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Analysis of Large-scale Maps Symbols
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 111 (2015) 450 – 453
XXIV R-S-P seminar, Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering (24RSP) (TFoCE 2015)
Analysis of large-scale maps symbols Vladimír Koťka*, Jakub Chromčák Department of Geodesy, Fakulty of Civil Engineering, Univerzity of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
Abstract Our contribution to paper deals with the necessity of actualization of STN 01 3411 that has been valid since 1989. This norm relates to measuring of items and their indication in large-scale maps as well as the construction of drawing with map characters. Current technologies´ requirements of measuring and indication of objects in large-scale maps caused the generation of new map symbols so that requirements of different departments were satisfied. Each department has created its own map symbols; therefore, there are many map symbols with the same meaning in the large-scale maps. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the XXIV R-S-P seminar, Theoretical Foundation of Civil (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). responsibility of organizing committee of the XXIV R-S-P seminar, Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering (24RSP) Peer-review under Engineering (24RSP) Keywords: Geodesy and cartography; Map symbols; Large-scale maps; GIS; Objects´ catalogue.
1. Introduction Projection of the observed objects and their displaying in large-scale basic maps, large-scale thematic maps and drawing of buildings with the map characters drawing maintained norm STN 01 3410- Large-scale maps, Basic and thematic maps and STN 01 3411- Large-scale maps, Drawing and signs. These two norms have been effective since 1990 as Czechoslovak national norms (ČSN) valid in former Czechoslovakia. Previous norms are used in following kinds of maps: x Basic map of Slovak Republic x Map of town utilities (TMM) x Basic plant map (ZMZ) x Uniform railway map (JŽM)
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +421 41 5135569; fax: +421 41 513 5510. E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the XXIV R-S-P seminar, Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering (24RSP)
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.115
Vladimír Koťka and Jakub Chromčák / Procedia Engineering 111 (2015) 450 – 453
451
x x x x
Basic highway map (ZMD) Basic forest map Basic map of an airport Map of service boards (connection, water and gas main, sewerage, low and high voltage cables, telephone ducts ) Apart from these kinds of maps, these norms apply to create of all thematic large-scale maps from scale 1:200 to 1:5000 within mine plans. Each kind of map contents are different, but in all cases there are used the map symbols from norm STN 01 3411 Large-scale maps, drawings and signs. Impact of social changes and technical development resulted in the inevitability to explore and display such objects of surveying, which aren´t present in original maps. Possibilities of current technologies allow developing of basic large-scale maps in digital form and its subsequent use in geoinformation technologies. Therefore it is necessary to revise and supply map symbols. 2. Current status Slovak technical norm consists of three separate parts. The first part in text form named „Drawing and signs“clarifies the use of possibilities of each map sign, that are listed in the second part named „Map signs“. The last part „Annexes“focuses on examples of building drawings, sorts of labelling and acronyms possible to utilise in large-scale maps. More than 300 map signs are in STN divided into 11 categories (lines, points of minor controls and other points, borders, type of lands and their use, building structures, transport networks and equipment, pipelines, electric lines and its equipment, mining equipment, building probing, waters, water constructions and equipment, altimetry, lettering data). Each map sign has its own size, character and line thickness defined. In individual categories, the signs are identified by a code, which allows their next automatic drawing with following characters: x Line thickness x Sign orientation and position relative to the planimetric component of a map or a line object, x Iterance of a map sign on linear building in a defined interval, x Sign designation in sketch. There occur cases, when the size of an object displayed in map disables positioning of a map sign with predefined size. Norm permits reduction of reference map sign up to 2/3 of the original size. 3. Large-scale map signs analysis Analysis of the large-scale map signs consists of comparison the actual valid map signs from STN 01 3411 with map signs defined in single technical prescriptions of each resort, made for creation of basic large-scale or thematic map. Signs in all these maps were mutually compared. In technical prescriptions and norm there have been found differences between map signs mostly in shapes and dimension of map signs, their properties and designing of signs, that norm STN 01 3411 absents. The first, very substantial problem was to adjust sign symbols for digital drawing technologies. All technical prescriptions defined map sings as parts of library yet and their position in layers of concrete graphical systems. In some cases, the effort was to upgrade information quality of signs throw attributes with different content and format. Detected differences between each technical prescription can be divided into: x Effort to detailed imagination of