- Email: [email protected]
Animal Fat in Combination with Various Other Ingredients in Broiler Rations
140
T. D.
Maw, A. J. G., 1933. Feeding cane molasses to growing chicks and laying hens. Sci. Agr. 13: 743-745. Ott, W. H., R. V. Boucher and H. C. Knandel, 1942. Feeding-cane molasses as a constituent of poultry rations. I. Molasses for growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 21:340-345. Payne, J. F., 1954. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc, Honolulu. Personal communication. Rosenberg, M. M., 1954. An evaluation of B-grade molasses in chick starter rations. Poultry Sci. 33: 382-389.
RUNNELS Scott, M. L., 1953. Use of molasses in the feeding of farm animals. Sugar Research Foundation, Inc., Tech. Rpt. Series No. 9, 113-125. Upp, C. W., 1937. Cane molasses in poultry rations. Lousisana Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 289: 23. Weeth, H. J., and M. M. Rosenberg, 1954. Effect of cane final molasses on certain cations in the serum and bones of chicks. Poultry Sci. 33:11351140. Winter, A. R., 1929. Cane molasses for poultry. Poultry Sci. 8:369-373.
T. D.
RUNNELS
Department of Animal and Poultry Industry, University of Delaware, Newark (Received for publication April 26, 1954)
T
HE use of detergents in the place of soap has caused a surplus of animal fat to accumulate. Kraybill (1953) reported that this surplus amounted to approximately one billion pounds at the end of 1953, and he quoted R. H. Ewell of the Stanford Research Institute as predicting an annual surplus of 1.1 billion pounds by 1957. This surplus fat should be a satisfactory ingredient in formula feeds, but only a limited number of feeding experiments have been reported which demonstrate the actual value of the particular types of fat available for use at the present time. Siedler and Schweigert (1952) fed 2, 4 and 8 percent levels of stabilized choice white grease to New Hampshire and White Rock chicks in separate battery feeding trials to 9 weeks of age. None of the levels of grease fed affected body weight, but feed efficiency was improved in all instances. The improvement in feed utilization was considerably less for the New Hampshires than for the White Rocks, but this may have been due to a change in basal mash between experiments rather than to breed differences.
Efficiency of utilization of the fat decreased on a caloric basis as the amounts added to the diet increased. Yacowitz (1953) fed lard as a supplement to a corn-soybean oil meal ration and reported the data from the chicks at 5 weeks of age. Feed efficiency was improved with 2.5 and 5 percent lard 5.8 and 12.4 percent respectively. The data also indicated a possible slight improvement in growth. Holman and Cruickshank (1933) showed that there is a marked difference in the fat storage of cockerels and pullets as they near sexual maturity. It is not clearly demonstrated at what age this difference between sexes becomes evident. It is conceivable, however, that possible differences between sexes should be considered in using fat as an ingredient in practical poultry diets. PROCEDURE
In evaluating animal fat in broiler diets, a 16-pen single replicate factorial experiment was chosen as described in detail by the author (1954). The animal fat used in this experiment
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Gazi Universitesi on May 4, 2015
Animal Fat in Combination with Various Other Ingredients in Broiler Rations
141
ANIMAL FAT IN BROILER RATIONS TABLE 1.—Basal mash Pounds Ground yellow corn Soybean oil meal (solvent) Salt Manganese sulphate Ground limestone Bone meal Vitamin and antibiotic mixture in ground corn
960.0 640.0 5.0 1.0 20.0 50.0 24.0
B12 5 m g .
