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Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in exhaust of motorcycles
Abstracts
VERTICAL
255
DISTRIBUTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE TRAFFIC ZONE OF URBAN AREA C. Lin,* James J. Lee+ and B. Chen* *Graduate Institute +National
of Environmental Engineering and Safety Yulin Institute of Technology, Touliu, Taiwan
The distribution of atmospheric pollutants depends on the types of emissions, weather conditions and mixing depth. We conducted chemical analysis of 16 PAHs and measurements of particle size to obtain the vertical and horizontal distributions of PAHs from traffic emission. The results show that wind speed affects the amount of PAHs collected (gas phase, night time). At lower wind speeds, the difference in PAHs concentration between 18 m height and near surface becomes greater.
STUDY ON ANALYSIS METHODS AND APPLICATION NITRO-POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN AIRBORNE PARTICLES Ching-tang
Kuo and Hong-wen
China
College, Taichung,
Medical
OF
Chen Taiwan
Several nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are mutagenic and carcinogenic. They are exhausted from industrial processes, automobiles, and motorcycles. They are also formed in photochemical reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We used High Performance Chromatograph/Electrochemical Detector to develop a simple, sensitive, and accurate analysis method, which was then applied to the analysis of the air in an industrial city, a commercial city and a village. We used ultrasonic extraction to obtain a recovery efficiency of more than 80%. Test of stability shows that the variation of the peak area of 10 long-term analyses were less than 10%. The detection limit of four kinds of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 14.99 pg for 1,8-Dinitropyrene, 16.61 pg for 1,6-Dinitropyrene, 17.53 pg for 1,3_Dinitropyrene, and 25.77 pg for I-Nitropyrene. The 30-day geometric mean value for Kaohsiung was ND-84.65 pgm-” for 1.X-DNP, ND-72.85 pgmm3 for 1,6-DNP, ND-55.37 p.gmm3 for 1,3-DNP, and ND-208.11 pgm- 3 for I-NP. The result for Taichunp was ND-49.86 pgme3 for -l&DNP, ND-58.70 pgm-3 for 1,6-DNP, ND-64.04 pgm-3 for 1,3-DNP, and- ND172.48pgme3 for I-NP. The results for Nan-to, was ND-31.68pgmm3 for l&DNP, ND-60.00pgm--” for 1,6-DNP, ND-37.11 pgme3 for 1,3-DNP, and ND-77.70 pgm-” for I-NP.
ANALYSIS
OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS TN EXHAUST OF MOTORCYCLES
Cheng-Chen Department
of Nuclear
Fang,
I-Sheng
Science, National
Chen and I-Fu
Tsing Hua University,
Hung
Hsinchu,
Taiwan.
R.0.C
Ambient air pollution caused by the emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has become more serious due to the increased use of motor vehicles in metropolitan areas. Many organic compounds in ambient air are emitted from motor vehicles. Some of these compounds are toxic and can cause disorders in skin, respiratory and central nervous systems. Some of them are also recognized as mutagens and carcinogens in humans. The purpose of this study is to develop an accurate, fast, convenient, economic and reliable method for sampling and analysis of these pollutants. This method is capable sampling exhaust of vehicles in idling for roadside testing. The method is a useful mean for further monitoring of the emission of PAH compounds from motor vehicles, PAH compounds from exhaust are sampled using a combination of XAD-2 sorbent and glass fiber filter. Exhaust air was sampled from motorcycles with engine running idle for 20 min. Sample was treated by cyclohexane using ultrasonic extraction. The solvent extract was analyzed by gas chromatography. Compounds were identified by GC/MS. It was found that the exhaust contains various PAH compounds including benzo(a)pyrene. Out of 44 PAH compounds identified in the samples, more PAH compounds from particulate phase sampling were found in the exhaust of 4-stroke 135 cc motorcycles than in 2-stroke 135 cc motorcycles. This result is also true for samples from vapor phase sampling. Acenaphthylene, acenaphthene and fluorene were found more in the vapor phase than in the particulate phase for 4-stroke 135 cc motorcycles. However. it is just the opposite for 2.stroke 135 cc motorcycles. Applying this same method to the study of the emission from gasoline and diesel engine car, we found more smaller molecule PAH is gasoline engine and larger ones from diesel engine car exhaust.