objects (coniferous tree, deciduous tree etc.), x Completion of objects in displayed items without signs (communication, pavement, patio etc.), x Necessity for display special items (protecting bar, playground, parking space etc.), x Separation of objects with the same map mark (church, chapel, calvary etc.) , x New objects, which don’t have map signs (mosque, billboard etc.), x Resolution of minor or identical map signs with same meaning. More than 60 new map signs were designed excluding map signs, that can´t be considered as a part of a planning documentation. As we expected, the most of new signs have been established in category considering transport, water supply and in energetic nets category. The most of these signs can be included in technical documentation. In cadastre of real estates, new map signs were created to add signs into large-scale map areas in which they already
452
Vladimír Koťka and Jakub Chromčák / Procedia Engineering 111 (2015) 450 – 453
have not been drawn (communications, arable land etc.). There have not been created new signs for mining equipment, building probing, waters, water constructions and equipment. Some of new signs were created due environmental or green to register. In registration of green we mean separation of sample trees and bushes, evidence of grassy vegetation in parks and green round roads or highways. In cadastre, there is a sign of other area, which is used only in cadastre maps. This sign is given to areas, which are excluded from agricultural soil resources. In other maps, this sign is replaced by real nature of land use. On the base of comparison of Fundamental base of geographic information system (ZBGIS) and from the reasons of objects harmonization with an existing map signs, we´ve created some new signs in building structures category. This was mainly related to editing of signs for displaying religion buildings (church, mosque, and calvary). Second idea was to reedit and add new signs for commercial information panels and many traffic and monitoring signs like prohibitory, cautionary of informatory traffic signs, monitoring cameras, meteorology wind bags etc. There are cases, when in one object displayed in large-scale map; there are many map signs, with specified number of object characteristics. In base maps, we can also find a deal of map lettering in or next to displayed object. This lettering expands information value about object. In some occasions, because of an inadequate size, lot of signs and lettering are wrongly ignored due definition of their priority. The map below shows how shoddily processed or supersaturated map can be and results in the loss of its information value.
Fig. 1. Selection from Basic highway map.
4. Conclusion Nowadays, a rapid increase of geoinformation technologies can be seen. The need for analogue large-scale maps was reduced; on the other hand, the interest in providing with additional object information grows. Items can enhance map quality and information value. The fundamental base of geographic information system (ZBGIS), is an example showing that geoinformation technologies replaced analogue medium-scale maps (1:10 000). Signs of large-scale basic maps were replaced by feature and attribute coding catalogue of ZBGIS (KTO ZBGIS). If in a map with scale 1:10 000 there is nearly 200 map signs separated into 7 categories, in KTO ZBGIS there is defined 76 object classes in 86 layers and 98 attribute domains. To these objects, it is possible to connect different departmental attributes trough sample relations. This way the information possibilities of user could be insured in an adequate level. Thematic large-scale maps are used as an entry reference data into geographic systems. As it can be seen in largescale map analysis, it´s necessary to update and complete norm STN 01 3411. One of the solutions is to update and refill yet used key map symbols with new signs. With updating and refilling the number of signs we attained to large-scale map to authors satisfaction. It´s obvious, that in a few years this updating won´t be sufficient. Next flaw
Vladimír Koťka and Jakub Chromčák / Procedia Engineering 111 (2015) 450 – 453
453
of this solution is the inability to read an overcrowded map because of signs number. Another solution is to revise and recast actual norm of map signs into large-scale map objects catalogue with sufficient number of attributes and dials that would be adapted to ZBGIS catalogue. An example of this solution can be catalogue of landscapeecological objects for integral landscape management that contains whole objects from ZBGIS and some needed objects. (Must match with norm DGI DIGEST, GDF a S-57). References [1] STN 01 3410 Large-scale maps, Basic and thematic maps. [2] STN 01 3411 Large-scale maps, Drawing and signs. [3] TP 07/ Basic highway map, creation, maintenance and restoration, Ministry of transport, construction and regional development, June 2010. [4] TNŽ 01 3412 Uniform railway map, Departments of Director General Slovak Railways, May 2004. [5] Technical standards for water supplies and sewerages, Waterworks and Sewerage Systems, Trenčín 2007. [6] TePlyn, Special Superstructure for graphical system MicroStation, SPP Bratislava , Bratislava 2007. [7] Feature and coding catalogue of ZBGIS-KTO ZB GIS, Geodesy, Cartography and Cadaster Authority of Slovak Republic, ÚGKK SR 2013. [8] The Guidance of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadaster Authority of Slovak Republic č. USM_UGKK SR 13/2013 from 04/23/2013. [9] INGs_STN13411_plus Map signs, iNGs spol. s r.o. Bratislava, Bratislava 2012.