Procaine penicillin 4 gms. Total pounds
1,700.0
Calculated analysis— Protein 21.92% Calcium 1.03% ton basis Phosphorus . 60% ton basis
was obtained from a feed manufacturer who had procured a large quantity for use in commercial feed. It was purchased from the original processor according to the following specifications: maximum color FAC 37; maximum free fatty acids 15%; maximum moisture, residue and unsaponifiable fraction 2%, and titer minimum 39. It was stabilized with Tenox II which is produced by Eastman Chemical Products, Inc. and contains butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, and citric acid dissolved in propylene glycol. The other experimental ingredients were readily available in commercial quantities and would probably be combined with animal fat in some commercial feeds. They were dried sardine fish solubles, condensed whey that had been hydrolized to convert the milk sugar to monosaccharides, and 17 percent protein dehydrated alfalfa meal. The basal mash as recorded in Table 1 was mixed as one batch and then remixed into the experimental diets. The
TABLE 2.—Mixing record for experimental rations in pounds Experimental ingredients
Variable ingredients Treatment No.
O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0
Ground corn
Soybean oil meal
10.5 11.5 4.5 5.5 9.0 9.5 2.5 3.5 7.0 8.0 0.5 1.5 5.0 6.0 0.0 0.0
4.5 2.0 4.5 2.0 3.5 1.5 4.0 1.5 5.0 2.5 5.5 3.0 4.5 2.0 3.5 2.0
Total F
H
A
G
1.5 1.5
6.0 6.0
1.5 l.S
6.0 6.0
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
1.5 1.5
6.0 6.0
l.S 1.5
6.0 6.0
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
O—Basal mash—corn-soybean oil meal type. F—Dried sardine fish solubles—1.5 percent of the diet. H—Hydrolized whey—50% solids—6 percent of the diet. A—Alfalfa meal, dehydrated, 17% protein, 2\ percent of the diet. G—Animal grease, yellow with antioxidant, 3 percent of the diet.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Gazi Universitesi on May 4, 2015
A stabilized 2,250,000 units D 3 1,350,000 units Menadione 1 gm. Riboflavin 3 gms. Calcium pantothenate 6 gms. Niacin 15 gms. Choline chloride 163 gms.
protein level was adjusted to 21 percent for all diets. An average analysis table for feedstuffs was used. The ingredients added to the basal diet for the various treatments are recorded in Table 2. Sexed, meat strain New Hampshire male chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery for this experiment. They arrived on December 3, 1953, and were distributed at random into 16 groups of 9 chicks per group, plus a predesignated spare to be used as a replacement if mortality occurred. After the chicks were wing banded individually, the groups were placed in battery brooder compartments which were located at random, as shown in Table 3 under pen number. From then on the groups were treated as nearly alike as possible, except for the experimental diets that were provided free choice. At 4 weeks of age all groups were transferred to growing batteries in another building where they were retained until the experiment was terminated. The chicks were weighed individually at 4, 7 and 10 weeks of age, and the feed was weighed back at the same times in
142
T. D. RUNNELS TABLE 3.—Data collected from all-cockerel flock (9 birds per pen in batteries) Experimental treatments Ingredients
1 2 3 4 5 6 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16
0 O+F 0 +H O+F+H 0 +A O+F +A 0 +H+A O+F+H+A 0 +G O+F +G 0 +H +G O+F+H +G 0 +A+G O+F +A+G 0 +H+A+G O+F+H+A+G
13 4 38 9 19 29 24 34 28 18 27 8 32 22 2 33
10 wks. of age
Ave. wt.
Feed/ gain
Ave. wt.
Feed/ gain
Ave. wt.
Feed/ gain
.98 .96 .98 1.05 1.03 .97 1.03 1.04 1.01 .94 1.04 1.05 .99 1.06 .97 .94
2.00 1.93 2.07 1.94 1.94 2.03 2.00 2.02 1.86 1.93 1.98 1.86 1.90 1.85 1.94 1.94
2.33 2.45 2.17 2.47 2.09 2.31 2.58 2.46 2.25 2.24 2.49 2.52 2.39 2.33 2.22 2.32
2.35 2.33 2.59 2.43 2.34 2.43 2.53 2.54 2.36 2.22 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.24 2.28 2.28
3.81 3.74 3.73 3.99 3.74 3.85 4.05 4.29 3.86 3.82 3.98 4.09 4.07 3.93 3.74 3.94
2.77 2.96 2.96 2.93 2.81 2.96 3.08 2.87 2.51 2.57 2.72 2.61 2.55 2.64 2.71 2.69
O—Basal mash, corn-soybean oil meal type. F—Dried Sardine fish solubles—1.5% of the diet. H—Hydrolized Whey—50% solids—6% of the diet. A—Alfalfa meal, dehydrated, 17% protein—2f% of the diet. G—Animal grease, yellow with antioxidant—3% of the diet.
