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Analysis of voltage multiplier circuit simulation for rain energy harvesting using circular piezoelectric
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 101 (2018) 211–218
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ymssp
Analysis of voltage multiplier circuit simulation for rain energy harvesting using circular piezoelectric Nik Ahmad Kamil Zainal Abidin, Norkharziana Mohd Nayan ⇑, Muhammad Mokhzaini Azizan, Azuwa Ali Power Electronics Control and Optimization Research Group (PECO), Centre of Excellence for Renewable Energy (CERE), School of Electrical System Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 3 March 2017 Received in revised form 8 July 2017 Accepted 9 August 2017
Keywords: Vibration Piezoelectric Voltage doubler CWCVD KFCVD Rain energy
a b s t r a c t Piezoelectric energy harvester extracts energy based on the magnitude of vibration source and the resonant frequency. In order to get the maximum voltage output, the piezoelectric must receive higher vibration to obtain the frequency near at its resonant frequency. However, it is difficult to obtain the high and stable of vibration from the surrounding to impact on the piezoelectric. Therefore, in order to fix this problem, the voltage multiplier circuit is designed to improve the magnitude of the output gained from the piezoelectric. In order to analyze the potential output produce from rain energy, this paper present three types of circuit for investigation which are voltage doubler, Cockcroft Walton Cascade Voltage Doubler (CWCVD) and Karthaus Fischer Cascade Voltage Doubler (KFCVD). The output voltage and current were investigated to obtain the optimum output based on the result of the simulation. The circuit then can be applied for rain energy harvesting. Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Energy harvesting techniques is a technology to generate electrical power from capturing very small amounts of energy from one or more of the surrounding energy resources [1,2]. The research on power harvesting technology regarding became increasingly over the last decade [3–6]. The energy harvesting produces from milliwatt or microwatt of power that can be used to energize the low load devices [6,7]. The energy resources that have been focusing on this paper is vibration energy. The vibration energy can be converted into electrical energy using piezoelectric. The piezoelectric has the ability to generate an AC (alternating current) by converting mechanical energy (vibration) to electrical energy [8–11]. However, the amount of energy produced by vibration is low and not stable. Therefore, the converter circuit is necessary to optimize the amount of output from piezoelectrics such as rectifier [12,13], integrated circuit [14], voltage doubler and voltage multiplier [15]. In this paper, the converter that been focused is voltage doubler and voltage multiplier circuit. The advantages from both of this circuit are it can convert from AC to DC source, double up the output magnitude and stabilize it. The voltage multiplier is divided into two circuits which are CWCVD and KFCVD. Next, these three circuits are further investigated and compare its performance. Lastly, optimum simulation output will be implemented into the rain energy harvester device.
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (N.M. Nayan). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.08.019 0888-3270/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Nik Ahmad Kamil Zainal Abidin et al. / Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 101 (2018) 211–218
2. Basic operation of rain energy harvesting This paper is focusing on the energy harvesting using vibration energy from rainfall. The flow of this paper is described in Fig. 1 which shows the block diagram of the system. When the raindrop hits the piezoelectric tiles, it will produce a vibration in an AC source form captured by the piezoelectric. The piezoelectric tile which is made from a set of circular piezoelectric is used to detect the vibration. The circular piezoelectric is used in this project as it gives a more visible surface for rain drop to hits on it when arranged in an array. The probability of rain drop on the surface is high as compared to strip piezoelectric. The resonant frequency of the circular piezoelectric being used (KSPG-10) is in the boundary of the frequency of rain drop. The resonant frequency for this piezoelectric is 1200 kHz and the maximum input voltage is 30 V peak to peak. As stated in [16,17] the frequency of rain is the range of minimum less than 500 Hz to maximum 30 kHz. The output of the vibration detected by piezoelectric is in an AC source form. The converter will convert this AC source into DC source and DC source will is feed into the battery charging circuit to stabilize the output at 5 V and increase the current before charging the lithium ion battery. The final stage is basically depending on the user either to power up low devices or directly used the power using the USB port.
