Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science 76 (2015) 316 – 322
,(((,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ5RERWLFVDQG,QWHOOLJHQW6HQVRUV,5,6
$QDO\VLVRI(0*6LJQDOVGXULQJ:DONLQJRI+HDOWK\&KLOGUHQ 010RKG1RU1XU.KDOLGDK=DNDULD5-DLODQL 107DKLU Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Selangor, MALAYSIA
$EVWUDFW
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
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRIWKH,(((,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ5RERWLFVDQG,QWHOOLJHQW Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent 6HQVRUV,5,6 Sensors (IRIS 2015) Keywords:(OHFWURP\RJUDSK\(0* VLJQDOVZDONLQJSDWWHUQJHQGHU
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
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO (PDLOQDWDOLDPDV#JPDLOFRP
1877-0509 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors (IRIS 2015) doi:10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.299
M.N. Mohd Nor et al. / Procedia Computer Science 76 (2015) 316 – 322
317
IXQFWLRQV'XULQJZDONLQJWKHPHFKDQLFDOHQHUJ\ZDVWUDQVIHUUHGIURPOHJWRWUXQNDVVXSSRUWSURYLGHUEXWFRQWUDU\ LWGHOLYHUHQHUJ\WROHJDQGWUXQNZKLOHUXQQLQJ3UHYLRXVO\WKHUHDUHILQGLQJVKRZHGWKDWKXPDQZDONLQJVSHHG ZLOO FKDQJH WKH PXVFOH¶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ata Collection ,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ DQG WKH DQDO\VLV WHFKQLTXHV ZLOO EH H[SODLQHG LQ GHWDLOV 7KH GDWD KDV EHHQ REWDLQHG IURP KHDOWK\FKLOGUHQ ER\V DQG JLUOV DJH UDQJHV EHWZHHQ WR \HDUV ROG $OO VXEMHFWV KDG QR KLVWRU\ RI RUWKRSHGLF VXUJHU\7KH H[SHULPHQWV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG XVLQJ 7ULJQR :LUHOHVV 6\VWHPV DQG 6PDUW 6HQVRUV7KH 7ULJQR :LUHOHVV (0* 6\VWHP LV D KLJKSHUIRUPLQJ GHYLFH GHVLJQHG WR PDNH (0* VLJQDO GHWHFWLRQ UHOLDEOH DQG HDV\ (DFK (0* VHQVRU KDV D EXLOWLQ WULD[LDO DFFHOHURPHWHU D WUDQVPLVVLRQ UDQJH RI P DQG D UHFKDUJHDEOH EDWWHU\ ODVWLQJ D PLQLPXP RI KRXUV 7KH V\VWHP LV FDSDEOH RI VWUHDPLQJ GDWD WR (0*ZRUNV $FTXLVLWLRQDQG$QDO\VLVVRIWZDUHIRUJHQHUDWLQJ(0*VHQVRUVPP[PP[PP DQGDFFHOHURPHWHU DQDORJ FKDQQHOV IRU LQWHJUDWLRQ ZLWK PRWLRQ FDSWXUH DQG RWKHU UG SDUW\ GDWD DFTXLVLWLRQ V\VWHPV )XOO WULJJHULQJ IHDWXUHVIXUWKHUH[SDQGWKHSRVVLELOLW\IRULQWHJUDWLRQZLWKDGGLWLRQDOPHDVXUHPHQWWHFKQRORJLHV7KHVHQVRUVXVHG ZHUHFDSDEOHWRUHDFWLQVWDQWDQHRXVO\WRGLVWXUEDQFHVGHWHFWHGRQWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHVNLQ7KH6(0*ZDVSODFHGWR WKH%LFHSV)HPRULVDQG5HFWXV)HPRULVPXVFOHV7DSHVZHUHXVHG WRSUHYHQWWKHHOHFWURGHVIURPEHLQJGLVSODFHG IURP WKHLU IL[HG ORFDWLRQ GXULQJ H[SHULPHQW 7KH 6(1,$0 JXLGHOLQHV ZHUH IROORZHG IRU 6(0* HOHFWURGHV SODFHPHQW DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ EHORZ )RU %) DQG 5) PXVFOHV WKH HOHFWURGH GLVWDQFH LV QRW H[FHHGLQJ ó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