order to determine the amount of feed consumed from which to calculate feed efficiency. In order to evaluate the effect of the treatments on market quality, one bird was slaughtered from each pen. They were chosen at random and after being killed and bled were scaled for 30 seconds in water held at a temperature of 145°F. The birds were then picked clean on an automatic picker and allowed to cool in water before the comparisons were made. After the dressed birds were thoroughly cooled, they were paired by arranging the 8 birds fed the diets with an experimental supplement into one group, while those fed the diets without the supplement were arranged in another group. These groups were then compared to determine differences in finish, pigmentation, pin feathers and any other condition that might prove to be attributable to the diets fed. After these observations were made the birds were drawn and compari-
sons were made of the amount of internal fat deposited, and the various organs were inspected by a veterinarian for any possible differences in pathological symptoms. A summary of the data on market quality revealed that there existed noticeable individual differences between birds in all categories where comparisons were made. These individual differences, however, were not shown to be related to the d i e t s fed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data that were collected from the chicks are recorded in Table 3 as average weight in pounds and as pounds of feed required to produce a pound of gain. In order to demonstrate the main effects of the experimental ingredients on body weight and feed efficiency, the treatments were paired as recorded in Table 4. The data from all sixteen pens were utilized in each calculation. The average from eight pens without an experimental supplement
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Gazi Universitesi on May 4, 2015
No.
7 wks. of age
4 wks. of age Pen No.
143
ANIMAL FAT IN BROILER RATIONS TABLE 4.—Pairing treatment averages to demonstrate main effects (8 pens per group) 4 wks. of age Treatmei its Dried fish solubles
{i
Difference Hydrolyzed whey
{i
Difference
{i
Difference Animal grease
{i
Difference t Highly significant.
10 wks. of age
Ave. wt.
Feed/ gain
Ave. wt.
Feed/ gain
Ave. wt.
Feed/ gain
1.00 1.01
1.94 1.96
2.39 2.32
2.34 2.36
3.96 3.87
2.78 2.77
-0.01
-0.02
0.07
-0.02
0.09
0.01
1.01 1.00
1.97 1.93
2.40 2.30
2.39 2.30
3.98 3.85
2.82 2.72
0.01
0.04
0.10
0.09
0.13
0.10
1.00 1.00
1.95 1.95
2.34 2.37
2.35 2.35
3.95 3.88
2.79 2.75
0.00
0.00
-0.03
0.00
0.07
0.04
1.00 1.01
1.91 1.99
2.36 2.34
2.25 2.44
3.93 3.90
2.63 2.92
-0.01
-0.08
0.02
-0.19
0.03
-0.29f
•
was subtracted from the average of the eight pens with the supplement, and the difference attributed to the presence of the supplement in the diets. The negative differences for feed/gain represents improved feed utilization, while the positive differences represent the reverse. This information is recorded for each of the three weigh periods. The data on body weight at 10 weeks of age were analyzed by an analysis of variance, but the differences between treatments were not significant at a probability as great as 19 to 1. When the feed efficiency at 10 weeks of age was subjected to an analysis of variance, the improvement attributable to 3 percent animal grease was highly significant, with a probability greater than 99 to 1. This was the only treatment that affected feed efficiency to a significant extent, and the improvement amounted to 11 percent at 10 weeks of age. This was more than proportional to the increase in caloric content of the diets, and additional