3. Types and design of converter circuits This paper will focus on the three types of voltage multiplier circuits which are voltage doubler, CWCVD [18] and KFCVD [19,20]. The basic operation of this circuits is to convert AC source to DC source and increase the amplitude of the input power after being converted. All the three circuits are simulated using Proteus software to analyze their performance. Variations of connection are done to compare the output thus validating the suitable voltage multiplier circuit for rain energy harvesting. This variation of connection includes one piezoelectric connection and sets of two series three parallel (2S3P) piezoelectric connection as shown in Fig. 2. One piezoelectric connection is done to find output power produced by one piezoelectric which will be the reference value. Then by modifying the circuit configuration into a 2S3P connection is done in order to optimize the output power.
Fig. 1. Block diagram.
Parallel
Series
Parallel
Series Fig. 2. KFCVD using 2S3P piezoelectric connection.
Series
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3.1. Basic operation of the circuit 3.1.1. Voltage doubler circuit The voltage doubler circuit consists of two diodes and two capacitors to operate the circuit. This circuit can convert an AC signal into DC signal and amplify the magnitude of the signal twice of its input waveform. The voltage amplitude in will be stored at the capacitor tank, C2. The simulation circuit is presented in Fig. 3. The AC source represented as raindrop that hits the piezoelectric. Therefore, the variation of frequency can be generated starting from low frequency to high frequency in order to model the raindrop behavior. Eq. (1) shows the output obtained with a dedicated circuit in Fig. 3.
V o ¼ 2V in
ð1Þ
whereas Vo is the output voltage of the voltage doubler circuit and Vin represent the input voltage of the voltage doubler. 3.1.2. Cockcroft-Walton cascade voltage doubler (CWCVD) circuit The CWCVD circuit is another types of the circuit configuration that able to produce a higher output of voltage for a specific amount of applied input voltage based on the number of stages of use in the circuit. This circuit consists component same as voltage doubler circuit but this circuit applying series connection of stages to double up the output. The output will be stored in capacitor tank, C4. The simulation circuit is presented in Fig. 4. The CWCVD circuit is also known as the series voltage multiplier. 3.1.3. Karthaus-Fischer cascade voltage doubler (KFCVD) circuit The parallel connection and stages for KFCVD circuit are presented in Fig. 5. It has a component which is similar to voltage doubler circuit. The difference is the stages of the circuit connected in parallel in doubling the input. The double output will
Fig. 3. Voltage doubler circuit.
Fig. 4. CWCVD circuit.
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Fig. 5. KFCVD circuit.
be stored in capacitor tank, C4. Due to the parallel connection of the stages, KCFVD circuit is also called as a parallel voltage multiplier. The equation that applied to the CWCVD and KFCVD and the relationship of DC output with the number of stages, n and applied input voltage, Vin, can be defined as
V o ¼ 2nV in DðnÞ
ð2Þ
where D(n) is, the voltage drop as a function of the number of stages and can be expanded as
DðnÞ ¼ dV c ðnÞ þ dV D þ do ðnÞ
ð3Þ
where dV c is the voltage drop across the coupling capacitors and dV D is the voltage drop on diodes. The amount of voltage drop depends on the number of stages. Therefore, it can be predicted that adding on two stages will take effect on the output voltage four times of the Vin. However, during simulation processes, some undesirable errors can appear in final results. The undesirable error is defined as do . 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Simulation result 4.1.1. Simulation result of one piezoelectric The simulation for one piezoelectric is done by Proteus software with the different circuit of the voltage doubler. Rain energy is modeled by voltage input of 15-V AC. The data are collected in the range of frequency between 5 Hz and 2000 Hz, which represents the nature of raindrop vibration that hits the piezoelectric plate. Fig. 6(a) shows that the graph of output voltage generation, Fig. 6(b) shows that the graph of the generated output current and Fig. 6(c) shows that the graph of the output power generation. The output voltage, current, and power generated by three circuits will increases as the frequency increased. In comparison between the three circuits, there were slight different of the voltage output as the frequency increases. It can be seen that there were two gradient levels, which is before and after 120 Hz for KFCVD and three gradient levels for CWCVD and Voltage Doubler. KFCVD provides more linear output rather than the other two types of voltage doublers, so the prediction of the higher output for higher frequency is more reliable. Same trends can be seen on the output current graphs. Output power generation shows that there are two gradient levels for CWCVD and Voltage Doubler. Meanwhile, KCFVD shows three gradient levels. At 2000 Hz there is the highest recorded voltage, 11.025 V, current of 1.1 A, and generated power of 12.16 W, provided by KFCVD circuit configuration. 