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 111 (2015) 450 – 453
XXIV R-S-P seminar, Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering (24RSP) (TFoCE 2015)
Analysis of large-scale maps symbols Vladimír Koťka*, Jakub Chromčák Department of Geodesy, Fakulty of Civil Engineering, Univerzity of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
Abstract Our contribution to paper deals with the necessity of actualization of STN 01 3411 that has been valid since 1989. This norm relates to measuring of items and their indication in large-scale maps as well as the construction of drawing with map characters. Current technologies´ requirements of measuring and indication of objects in large-scale maps caused the generation of new map symbols so that requirements of different departments were satisfied. Each department has created its own map symbols; therefore, there are many map symbols with the same meaning in the large-scale maps. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the XXIV R-S-P seminar, Theoretical Foundation of Civil (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). responsibility of organizing committee of the XXIV R-S-P seminar, Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering (24RSP) Peer-review under Engineering (24RSP) Keywords: Geodesy and cartography; Map symbols; Large-scale maps; GIS; Objects´ catalogue.
1. Introduction Projection of the observed objects and their displaying in large-scale basic maps, large-scale thematic maps and drawing of buildings with the map characters drawing maintained norm STN 01 3410- Large-scale maps, Basic and thematic maps and STN 01 3411- Large-scale maps, Drawing and signs. These two norms have been effective since 1990 as Czechoslovak national norms (ČSN) valid in former Czechoslovakia. Previous norms are used in following kinds of maps: x Basic map of Slovak Republic x Map of town utilities (TMM) x Basic plant map (ZMZ) x Uniform railway map (JŽM)
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +421 41 5135569; fax: +421 41 513 5510. E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the XXIV R-S-P seminar, Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering (24RSP)
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.115
Vladimír Koťka and Jakub Chromčák / Procedia Engineering 111 (2015) 450 – 453
451
x x x x
Basic highway map (ZMD) Basic forest map Basic map of an airport Map of service boards (connection, water and gas main, sewerage, low and high voltage cables, telephone ducts ) Apart from these kinds of maps, these norms apply to create of all thematic large-scale maps from scale 1:200 to 1:5000 within mine plans. Each kind of map contents are different, but in all cases there are used the map symbols from norm STN 01 3411 Large-scale maps, drawings and signs. Impact of social changes and technical development resulted in the inevitability to explore and display such objects of surveying, which aren´t present in original maps. Possibilities of current technologies allow developing of basic large-scale maps in digital form and its subsequent use in geoinformation technologies. Therefore it is necessary to revise and supply map symbols. 2. Current status Slovak technical norm consists of three separate parts. The first part in text form named „Drawing and signs“clarifies the use of possibilities of each map sign, that are listed in the second part named „Map signs“. The last part „Annexes“focuses on examples of building drawings, sorts of labelling and acronyms possible to utilise in large-scale maps. More than 300 map signs are in STN divided into 11 categories (lines, points of minor controls and other points, borders, type of lands and their use, building structures, transport networks and equipment, pipelines, electric lines and its equipment, mining equipment, building probing, waters, water constructions and equipment, altimetry, lettering data). Each map sign has its own size, character and line thickness defined. In individual categories, the signs are identified by a code, which allows their next automatic drawing with following characters: x Line thickness x Sign orientation and position relative to the planimetric component of a map or a line object, x Iterance of a map sign on linear building in a defined interval, x Sign designation in sketch. There occur cases, when the size of an object displayed in map disables positioning of a map sign with predefined size. Norm permits reduction of reference map sign up to 2/3 of the original size. 3. Large-scale map signs analysis Analysis of the large-scale map signs consists of comparison the actual valid map signs from STN 01 3411 with map signs defined in single technical prescriptions of each resort, made for creation of basic large-scale or thematic map. Signs in all these maps were mutually compared. In technical prescriptions and norm there have been found differences between map signs mostly in shapes and dimension of map signs, their properties and designing of signs, that norm STN 01 3411 absents. The first, very substantial problem was to adjust sign symbols for digital drawing technologies. All technical prescriptions defined map sings as parts of library yet and their position in layers of concrete graphical systems. In some cases, the effort was to upgrade information quality of signs throw attributes with different content and format. Detected differences between each technical prescription can be divided into: x Effort to detailed imagination of objects (coniferous tree, deciduous tree etc.), x