research will be required to determine what factors may be responsible for the improvement being greater than had been anticipated. The fact that these chicks were all males and brooded in a cool room during the winter may prove to have a bearing on the efficiency of the fat utilization in this experiment. The effects of the interactions on body weight and feed efficiency between the treatments were not significant. These data are recorded in Tables 5 and 6. Each number represents the average body weight in pounds of the birds from four pens. Each block represents the total pens in the experiment and the blocks differ only in the way the data from the pens are grouped. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The results from a broiler feeding experiment using a 3 percent animal grease, 1.5 percent dried sardine fish solubles, 6 percent condensed hydrolized whey and 2.5 percent dehydrated alfalfa meal com-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Gazi Universitesi on May 4, 2015
Dehydrated alfalfa meal
7 wks. of age
144
TURKEY RECIPES
TABLE 5.—Grouping treatments to demonstrate effects of interactions on body weight (All males, 10 weeks of age) Animal grease
Dried fish solublss Dehydrated alfalfa meal Hydrolized whey
+ + + -
Hydrolized whey
TABLE 6.—Grouping treatments to demonstrate effects of interactions on feed efficiency (All males, 10 weeks of age) Animal grease
Dehydrated alfalfa meal
+
-
+
-
+
-
3.94
3.97
4.08
3.84
4.00
3.91
3.91
3.83
3.88
3.87
3.90
3.84
3.92
3.99
4.01
3.90
3.94
3.82
3.95
3.81
3.93
4.02
3.92
3.79
Dried fish solubles Dehydrated alfalfa meal Hydrolized whey
bined with a corn-soybean oil meal type basal mash individually and in all combinations are reported. Meat strain, sexed New Hampshire male chicks were used. They were divided into 16 groups of 9 chicks in each group and the groups were distributed at random throughout the battery compartments. By pairing the data on body weight at 10 weeks of age it was demonstrated that in each case the average weight of the birds receiving the experimental variables was heavier than those not receiving these supplements. The differences between treatments, however, were not significant. Feed efficiency was improved 11 percent by the addition of 3 percent animal grease to the diet. This amounted to a saving of .29 pounds of feed per pound of gain, which was highly significant. The differences in feed efficiency attributable to the other ingredients were without significance. The results from this experiment add
Dehydrated alfalfa meal
+
-
+
-
+
-
2.63
2.93
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.77
2.63
2.91
2.87
2.66
2.79
2.74
2.65
2.93
2.84
2.74
2.60
2.91
2.81
2.70
2.68
2.96
2.57
2.88
Note: Each number represents the average feed/gain of • groups of 9 birds per group.
additional data to that already published from other sources which indicate that high grade, inedible animal fat now in surplus supply is a practical ingredient for use in commercial broiler mash. REFERENCES Holman, E. T., and E. M. Cruickshank, 1933. Some aspects of fat metabolism in fowls and their practical significance. Fifth World's Poultry Congress, Sect. 2, p. 612. Kraybill, H. R., 1953. Antioxidants and fats in feed manufacturing. Proceedings, Nutrition Council, American Feed Manufacturers Association, December 1953, pp. 13-15. Runnels, T. D., 1954. The value of unidentified growth factor supplements in broiler rations. University of Delaware Agr. Exp. Sta. Misc. Pub. 199. Siedler, A. J., and B. S. Schweigert, 1952. Effect of feeding graded levels of fat with and without choline and antibiotic +B12 supplements to chicks. Poultry Sci. 32:449-454. Yacowitz, H., 1953. Supplements of a corn-soybean oil meal ration with penicillin and various fats. Poultry Sci. 32:930.
TURKEY RECIPES The U. S. Department of Agriculture has published Bulletin No. 45, "Turkeys on the Table the Year Around." It covers all the different ways of preparing turkey.
The bulletin can be obtained by sending 15 cents to the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D, C.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Gazi Universitesi on May 4, 2015
Note: Each number represents the average body weight of 4 groups of 9 birds per group.