4.1.2. Simulation result of 2S3P array of piezoelectric In this part, a few set of piezoelectric is used with voltage multiplier circuit and connected in different array connection. The piezoelectric array connection is either series, parallel or combination of series and parallel connection. Previous research [21] shows that with 2 series 3 parallel (2S3P) connection, the higher result of voltage and current output can be obtained. Therefore, for this simulation, the 2S3P is used and implemented. In order to get the value of current, 10 kO resistor is used as a load. Fig. 7(a) shows the graph of voltage against different frequency, Fig. 7(b) shows that the graph of current against frequency and Fig. 7(c) shows that the graph of power against frequency on 2S3P piezoelectric configuration. The result shows that with a different circuit configuration there were distinct output differences for current, voltage and power. The result for the voltage doubler has a higher current output compared with two other circuits followed by
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(a) Output Voltage
(b) Output current
(c) Output power Fig. 6. The generated output using one piezoelectric connection.
KFCVD and Voltage Doubler. Highest voltage level obtained is 15.55 V from Voltage Doubler together with its current about 2.36 A and from that, the generated power from voltage doubler is 55.69 W. 4.1.3. Analysis of generated voltage ripple output using 2S3P connection Further simulation analysis is done by measuring the voltage ripple of each voltage multiplier circuit. The voltage ripple is a small unwanted residual periodic variation of the direct current (DC) output of a power supply. The disadvantages of voltage ripple are can cause failure of components such as capacitors, cause heating and failure in certain electronic components. Besides that, in audio circuits and TV displays, the ripple can be reflected as noise, as the frequency of the ripples is within the audio band and interfere with TV display [22]. The graph of Fig. 8 shows the average of generated voltage ripple output measurement on a different range of frequency. Measurement analysis of 2S3P CWCVD is excluded in this result as it gives
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(a) Output Voltage
(b) Output current
(c) Output power Fig. 7. The generated output using 2S3P piezoelectric connection.
higher differential value as compared with 2S3P Voltage Doubler output and 2S3P KFCVD output. Out of that, it can be seen that the average output of voltage ripple shows voltage doubler has the higher ripple compared to the KFCVD circuit. Between frequency lower 120 Hz, voltage ripple starts to increase for both circuit configurations. However, for KFCVD voltage ripple started to drop as frequency goes higher. In meantime, for voltage doubler circuit configuration. Voltage ripple continues increase until it reaches 1000 Hz. Then, it started to drop in a small step size as frequency goes higher. Based on the simulation result, the KFCVD circuit has been chosen for rain energy harvester circuit implementation as it provides less voltage ripple and optimum output.
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Fig. 8. Average voltage ripple output measurement on 2S3P piezoelectric connection.
5. Conclusion Kinetic energy from piezoelectric electricity generation has successfully proved by this work. The simulation testing proved that the piezoelectric can convert kinetic energy to electrical energy from vibration due to the impact of raindrops. In order to increase the output conversion from the vibration, voltage multiplier circuits are simulated and analyzed. There are three types of circuits being simulated: voltage doubler, CWCVD and KFCVD circuits. Data from the simulation are analysed, comparisons between obtained currents and voltages are made, by considering also voltage ripples that can preclude the effectiveness of the circuit. The result from simulation proved that in terms of having a set of piezo sensor application, voltage doubler circuit is more effective. Nevertheless, in terms of producing less voltage ripple, KFCVD voltage multiplier circuit is providing more promising output for an energy harvester with rain drops application.
Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) and Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for providing research facilities and funding for the project via Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (Grant No. 9003-00447).