VERTICAL
255
DISTRIBUTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE TRAFFIC ZONE OF URBAN AREA C. Lin,* James J. Lee+ and B. Chen* *Graduate Institute +National
of Environmental Engineering and Safety Yulin Institute of Technology, Touliu, Taiwan
The distribution of atmospheric pollutants depends on the types of emissions, weather conditions and mixing depth. We conducted chemical analysis of 16 PAHs and measurements of particle size to obtain the vertical and horizontal distributions of PAHs from traffic emission. The results show that wind speed affects the amount of PAHs collected (gas phase, night time). At lower wind speeds, the difference in PAHs concentration between 18 m height and near surface becomes greater.
STUDY ON ANALYSIS METHODS AND APPLICATION NITRO-POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN AIRBORNE PARTICLES Ching-tang
Kuo and Hong-wen
China
College, Taichung,
Medical
OF
Chen Taiwan
Several nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are mutagenic and carcinogenic. They are exhausted from industrial processes, automobiles, and motorcycles. They are also formed in photochemical reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We used High Performance Chromatograph/Electrochemical Detector to develop a simple, sensitive, and accurate analysis method, which was then applied to the analysis of the air in an industrial city, a commercial city and a village. We used ultrasonic extraction to obtain a recovery efficiency of more than 80%. Test of stability shows that the variation of the peak area of 10 long-term analyses were less than 10%. The detection limit of four kinds of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 14.99 pg for 1,8-Dinitropyrene, 16.61 pg for 1,6-Dinitropyrene, 17.53 pg for 1,3_Dinitropyrene, and 25.77 pg for I-Nitropyrene. The 30-day geometric mean value for Kaohsiung was ND-84.65 pgm-” for 1.X-DNP, ND-72.85 pgmm3 for 1,6-DNP, ND-55.37 p.gmm3 for 1,3-DNP, and ND-208.11 pgm- 3 for I-NP. The result for Taichunp was ND-49.86 pgme3 for -l&DNP, ND-58.70 pgm-3 for 1,6-DNP, ND-64.04 pgm-3 for 1,3-DNP, and- ND172.48pgme3 for I-NP. The results for Nan-to, was ND-31.68pgmm3 for l&DNP, ND-60.00pgm--” for 1,6-DNP, ND-37.11 pgme3 for 1,3-DNP, and ND-77.70 pgm-” for I-NP.
ANALYSIS
OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS TN EXHAUST OF MOTORCYCLES
Cheng-Chen Department
of Nuclear
Fang,
I-Sheng
Science, National
Chen and I-Fu
Tsing Hua University,
Hung
Hsinchu,
Taiwan.
R.0.C
Ambient air pollution caused by the emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has become more serious due to the increased use of motor vehicles in metropolitan areas. Many organic compounds in ambient air are emitted from motor vehicles. Some of these compounds are toxic and can cause disorders in skin, respiratory and central nervous systems. Some of them are also recognized as mutagens and carcinogens in humans. The purpose of this study is to develop an accurate, fast, convenient, economic and reliable method for sampling and analysis of these pollutants. This method is capable sampling exhaust of vehicles in idling for roadside testing. The method is a useful mean for further monitoring of the emission of PAH compounds from motor vehicles, PAH compounds from exhaust are sampled using a combination of XAD-2 sorbent and glass fiber filter. Exhaust air was sampled from motorcycles with engine running idle for 20 min. Sample was treated by cyclohexane using ultrasonic extraction. The solvent extract was analyzed by gas chromatography. Compounds were identified by GC/MS. It was found that the exhaust contains various PAH compounds including benzo(a)pyrene. Out of 44 PAH compounds identified in the samples, more PAH compounds from particulate phase sampling were found in the exhaust of 4-stroke 135 cc motorcycles than in 2-stroke 135 cc motorcycles. This result is also true for samples from vapor phase sampling. Acenaphthylene, acenaphthene and fluorene were found more in the vapor phase than in the particulate phase for 4-stroke 135 cc motorcycles. However. it is just the opposite for 2.stroke 135 cc motorcycles. Applying this same method to the study of the emission from gasoline and diesel engine car, we found more smaller molecule PAH is gasoline engine and larger ones from diesel engine car exhaust.