+ + + -
Hydrolyzed whey
T. D.
Maw, A. J. G., 1933. Feeding cane molasses to growing chicks and laying hens. Sci. Agr. 13: 743-745. Ott, W. H., R. V. Boucher and H. C. Knandel, 1942. Feeding-cane molasses as a constituent of poultry rations. I. Molasses for growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 21:340-345. Payne, J. F., 1954. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc, Honolulu. Personal communication. Rosenberg, M. M., 1954. An evaluation of B-grade molasses in chick starter rations. Poultry Sci. 33: 382-389.
RUNNELS Scott, M. L., 1953. Use of molasses in the feeding of farm animals. Sugar Research Foundation, Inc., Tech. Rpt. Series No. 9, 113-125. Upp, C. W., 1937. Cane molasses in poultry rations. Lousisana Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 289: 23. Weeth, H. J., and M. M. Rosenberg, 1954. Effect of cane final molasses on certain cations in the serum and bones of chicks. Poultry Sci. 33:11351140. Winter, A. R., 1929. Cane molasses for poultry. Poultry Sci. 8:369-373.
T. D.
RUNNELS
Department of Animal and Poultry Industry, University of Delaware, Newark (Received for publication April 26, 1954)
T
HE use of detergents in the place of soap has caused a surplus of animal fat to accumulate. Kraybill (1953) reported that this surplus amounted to approximately one billion pounds at the end of 1953, and he quoted R. H. Ewell of the Stanford Research Institute as predicting an annual surplus of 1.1 billion pounds by 1957. This surplus fat should be a satisfactory ingredient in formula feeds, but only a limited number of feeding experiments have been reported which demonstrate the actual value of the particular types of fat available for use at the present time. Siedler and Schweigert (1952) fed 2, 4 and 8 percent levels of stabilized choice white grease to New Hampshire and White Rock chicks in separate battery feeding trials to 9 weeks of age. None of the levels of grease fed affected body weight, but feed efficiency was improved in all instances. The improvement in feed utilization was considerably less for the New Hampshires than for the White Rocks, but this may have been due to a change in basal mash between experiments rather than to breed differences.
Efficiency of utilization of the fat decreased on a caloric basis as the amounts added to the diet increased. Yacowitz (1953) fed lard as a supplement to a corn-soybean oil meal ration and reported the data from the chicks at 5 weeks of age. Feed efficiency was improved with 2.5 and 5 percent lard 5.8 and 12.4 percent respectively. The data also indicated a possible slight improvement in growth. Holman and Cruickshank (1933) showed that there is a marked difference in the fat storage of cockerels and pullets as they near sexual maturity. It is not clearly demonstrated at what age this difference between sexes becomes evident. It is conceivable, however, that possible differences between sexes should be considered in using fat as an ingredient in practical poultry diets. PROCEDURE
In evaluating animal fat in broiler diets, a 16-pen single replicate factorial experiment was chosen as described in detail by the author (1954). The animal fat used in this experiment
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Gazi Universitesi on May 4, 2015
Animal Fat in Combination with Various Other Ingredients in Broiler Rations
141
ANIMAL FAT IN BROILER RATIONS TABLE 1.—Basal mash Pounds Ground yellow corn Soybean oil meal (solvent) Salt Manganese sulphate Ground limestone Bone meal Vitamin and antibiotic mixture in ground corn
960.0 640.0 5.0 1.0 20.0 50.0 24.0
B12 5 m g .