References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]
N. Hr, Power generation using piezoelectric material, J. Mater. Sci. Eng. 4 (3) (2015) 3–6. M.N. V, S.A. L, G.S. S, Foot step power generation using piezoelectric material, Int. J. Adv. Res. Electron. Commun. Eng. 4(10) (2015) 2503–2507. A. Tinaikar, Harvesting energy from rainfall, Int. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2 (3) (2013) 130–132. C. Spataro, F. Viola, P. Romano, R. Miceli, Performances of rainfall energy harvester, in: 20th IMEKO TC4 Int. Symp., 2014, pp. 467–472. M.A. Ilyas, J. Swingler, Piezoelectric energy harvesting from raindrop impacts, Energy 90 (2015) 796–806. F. Viola, P. Romano, R. Miceli, G. Acciari, Harvesting rainfall energy by means of piezoelectric transducer, in: 4th International Conference on Clean Electrical Power: Renewable Energy Resources Impact (ICCEP 2013), pp. 634–639. A. Adhithan, K. Vignesh, M. Manikandan, Proposed method of foot step power generation using piezo electric sensor, Int. Adv. Res. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2 (4) (2015) 25–28. A. Telba, W.G. Ali, Modeling and simulation of piezoelectric energy harvesting, Proc. World Congr. Eng. II (2012) 4–6. K.S.L. Ain Atiqa Mustapha, Noraini Mat Ali, Experimental comparison of piezoelectric rectifying circuits for energy harvesting, in: Proceeding - 2013 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development, SCOReD 2013, 2015, pp. 556–559. A.A. Mustapha, K.S. Leong, N.M. Ali, Piezoelectric energy harvesting rectifying circuits comparison, ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 11 (10) (2016) 6361–6365. M.F. Ab Rahman, S.L. Kok, N.M. Ali, R.A. Hamzah, K.A.A. Aziz, Hybrid vibration energy harvester based on piezoelectric and electromagnetic transduction mechanism, in: CEAT 2013 - 2013 IEEE Conf. Clean Energy Technol., 2013, pp. 243–247. S. Lu, F. Boussaid, A highly efficient P-SSHI rectifier for piezoelectric energy harvesting, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 30 (10) (2015) 5364–5369. Y.K. Ramadass, A.P. Chandrakasan, An efficient piezoelectric energy harvesting interface circuit using a bias-flip rectifier and shared inductor, IEEE J. Solid-State Circ. 45 (1) (2010) 189–204. P.C.P. Chao, Energy harvesting electronics for vibratory devices in self-powered sensors, IEEE Sens. J. 11 (12) (2011) 3106–3121. Voltage Multiplier and Voltage Doubler Circuit. [Online]. Available: (Accessed: 16-May-2016). Federico Porcu, Leo Pio D’adderio, Franco Prodi, Clelia Caracciolo, Effects of altitude on maximum raindrop size and fall velocity as limited by collisional breakup, J. Atmos. Sci. 70 (2013) 1129–1134. Jeffrey A. Nystuen, Listening to Raindrops, 1999. [Online]. Available: (Accessed: 18-May-2017). F. Giusa, F. Maiorca, A. Noto, C. Trigona, B. Andò, S. Baglio, A diode-less mechanical voltage multiplier: a novel transducer for vibration energy harvesting, Sens. Actuat. A: Phys. 212 (2014) 34–41. K. Shiho, H. Suk-Kyung, A full wave voltage multiplier for RFID transponders, IEICE Trans. Commun. 91 (1) (2008) 388–391. A. Toudeshki, N. Mariun, H. Hizam, N.I. Abdul Wahab, Development of a new cascade voltage-doubler for voltage multiplication, Chin. J. Eng., 2014 (Figure 2) (2014) 1–6.