318
M.N. Mohd Nor et al. / Procedia Computer Science 76 (2015) 316 – 322
)LJ(OHFWURGHSODFHPHQWRQVXEMHFWGXULQJH[SHULPHQW
2.2 Data Analysis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
)LJ3KDVHRI*DLW&\FOH
5HVXOWDQG'LVFXVVLRQ 7KLVVHFWLRQZLOOGLVFXVVHVLQGHWDLOUHVXOWVREWDLQHGIURPWKLVVWXG\7DEOHEHORZVKRZVWKHGHPRJUDSKLFGDWD RIKHDOWK\ FKLOGUHQ%RWK JHQGHUV KDYH DOPRVW VLPLODU PHDQ RI DJH ZKLFK LV \HDUV IRU ER\V DQG \HDUV IRU JLUOVZKLFKWKHPLQLPXPDQGPD[LPXPDJHRIFKLOGUHQLQYROYHGLQWKLVVWXG\LVDQG\HDUVROGUHVSHFWLYHO\,Q WKLV VWXG\ ER\V KDYH JUHDWHU PHDQ RI KHLJKW DQG ZHLJKW FRPSDUHG WR JLUOV ZKLFK DUH FP DQG NJ UHVSHFWLYHO\7KH KHLJKW RI ER\V LQYROYHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ LV YDULHV EHWZHHQ FP WR FP WKXV WKH 6WDQGDUG
319
M.N. Mohd Nor et al. / Procedia Computer Science 76 (2015) 316 – 322
'HYLDWLRQ6' IRUER\VKHLJKWVLVKLJK LQGLFDWHWKDWWKHUDQJHVRIGDWDIRUER\VKHLJKWDUHELJJHU7KH6'RI JLUOVZHLJKWLVRQO\VKRZVWKDWDOOJLUOVLQYROYHGLQWKLVVWXG\KDYHDOPRVWVLPLODUZHLJKW 7DEOH'HPRJUDSKLFGDWDRIKHDOWK\FKLOGUHQ
$JH\HDUV
0HDQ
+HLJKWFP
6'
0HDQ
6'
:HLJKWNJ 0HDQ
6'
%R\V
*LUOV
)LUVWO\WKHGDWDGLVWULEXWLRQREWDLQHGIURPWKLVVWXG\ZLOOEHFKHFNHGXVLQJQRUPDOLW\WHVW8SRQH[DPLQHGWKH GDWDQRUPDOLW\VXEMHFWVER\VDQGJLUOV RXWRIVXEMHFWVZHUHLQYROYHGLQWKLVWHVW$QRWKHUVXEMHFWVZHUH RPLWWHG IURP DQDO\VLV EHFDXVH WKDW GDWD IDOO RXWVLGH RI WKH UDQJHV H[WUHPH YDOXHV DQG WKLV LV UHSUHVHQW DV WKH RXWOLHUVRIWKHGDWD)URPWKHQRUPDOLW\WHVWWKHPHDQRI%)DQG5)PXVFOHVEHWZHHQER\VDQGJLUOVZHUHQRUPDOO\ GLVWULEXWHG%DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVIURPWKHLQGHSHQGHQWWWHVWLWLVVKRZQWKDWWKHUHLVQRVLJQLILFDQWRI(0*VLJQDOV RFFXUVLQFRQWULEXWLQJWKHGLIIHUHQFHRIJHQGHUVIRUPHDQPD[LPXPDQGPLQLPXPRI(0*VLJQDOVLQ%)DQG5) PXVFOHVEHFDXVHDOOWKHpYDOXHVDUHJUHDWHUWKDQp! 7KLVUHVXOWDOVRFRQILUPHGE\RWKHUUHVHDUFKHUWKDW WKHUHLVQRVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHLQERWK%)DQG5)PXVFOHVEHWZHHQJHQGHUV7DEOHVKRZVWKHPHDQPD[LPXP PLQLPXPDQGLQGHSHQGHQWWWHVWRI(0*VLJQDOVIURP%)DQG5)PXVFOHVEHWZHHQER\VDQGJLUOV 7DEOH0HDQPD[LPXPPLQLPXPDQG,QGHSHQGHQWWWHVWRI(0*IRU%)DQG5)0XVFOHV
0HDQNj9
0D[Nj9
%)
5)
%)
5)
0DOH
)HPDOH WWHVW
0LQNj9 %)
5)
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
320
M.N. Mohd Nor et al. / Procedia Computer Science 76 (2015) 316 – 322