Procaine penicillin 4 gms. Total pounds
1,700.0
Calculated analysis— Protein 21.92% Calcium 1.03% ton basis Phosphorus . 60% ton basis
was obtained from a feed manufacturer who had procured a large quantity for use in commercial feed. It was purchased from the original processor according to the following specifications: maximum color FAC 37; maximum free fatty acids 15%; maximum moisture, residue and unsaponifiable fraction 2%, and titer minimum 39. It was stabilized with Tenox II which is produced by Eastman Chemical Products, Inc. and contains butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, and citric acid dissolved in propylene glycol. The other experimental ingredients were readily available in commercial quantities and would probably be combined with animal fat in some commercial feeds. They were dried sardine fish solubles, condensed whey that had been hydrolized to convert the milk sugar to monosaccharides, and 17 percent protein dehydrated alfalfa meal. The basal mash as recorded in Table 1 was mixed as one batch and then remixed into the experimental diets. The
TABLE 2.—Mixing record for experimental rations in pounds Experimental ingredients
Variable ingredients Treatment No.
O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0
Ground corn
Soybean oil meal
10.5 11.5 4.5 5.5 9.0 9.5 2.5 3.5 7.0 8.0 0.5 1.5 5.0 6.0 0.0 0.0
4.5 2.0 4.5 2.0 3.5 1.5 4.0 1.5 5.0 2.5 5.5 3.0 4.5 2.0 3.5 2.0
Total F
H
A
G
1.5 1.5
6.0 6.0
1.5 l.S
6.0 6.0
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
1.5 1.5
6.0 6.0
l.S 1.5
6.0 6.0
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
O—Basal mash—corn-soybean oil meal type. F—Dried sardine fish solubles—1.5 percent of the diet. H—Hydrolized whey—50% solids—6 percent of the diet. A—Alfalfa meal, dehydrated, 17% protein, 2\ percent of the diet. G—Animal grease, yellow with antioxidant, 3 percent of the diet.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Gazi Universitesi on May 4, 2015
A stabilized 2,250,000 units D 3 1,350,000 units Menadione 1 gm. Riboflavin 3 gms. Calcium pantothenate 6 gms. Niacin 15 gms. Choline chloride 163 gms.
protein level was adjusted to 21 percent for all diets. An average analysis table for feedstuffs was used. The ingredients added to the basal diet for the various treatments are recorded in Table 2. Sexed, meat strain New Hampshire male chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery for this experiment. They arrived on December 3, 1953, and were distributed at random into 16 groups of 9 chicks per group, plus a predesignated spare to be used as a replacement if mortality occurred. After the chicks were wing banded individually, the groups were placed in battery brooder compartments which were located at random, as shown in Table 3 under pen number. From then on the groups were treated as nearly alike as possible, except for the experimental diets that were provided free choice. At 4 weeks of age all groups were transferred to growing batteries in another building where they were retained until the experiment was terminated. The chicks were weighed individually at 4, 7 and 10 weeks of age, and the feed was weighed back at the same times in
142
T. D. RUNNELS TABLE 3.—Data collected from all-cockerel flock (9 birds per pen in batteries) Experimental treatments Ingredients
1 2 3 4 5 6 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16
0 O+F 0 +H O+F+H 0 +A O+F +A 0 +H+A O+F+H+A 0 +G O+F +G 0 +H +G O+F+H +G 0 +A+G O+F +A+G 0 +H+A+G O+F+H+A+G
13 4 38 9 19 29 24 34 28 18 27 8 32 22 2 33
10 wks. of age
Ave. wt.
Feed/ gain
Ave. wt.
Feed/ gain
Ave. wt.
Feed/ gain
.98 .96 .98 1.05 1.03 .97 1.03 1.04 1.01 .94 1.04 1.05 .99 1.06 .97 .94
2.00 1.93 2.07 1.94 1.94 2.03 2.00 2.02 1.86 1.93 1.98 1.86 1.90 1.85 1.94 1.94
2.33 2.45 2.17 2.47 2.09 2.31 2.58 2.46 2.25 2.24 2.49 2.52 2.39 2.33 2.22 2.32
2.35 2.33 2.59 2.43 2.34 2.43 2.53 2.54 2.36 2.22 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.24 2.28 2.28
3.81 3.74 3.73 3.99 3.74 3.85 4.05 4.29 3.86 3.82 3.98 4.09 4.07 3.93 3.74 3.94
2.77 2.96 2.96 2.93 2.81 2.96 3.08 2.87 2.51 2.57 2.72 2.61 2.55 2.64 2.71 2.69
O—Basal mash, corn-soybean oil meal type. F—Dried Sardine fish solubles—1.5% of the diet. H—Hydrolized Whey—50% solids—6% of the diet. A—Alfalfa meal, dehydrated, 17% protein—2f% of the diet. G—Animal grease, yellow with antioxidant—3% of the diet.