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[21] Norkharziana Mohd Nayan, Mohd Fahmi A. Razak, Azuwa Ali, Siti Khodijah Mazalan, Ami Nurul Nazifah Abdullah, Development of Rain Harvester using Piezoelectric Sensor Jurnal Teknologi, in: International Conference on Electrical Power Engineering and Applications 2014 (IPECS 2015), 24–25 August 2015. [22] Ripples in DC systems. [Online]. Available: (Accessed: 26-Nov-2015).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ymssp
Analysis of voltage multiplier circuit simulation for rain energy harvesting using circular piezoelectric Nik Ahmad Kamil Zainal Abidin, Norkharziana Mohd Nayan ⇑, Muhammad Mokhzaini Azizan, Azuwa Ali Power Electronics Control and Optimization Research Group (PECO), Centre of Excellence for Renewable Energy (CERE), School of Electrical System Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 3 March 2017 Received in revised form 8 July 2017 Accepted 9 August 2017
Keywords: Vibration Piezoelectric Voltage doubler CWCVD KFCVD Rain energy
a b s t r a c t Piezoelectric energy harvester extracts energy based on the magnitude of vibration source and the resonant frequency. In order to get the maximum voltage output, the piezoelectric must receive higher vibration to obtain the frequency near at its resonant frequency. However, it is difficult to obtain the high and stable of vibration from the surrounding to impact on the piezoelectric. Therefore, in order to fix this problem, the voltage multiplier circuit is designed to improve the magnitude of the output gained from the piezoelectric. In order to analyze the potential output produce from rain energy, this paper present three types of circuit for investigation which are voltage doubler, Cockcroft Walton Cascade Voltage Doubler (CWCVD) and Karthaus Fischer Cascade Voltage Doubler (KFCVD). The output voltage and current were investigated to obtain the optimum output based on the result of the simulation. The circuit then can be applied for rain energy harvesting. Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Energy harvesting techniques is a technology to generate electrical power from capturing very small amounts of energy from one or more of the surrounding energy resources [1,2]. The research on power harvesting technology regarding became increasingly over the last decade [3–6]. The energy harvesting produces from milliwatt or microwatt of power that can be used to energize the low load devices [6,7]. The energy resources that have been focusing on this paper is vibration energy. The vibration energy can be converted into electrical energy using piezoelectric. The piezoelectric has the ability to generate an AC (alternating current) by converting mechanical energy (vibration) to electrical energy [8–11]. However, the amount of energy produced by vibration is low and not stable. Therefore, the converter circuit is necessary to optimize the amount of output from piezoelectrics such as rectifier [12,13], integrated circuit [14], voltage doubler and voltage multiplier [15]. In this paper, the converter that been focused is voltage doubler and voltage multiplier circuit. The advantages from both of this circuit are it can convert from AC to DC source, double up the output magnitude and stabilize it. The voltage multiplier is divided into two circuits which are CWCVD and KFCVD. Next, these three circuits are further investigated and compare its performance. Lastly, optimum simulation output will be implemented into the rain energy harvester device.
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (N.M. Nayan). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.08.019 0888-3270/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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2. Basic operation of rain energy harvesting This paper is focusing on the energy harvesting using vibration energy from rainfall. The flow of this paper is described in Fig. 1 which shows the block diagram of the system. When the raindrop hits the piezoelectric tiles, it will produce a vibration in an AC source form captured by the piezoelectric. The piezoelectric tile which is made from a set of circular piezoelectric is used to detect the vibration. The circular piezoelectric is used in this project as it gives a more visible surface for rain drop to hits on it when arranged in an array. The probability of rain drop on the surface is high as compared to strip piezoelectric. The resonant frequency of the circular piezoelectric being used (KSPG-10) is in the boundary of the frequency of rain drop. The resonant frequency for this piezoelectric is 1200 kHz and the maximum input voltage is 30 V peak to peak. As stated in [16,17] the frequency of rain is the range of minimum less than 500 Hz to maximum 30 kHz. The output of the vibration detected by piezoelectric is in an AC source form. The converter will convert this AC source into DC source and DC source will is feed into the battery charging circuit to stabilize the output at 5 V and increase the current before charging the lithium ion battery. The final stage is basically depending on the user either to power up low devices or directly used the power using the USB port.