D %LFHSV)HPRULV
E 5HFWXV)HPRULV )LJ0HDQDPSOLWXGHRI(0*VLJQDOVIURP%)DQG5)PXVFOHVIRURQHJDLWF\FOH
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
321
M.N. Mohd Nor et al. / Procedia Computer Science 76 (2015) 316 – 322 7DEOH,QGHSHQGHQW6DPSOHWWHVWGXULQJRQHJDLWF\FOH
%LFHSV
)HPRULV 5HFWXV )HPRULV
)LJEHORZVKRZVWKHER[SORWRIELFHSVIHPRULVDQGUHFWXVIHPRULVPXVFOHVLQER\VDQGJLUOVDWDQG RI RQH JDLW F\FOH7KH UDQJHV IURP WKH ER[SORW FRQVLGHUHG DW WKH PLGVWDQFH SKDVH SUHVZLQJ DQG PLGVZLQJ SKDVH7KHUHDUHVHHQWKDWDZLGHUDQJHVRIWKHPHDQRI(0*VLJQDOVIRUWKH%)PXVFOHLQER\VDQGJLUOVDUHDW DQG RI WKH JDLW F\FOH :KLOH LQ 5) PXVFOH LW IRXQG WKH PHDQ RI (0* VLJQDOV IRU ERWK JHQGHUV DUH DOPRVW VLPLODUDWDQGRIWKHJDLWF\FOH7KHVH(0*VLJQDOVGLIIHUHQFHVFDQFDXVHGE\QRQQHXURORJLFDOLQ RULJLQVXFKDVHOHFWURGHSODFHPHQWRUVXEMHFWVFDGHQFH
)LJ%R[SORWRI%)DQG5)PXVFOHVEHWZHHQ*HQGHUV
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n acknowledgement is accorded to the Ministry of Education, Malaysia for the funds received through the Niche Research Grant Scheme (NRGS), Project file: 600-RMI/NRGS 5/3 (9/2013) and to the Human Motion Gait Analysis Lab IRMI Premier LaboratoryUniversitiTeknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia.
322
M.N. Mohd Nor et al. / Procedia Computer Science 76 (2015) 316 – 322
5HIHUHQFHV >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@
>@ >@ >@
.XQMX1.XPDU13DQNDM''KDZDQ$DQG.XPDU$(0*6LJQDO$QDO\VLVIRU,GHQWLI\LQJ:DONLQJ3DWWHUQVRI1RUPDO+HDOWK\ ,QGLYLGXDOVQR0DUFKSS± $QGHUV & :DJQHU + 3XWD & *UDVVPH 5 3HWURYLWFK $ DQG 6FKROOH +& 7UXQN PXVFOH DFWLYDWLRQ SDWWHUQV GXULQJ ZDONLQJ DW GLIIHUHQWVSHHGVJ. Electromyogr. Kinesiol.$SUYROQRSS± 6DVDNL.DQG1HSWXQH55'LIIHUHQFHVLQPXVFOHIXQFWLRQGXULQJZDONLQJDQGUXQQLQJDWWKHVDPHVSHHGJ. Biomech.-DQYRO QRSS± 'HQ2WWHU$5*HXUWV$&+0XOGHU7DQG'X\VHQV-6SHHGUHODWHGFKDQJHVLQPXVFOHDFWLYLW\IURPQRUPDOWRYHU\VORZZDONLQJ VSHHGVGait Posture-XOYROQRSS± =DMDF)(8QGHUVWDQGLQJPXVFOHFRRUGLQDWLRQRIWKHKXPDQOHJZLWKG\QDPLFDOVLPXODWLRQVJ. Biomech.$XJYROQRSS ± %XXUNH - + +HUPHQV + - (UUHQ:ROWHUV & 9 DQG 1HQH $ 9 7KH HIIHFW RI ZDONLQJ DLGV RQ PXVFOH DFWLYDWLRQ SDWWHUQV GXULQJ ZDONLQJLQVWURNHSDWLHQWVGait Posture2FWYROQRSS± 6XQ4=KRX=-LDQJ-DQG+X'*DLWFDGHQFHGHWHFWLRQEDVHGRQVXUIDFHHOHFWURP\RJUDSK\V(0* RIORZHUOLPEPXVFOHV2014 Int. Conf. Multisens. Fusion Inf. Integr. Intell. Syst.6HSSS± 5LFDPDWR$/DQG+LGOHU-04XDQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHG\QDPLFSURSHUWLHVRI(0*SDWWHUQVGXULQJJDLWJ. Electromyogr. Kinesiol.YRO $XJQRSS± 6WHIDQR $ 'H %XUULGJH - +