order to determine the amount of feed consumed from which to calculate feed efficiency. In order to evaluate the effect of the treatments on market quality, one bird was slaughtered from each pen. They were chosen at random and after being killed and bled were scaled for 30 seconds in water held at a temperature of 145°F. The birds were then picked clean on an automatic picker and allowed to cool in water before the comparisons were made. After the dressed birds were thoroughly cooled, they were paired by arranging the 8 birds fed the diets with an experimental supplement into one group, while those fed the diets without the supplement were arranged in another group. These groups were then compared to determine differences in finish, pigmentation, pin feathers and any other condition that might prove to be attributable to the diets fed. After these observations were made the birds were drawn and compari-
sons were made of the amount of internal fat deposited, and the various organs were inspected by a veterinarian for any possible differences in pathological symptoms. A summary of the data on market quality revealed that there existed noticeable individual differences between birds in all categories where comparisons were made. These individual differences, however, were not shown to be related to the d i e t s fed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data that were collected from the chicks are recorded in Table 3 as average weight in pounds and as pounds of feed required to produce a pound of gain. In order to demonstrate the main effects of the experimental ingredients on body weight and feed efficiency, the treatments were paired as recorded in Table 4. The data from all sixteen pens were utilized in each calculation. The average from eight pens without an experimental supplement
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Gazi Universitesi on May 4, 2015
No.
7 wks. of age
4 wks. of age Pen No.
143
ANIMAL FAT IN BROILER RATIONS TABLE 4.—Pairing treatment averages to demonstrate main effects (8 pens per group) 4 wks. of age Treatmei its Dried fish solubles
{i
Difference Hydrolyzed whey
{i
Difference
{i
Difference Animal grease
{i
Difference t Highly significant.
10 wks. of age
Ave. wt.
Feed/ gain
Ave. wt.
Feed/ gain
Ave. wt.
Feed/ gain
1.00 1.01
1.94 1.96
2.39 2.32
2.34 2.36
3.96 3.87
2.78 2.77
-0.01
-0.02
0.07
-0.02
0.09
0.01
1.01 1.00
1.97 1.93
2.40 2.30
2.39 2.30
3.98 3.85
2.82 2.72
0.01
0.04
0.10
0.09
0.13
0.10
1.00 1.00
1.95 1.95
2.34 2.37
2.35 2.35
3.95 3.88
2.79 2.75
0.00
0.00
-0.03
0.00
0.07
0.04
1.00 1.01
1.91 1.99
2.36 2.34
2.25 2.44
3.93 3.90
2.63 2.92
-0.01
-0.08
0.02
-0.19
0.03
-0.29f
•
was subtracted from the average of the eight pens with the supplement, and the difference attributed to the presence of the supplement in the diets. The negative differences for feed/gain represents improved feed utilization, while the positive differences represent the reverse. This information is recorded for each of the three weigh periods. The data on body weight at 10 weeks of age were analyzed by an analysis of variance, but the differences between treatments were not significant at a probability as great as 19 to 1. When the feed efficiency at 10 weeks of age was subjected to an analysis of variance, the improvement attributable to 3 percent animal grease was highly significant, with a probability greater than 99 to 1. This was the only treatment that affected feed efficiency to a significant extent, and the improvement amounted to 11 percent at 10 weeks of age. This was more than proportional to the increase in caloric content of the diets, and additional