3. Types and design of converter circuits This paper will focus on the three types of voltage multiplier circuits which are voltage doubler, CWCVD [18] and KFCVD [19,20]. The basic operation of this circuits is to convert AC source to DC source and increase the amplitude of the input power after being converted. All the three circuits are simulated using Proteus software to analyze their performance. Variations of connection are done to compare the output thus validating the suitable voltage multiplier circuit for rain energy harvesting. This variation of connection includes one piezoelectric connection and sets of two series three parallel (2S3P) piezoelectric connection as shown in Fig. 2. One piezoelectric connection is done to find output power produced by one piezoelectric which will be the reference value. Then by modifying the circuit configuration into a 2S3P connection is done in order to optimize the output power.
Fig. 1. Block diagram.
Parallel
Series
Parallel
Series Fig. 2. KFCVD using 2S3P piezoelectric connection.
Series
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3.1. Basic operation of the circuit 3.1.1. Voltage doubler circuit The voltage doubler circuit consists of two diodes and two capacitors to operate the circuit. This circuit can convert an AC signal into DC signal and amplify the magnitude of the signal twice of its input waveform. The voltage amplitude in will be stored at the capacitor tank, C2. The simulation circuit is presented in Fig. 3. The AC source represented as raindrop that hits the piezoelectric. Therefore, the variation of frequency can be generated starting from low frequency to high frequency in order to model the raindrop behavior. Eq. (1) shows the output obtained with a dedicated circuit in Fig. 3.
V o ¼ 2V in
ð1Þ
whereas Vo is the output voltage of the voltage doubler circuit and Vin represent the input voltage of the voltage doubler. 3.1.2. Cockcroft-Walton cascade voltage doubler (CWCVD) circuit The CWCVD circuit is another types of the circuit configuration that able to produce a higher output of voltage for a specific amount of applied input voltage based on the number of stages of use in the circuit. This circuit consists component same as voltage doubler circuit but this circuit applying series connection of stages to double up the output. The output will be stored in capacitor tank, C4. The simulation circuit is presented in Fig. 4. The CWCVD circuit is also known as the series voltage multiplier. 3.1.3. Karthaus-Fischer cascade voltage doubler (KFCVD) circuit The parallel connection and stages for KFCVD circuit are presented in Fig. 5. It has a component which is similar to voltage doubler circuit. The difference is the stages of the circuit connected in parallel in doubling the input. The double output will
Fig. 3. Voltage doubler circuit.
Fig. 4. CWCVD circuit.
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Fig. 5. KFCVD circuit.
be stored in capacitor tank, C4. Due to the parallel connection of the stages, KCFVD circuit is also called as a parallel voltage multiplier. The equation that applied to the CWCVD and KFCVD and the relationship of DC output with the number of stages, n and applied input voltage, Vin, can be defined as
V o ¼ 2nV in DðnÞ
ð2Þ
where D(n) is, the voltage drop as a function of the number of stages and can be expanded as
DðnÞ ¼ dV c ðnÞ þ dV D þ do ðnÞ
ð3Þ
where dV c is the voltage drop across the coupling capacitors and dV D is the voltage drop on diodes. The amount of voltage drop depends on the number of stages. Therefore, it can be predicted that adding on two stages will take effect on the output voltage four times of the Vin. However, during simulation processes, some undesirable errors can appear in final results. The undesirable error is defined as do . 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Simulation result 4.1.1. Simulation result of one piezoelectric The simulation for one piezoelectric is done by Proteus software with the different circuit of the voltage doubler. Rain energy is modeled by voltage input of 15-V AC. The data are collected in the range of frequency between 5 Hz and 2000 Hz, which represents the nature of raindrop vibration that hits the piezoelectric plate. Fig. 6(a) shows that the graph of output voltage generation, Fig. 6(b) shows that the graph of the generated output current and Fig. 6(c) shows that the graph of the output power generation. The output voltage, current, and power generated by three circuits will increases as the frequency increased. In comparison between the three circuits, there were slight different of the voltage output as the frequency increases. It can be seen that there were two gradient levels, which is before and after 120 Hz for KFCVD and three gradient levels for CWCVD and Voltage Doubler. KFCVD provides more linear output rather than the other two types of voltage doublers, so the prediction of the higher output for higher frequency is more reliable. Same trends can be seen on the output current graphs. Output power generation shows that there are two gradient levels for CWCVD and Voltage Doubler. Meanwhile, KCFVD shows three gradient levels. At 2000 Hz there is the highest recorded voltage, 11.025 V, current of 1.1 A, and generated power of 12.16 W, provided by KFCVD circuit configuration. 