Completion of objects in displayed items without signs (communication, pavement, patio etc.), x Necessity for display special items (protecting bar, playground, parking space etc.), x Separation of objects with the same map mark (church, chapel, calvary etc.) , x New objects, which don’t have map signs (mosque, billboard etc.), x Resolution of minor or identical map signs with same meaning. More than 60 new map signs were designed excluding map signs, that can´t be considered as a part of a planning documentation. As we expected, the most of new signs have been established in category considering transport, water supply and in energetic nets category. The most of these signs can be included in technical documentation. In cadastre of real estates, new map signs were created to add signs into large-scale map areas in which they already
452
Vladimír Koťka and Jakub Chromčák / Procedia Engineering 111 (2015) 450 – 453
have not been drawn (communications, arable land etc.). There have not been created new signs for mining equipment, building probing, waters, water constructions and equipment. Some of new signs were created due environmental or green to register. In registration of green we mean separation of sample trees and bushes, evidence of grassy vegetation in parks and green round roads or highways. In cadastre, there is a sign of other area, which is used only in cadastre maps. This sign is given to areas, which are excluded from agricultural soil resources. In other maps, this sign is replaced by real nature of land use. On the base of comparison of Fundamental base of geographic information system (ZBGIS) and from the reasons of objects harmonization with an existing map signs, we´ve created some new signs in building structures category. This was mainly related to editing of signs for displaying religion buildings (church, mosque, and calvary). Second idea was to reedit and add new signs for commercial information panels and many traffic and monitoring signs like prohibitory, cautionary of informatory traffic signs, monitoring cameras, meteorology wind bags etc. There are cases, when in one object displayed in large-scale map; there are many map signs, with specified number of object characteristics. In base maps, we can also find a deal of map lettering in or next to displayed object. This lettering expands information value about object. In some occasions, because of an inadequate size, lot of signs and lettering are wrongly ignored due definition of their priority. The map below shows how shoddily processed or supersaturated map can be and results in the loss of its information value.
Fig. 1. Selection from Basic highway map.
4. Conclusion Nowadays, a rapid increase of geoinformation technologies can be seen. The need for analogue large-scale maps was reduced; on the other hand, the interest in providing with additional object information grows. Items can enhance map quality and information value. The fundamental base of geographic information system (ZBGIS), is an example showing that geoinformation technologies replaced analogue medium-scale maps (1:10 000). Signs of large-scale basic maps were replaced by feature and attribute coding catalogue of ZBGIS (KTO ZBGIS). If in a map with scale 1:10 000 there is nearly 200 map signs separated into 7 categories, in KTO ZBGIS there is defined 76 object classes in 86 layers and 98 attribute domains. To these objects, it is possible to connect different departmental attributes trough sample relations. This way the information possibilities of user could be insured in an adequate level. Thematic large-scale maps are used as an entry reference data into geographic systems. As it can be seen in largescale map analysis, it´s necessary to update and complete norm STN 01 3411. One of the solutions is to update and refill yet used key map symbols with new signs. With updating and refilling the number of signs we attained to large-scale map to authors satisfaction. It´s obvious, that in a few years this updating won´t be sufficient. Next flaw
Vladimír Koťka and Jakub Chromčák / Procedia Engineering 111 (2015) 450 – 453
453
of this solution is the inability to read an overcrowded map because of signs number. Another solution is to revise and recast actual norm of map signs into large-scale map objects catalogue with sufficient number of attributes and dials that would be adapted to ZBGIS catalogue. An example of this solution can be catalogue of landscapeecological objects for integral landscape management that contains whole objects from ZBGIS and some needed objects. (Must match with norm DGI DIGEST, GDF a S-57). References [1] STN 01 3410 Large-scale maps, Basic and thematic maps. [2] STN 01 3411 Large-scale maps, Drawing and signs. [3] TP 07/ Basic highway map, creation, maintenance and restoration, Ministry of transport, construction and regional development, June 2010. [4] TNŽ 01 3412 Uniform railway map, Departments of Director General Slovak Railways, May 2004. [5] Technical standards for water supplies and sewerages, Waterworks and Sewerage Systems, Trenčín 2007. [6] TePlyn, Special Superstructure for graphical system MicroStation, SPP Bratislava , Bratislava 2007. [7] Feature and coding catalogue of ZBGIS-KTO ZB GIS, Geodesy, Cartography and Cadaster Authority of Slovak Republic, ÚGKK SR 2013. [8] The Guidance of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadaster Authority of Slovak Republic č. USM_UGKK SR 13/2013 from 04/23/2013. [9] INGs_STN13411_plus Map signs, iNGs spol. s r.o. Bratislava, Bratislava 2012.