research will be required to determine what factors may be responsible for the improvement being greater than had been anticipated. The fact that these chicks were all males and brooded in a cool room during the winter may prove to have a bearing on the efficiency of the fat utilization in this experiment. The effects of the interactions on body weight and feed efficiency between the treatments were not significant. These data are recorded in Tables 5 and 6. Each number represents the average body weight in pounds of the birds from four pens. Each block represents the total pens in the experiment and the blocks differ only in the way the data from the pens are grouped. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The results from a broiler feeding experiment using a 3 percent animal grease, 1.5 percent dried sardine fish solubles, 6 percent condensed hydrolized whey and 2.5 percent dehydrated alfalfa meal com-
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Dehydrated alfalfa meal
7 wks. of age
144
TURKEY RECIPES
TABLE 5.—Grouping treatments to demonstrate effects of interactions on body weight (All males, 10 weeks of age) Animal grease
Dried fish solublss Dehydrated alfalfa meal Hydrolized whey
+ + + -
Hydrolized whey
TABLE 6.—Grouping treatments to demonstrate effects of interactions on feed efficiency (All males, 10 weeks of age) Animal grease
Dehydrated alfalfa meal
+
-
+
-
+
-
3.94
3.97
4.08
3.84
4.00
3.91
3.91
3.83
3.88
3.87
3.90
3.84
3.92
3.99
4.01
3.90
3.94
3.82
3.95
3.81
3.93
4.02
3.92
3.79
Dried fish solubles Dehydrated alfalfa meal Hydrolized whey
bined with a corn-soybean oil meal type basal mash individually and in all combinations are reported. Meat strain, sexed New Hampshire male chicks were used. They were divided into 16 groups of 9 chicks in each group and the groups were distributed at random throughout the battery compartments. By pairing the data on body weight at 10 weeks of age it was demonstrated that in each case the average weight of the birds receiving the experimental variables was heavier than those not receiving these supplements. The differences between treatments, however, were not significant. Feed efficiency was improved 11 percent by the addition of 3 percent animal grease to the diet. This amounted to a saving of .29 pounds of feed per pound of gain, which was highly significant. The differences in feed efficiency attributable to the other ingredients were without significance. The results from this experiment add
Dehydrated alfalfa meal
+
-
+
-
+
-
2.63
2.93
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.77
2.63
2.91
2.87
2.66
2.79
2.74
2.65
2.93
2.84
2.74
2.60
2.91
2.81
2.70
2.68
2.96
2.57
2.88
Note: Each number represents the average feed/gain of • groups of 9 birds per group.
additional data to that already published from other sources which indicate that high grade, inedible animal fat now in surplus supply is a practical ingredient for use in commercial broiler mash. REFERENCES Holman, E. T., and E. M. Cruickshank, 1933. Some aspects of fat metabolism in fowls and their practical significance. Fifth World's Poultry Congress, Sect. 2, p. 612. Kraybill, H. R., 1953. Antioxidants and fats in feed manufacturing. Proceedings, Nutrition Council, American Feed Manufacturers Association, December 1953, pp. 13-15. Runnels, T. D., 1954. The value of unidentified growth factor supplements in broiler rations. University of Delaware Agr. Exp. Sta. Misc. Pub. 199. Siedler, A. J., and B. S. Schweigert, 1952. Effect of feeding graded levels of fat with and without choline and antibiotic +B12 supplements to chicks. Poultry Sci. 32:449-454. Yacowitz, H., 1953. Supplements of a corn-soybean oil meal ration with penicillin and various fats. Poultry Sci. 32:930.
TURKEY RECIPES The U. S. Department of Agriculture has published Bulletin No. 45, "Turkeys on the Table the Year Around." It covers all the different ways of preparing turkey.
The bulletin can be obtained by sending 15 cents to the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D, C.
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Note: Each number represents the average body weight of 4 groups of 9 birds per group.
+ + + -
Hydrolyzed whey