4.1.2. Simulation result of 2S3P array of piezoelectric In this part, a few set of piezoelectric is used with voltage multiplier circuit and connected in different array connection. The piezoelectric array connection is either series, parallel or combination of series and parallel connection. Previous research [21] shows that with 2 series 3 parallel (2S3P) connection, the higher result of voltage and current output can be obtained. Therefore, for this simulation, the 2S3P is used and implemented. In order to get the value of current, 10 kO resistor is used as a load. Fig. 7(a) shows the graph of voltage against different frequency, Fig. 7(b) shows that the graph of current against frequency and Fig. 7(c) shows that the graph of power against frequency on 2S3P piezoelectric configuration. The result shows that with a different circuit configuration there were distinct output differences for current, voltage and power. The result for the voltage doubler has a higher current output compared with two other circuits followed by
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(a) Output Voltage
(b) Output current
(c) Output power Fig. 6. The generated output using one piezoelectric connection.
KFCVD and Voltage Doubler. Highest voltage level obtained is 15.55 V from Voltage Doubler together with its current about 2.36 A and from that, the generated power from voltage doubler is 55.69 W. 4.1.3. Analysis of generated voltage ripple output using 2S3P connection Further simulation analysis is done by measuring the voltage ripple of each voltage multiplier circuit. The voltage ripple is a small unwanted residual periodic variation of the direct current (DC) output of a power supply. The disadvantages of voltage ripple are can cause failure of components such as capacitors, cause heating and failure in certain electronic components. Besides that, in audio circuits and TV displays, the ripple can be reflected as noise, as the frequency of the ripples is within the audio band and interfere with TV display [22]. The graph of Fig. 8 shows the average of generated voltage ripple output measurement on a different range of frequency. Measurement analysis of 2S3P CWCVD is excluded in this result as it gives
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(a) Output Voltage
(b) Output current
(c) Output power Fig. 7. The generated output using 2S3P piezoelectric connection.
higher differential value as compared with 2S3P Voltage Doubler output and 2S3P KFCVD output. Out of that, it can be seen that the average output of voltage ripple shows voltage doubler has the higher ripple compared to the KFCVD circuit. Between frequency lower 120 Hz, voltage ripple starts to increase for both circuit configurations. However, for KFCVD voltage ripple started to drop as frequency goes higher. In meantime, for voltage doubler circuit configuration. Voltage ripple continues increase until it reaches 1000 Hz. Then, it started to drop in a small step size as frequency goes higher. Based on the simulation result, the KFCVD circuit has been chosen for rain energy harvester circuit implementation as it provides less voltage ripple and optimum output.
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Fig. 8. Average voltage ripple output measurement on 2S3P piezoelectric connection.
5. Conclusion Kinetic energy from piezoelectric electricity generation has successfully proved by this work. The simulation testing proved that the piezoelectric can convert kinetic energy to electrical energy from vibration due to the impact of raindrops. In order to increase the output conversion from the vibration, voltage multiplier circuits are simulated and analyzed. There are three types of circuits being simulated: voltage doubler, CWCVD and KFCVD circuits. Data from the simulation are analysed, comparisons between obtained currents and voltages are made, by considering also voltage ripples that can preclude the effectiveness of the circuit. The result from simulation proved that in terms of having a set of piezo sensor application, voltage doubler circuit is more effective. Nevertheless, in terms of producing less voltage ripple, KFCVD voltage multiplier circuit is providing more promising output for an energy harvester with rain drops application.
Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) and Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for providing research facilities and funding for the project via Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (Grant No. 9003-00447).
References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]
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