorescent screens. But TEM can analyze a limited quantity of sample at a time. The working principle of TEM is entirely different from the principle of SEM; however it provides almost same type of data. Ultra thin sample need to prepare for TEM process, therefore it’s a complex and time consuming method. Only ultra thin sample can transmit electron beam and hence the high resolution of image will form [8,16]. 4.5. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [FTIR] This technique identifies the chemicals like polymeric, organic, and some cases of inorganic materials. It depends on the principle of infrared spectroscopy, where it measures the intensity of infra-
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Fig. 4. Microstructure of worn surface a) pure paraffin oil b) 2% of CuO + paraffin oil.
Fig. 5. SEM image of worn surface a) pure mineral oil b) 0.2% of CuO + mineral oil.
red radiation and frequency or wavelength of light and hence determines the bonding between the molecules of the material. It determines the nature of associated functional groups of organic materials, and at the same time it helps in structural analysis of nano-biological extracts. Particular technique, primarily Identifies and characterize the material, secondary determines the contamination in a particles, and thirdly it is used for determining the chemical composition of material [17]. 5. Results and conclusions Although there are various measurements techniques to characterize the nanoparticles, still it is not comprehensible that which measurement technique is closely related to give more accurate tribological results. CuO nanoparticle when added to paraffin oil enhances the properties of lubricant. The film formed by the CuO separates two mating surfaces which avoids the contacts between the two surfaces. Hence wear and friction between the surfaces reduces as shown in Fig. 4. From SEM images, many scuffing marks and plastic deformation has been noticed in Fig. 5(a) whereas in mineral oil with 0.2% CuO nanoparticle gives almost negligible scuffing marks as well as plastic deformation [20].
Various physical properties like viscosity, viscosity index and fire point are effectively modified after adding various nanoadditives. From many experimentation, it is observed that CuO nanoparticles when mixes well with engine oil, all above properties are lucratively modified. By using CuO nanoparticle in base engine oil, there is reduction in wear of the material hence the antiwear properties of engine oil get enhanced which can easily be identified by using SEM or TEM images. There is a significant reduction in both friction coefficient and wear rate for CuO nanolubricants when compared with the pure engine oil. Specific rolling mechanisms between the mating surfaces along with mending effect and formation of protective layer could be responsible for reducing both wear rate and friction coefficient. Health and Safety NanoAlert services, 2007 suggested the parameters like, mass, number and surface area measurements of a nano particle which helps in assessing the adverse potential effects. The precision of the characterization technique can be compared by the results obtained from same sample but different techniques. 1. Enhances the friction reducing properties of lube oil after adding of CuO nanoparticles.
Please cite this article as: N. D. Saxena and N. Chauhan, An overview on characterization of CuO based nano lubricant, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.206
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2. Presence of surfactant helps in fabricating the stable nano lubricant. 3. CuO based nano lubricants posses’ excellent tribological properties and enhances the load carrying capacity. It also reduces the anti-wear and friction property as compared to base lube oil. Nanoparticles get deposited between the mating surfaces and form the protective film, thus reduce the surface to surface contact. Therefore there is significant reduction in wear and friction and hence a better tribological property was achieved [20]. In future, various studies ought to develop the green fluid, hybrid lube oil and chemically modified lube oil. According to the global scenario performance parameters need to be critically studied, as it affects the tribological properties of the modified lubricant. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References [1] M.A. Susan, M. Kauzlarich, K.L. Alexandra Navrotsky, Frank E Osterloh, Inorganic nanoparticles unique properties and novel applications, Mater, Matters, 2007, 2. [2] F.J. Heiligtag, Markus Niederberger, The fascinating world of nanoparticle research materials today, 2013, 16 7-8, 262-271. [3] M. Asrula. N.W.M. Zulkiflia, H.H. Masjukia, M.A. Kalama, Tribological properties and lubricant mechanism of Nanoparticle in Engine Oil Procedia Engineering, 2013, 68, 320–325. [4] Ajinkya S. Pisal, S. Chavan, Experimental Investigation of Tribological Properties of Engine oil with CuO nanoparticles, ISSN, 2014, 3 2, 2319–3182. [5] S. Bhaumik, S.D. Pathak, Analysis of anti-wear properties of CuO nanoparticles as friction modifiers in mineral oil (460cSt Viscosity) using pin-on-disk tribometer, Tribol. Indust. 37 (2) (2015) 196–203.
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Please cite this article as: N. D. Saxena and N. Chauhan, An overview on characterization of CuO based nano lubricant, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.206