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Anisotropy deformation-strength characteristics of an assembly of spherical particles under three dimensional stresses
103A
ted to axisy~metric parabolic vertical m:rface loadir~. Parametric analyses show the ~ n c e of soil anisotropy durir~ both drained ar~ undrained loading conditions. A case study of an overcor~olidated clay shows how realistic char~es in ar~sotropic soil parameters affect the occurring stresses and deformations. (See item 825036 far the cc~plete formulation and solution of the problem. ) 38 refs.
825039 EXPERIMENTAL DUCTILE DEFORMATION OF POLYURYSTALLINE AND SINGLE CRYSTAL PYRITE Cc~, S F; Etheridge, M A; Hobbs, B E Econ Geol, V76, ~ , Dec 1981, F2105-2117 Polycrystalline pyrite, deformed in triaxial compression tests at a confining pressure of 300MPa, strain rates of .0001-.00001/sec, and temperatures above about 450 deg C, shortens by dislocation flow mechanisms. Above 500 deg C dynamic recovery amd recrystallization are imIx~tant and steady state flow is attained after i0 to 20 per cent shortening. The atre~gth of polycrystalline pyrite decreases significantly with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. Over the temperature interval 500700 deg C, at strain rates of .00002/sec, the steady state flow stress drops from about 500 to 70MPa. In certain orientations, pyrite single crystals exhibit three-stage work-hardening in which the stage 2 wark-hardenimg rates are nearly as high as the elastic modulus. The present data indicate that pyrite can be considerably weaker and mare ductile than indicated by previous studies, amd that pyrite is likely to be deformed by dislocation flow mechanisms under a range of geologically realistic conditions.
825o35 RESIDUAL
UNDRAINED DEFORMATION FROM CYCLIC LOADING Chang, C S J Geoteeh Engng Div ASCE, V108, NGT~, April 1982, P637-6~6 Residual undrained deformation of anisotroplcally consolidated soil samples unde~ cyclic loading is investigated. The magnitude of residual deformation is influenced by f a c t , s such as initial stress condition, excess pore pressure generated by the cyclic loading, amd soil properties. A semi-empirical model is developed for predicting residual undrained defcmuaation d~ring cyclic loadlrg. The model, with its parameters determined from static tests, was used to predict residual defc~nnation in cyclic tests, and was then compared with experimental results, showing
aL=;reement.
8z~S6
825~o
AXISYMMETRIC PARABOLIC LOADING OF ANISOTROPIC HALFSPACE. TECHNICAL NOTE Gazetas, G J Geotech Engng Div ASCE, V108, NG~, Alril 1982, B654-660
An analysis of 5.7 years of strain tide recards from Pinon Flat, Califarnia, shows a small sigmal at twice the frequency of the largest (M2) tide. Most of the observed signal can be explained by loading from nor.linear water tides in the Gulf of California arg the Pacific Ocean: the residual nor.linear tide is 65 dB less than the M2 tide. The signal at 3 times the M2 frequency is compatible with a linear model or with ronlinear hysteresis loops provided that nonlinear dissipation occurs throughout the earth. Nonlinear dissipation in the rocks near the straim~eter would produce a larger sigrml than is seen.
Presents the complete fc~,,~lation and solution of the boundary value problem in the study of the effect of soil cross-anisotropy on surface displacements and stress distribution which is discussed in a companion paper (see item 82503~) which is a 'frictioniess' loading case. A solution is also presented for the problem of 'adhesive' loading of an anisotrolx[C half space. 825037 STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS OF ELASTIC MEDIUM. TECHNICAL NOTE Nagerdra, M V; Sridharan, A J Geotech Emgng Div ASCE, V108, NGT4, Alm~il 1982, F661-668 The theory of elasticity is used to evaluate stiffness coefficients for vertical and horizontal modes of motion for which solutions were previously not available. Three types of pressure distributions and three types of displacement conditions are given. 825038 INCREMENTAL CONSTITUTIVE LAW FOR SANDS AND CLAYS: SIMULATIONS OF MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC TESTS Darve, F; Labanieh, S Int J Nt~n Ansi Meth Geomech, V6, N2, AprilJune 1982, P2&3-275 The incremental constitutive law far soils ar~ its principal ass~nptions are detailed. The constitutive parameters of Hostun sand and Gru~dite clay are then given, as well as a comparison of theoretical results with experimental axis~mnetrical amd true triaxial measurements (Hostun sand tests at Grenoble and Grumdite clay tests at Berkeley). Different cyclic behaviour simulations are presented, as well as an example of cyclic liquefaction of Monterey loose sand. Finally, a simple shear test is simulated.
NONLINEARITY IN ROCK: EVIDENCE FORM EARTH TIDES Agnew, D C J Geophys Res, V86, NBS, l0 May 1981, P3969-3978
825~l
STRAINS INDUCED IN THE SOIL BY PROBES OF VARIOUS
slm~s (IN rrALIAN) Marchetti, S; Panone, C Riv Itml Geo%ech, VI5 s N-l, Jan-March 1981,
~o-5~ Results of expe~-iments to study the strains induced in the soil by the penetration of conical probes and plane probes are reported. It is concluded that shear strains in the soil deferreed by penetration are considerably higher in the case of conical probes, and that plane probes are superior to conical probes when determining the properties of the eriginal soil.
825042 ANISOTROFY
DE~ORMATION-STBENU,TH CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ASSS~BLY OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES UNDER THREE DIMENSIONAL STRESSES Haruyama, M Soils Fourzl, V21, N~, Dec 19813 P~I-55 Isotropic ccmpression tests and radial shear tests were carried out on cubical specimens consisting of glass beads under the condition of independent stress control. In all tests the direction of specimen deposition was identical to that of gravity. Results showed that specimens showed a lower compressibility in the direction of
IO~A
specimen deposition compared with the direction perpendicular to specimen deposition. It was concluded that the deformation-strength behaviour was affected by the relation between direction of specimen depo§ition and that of the raddal shear stress path. 825043 COUPLING OF DIFFUSIONAL MASS TRANSPORT AND D E F O ~ A T I O N IN A TIGHT ROCK Fletcher, R C Tectonophysics, V83, NB-4, 20 March 1982, P275-291 Simple governing equations coupling diffuslonal transpert at a macroscopic scale and deformation in a tight rock are fc~mulated. The deformation alone is described by a linear viscous rheolo~y. A basic feature is the length-scale dependence of dlffusional effects. Interl~etation of natural structures p~rmits the estimation of parameters governing the dlffusior~l transport and rate of defermation. Auth. 825044 EXPERIMENTAL FOLDING AND FAUITING OF ROCKS UNDER CONFINING PRESSURE. PART 9. WRENCH FAULTS IN LIMESTONE LAYERS Bartlett, W L; Friedman, M; Logan, J M Tectonophysics, W 9 , NB-4, l0 Nov 1981, P255-277 Strlke-slip (~rer~h) fault zones were induced experimentally, under confining presst~es up to lOOMPa, in initially intact layers of Isilsra limestone subjected to strike-slip displacement along a lubricated 45 deg sawcut in an underlying sandstone ferci~g block. Specimens were loaded parallel to their longest dimension at an average displacement rate of .O073c~sec, room dry and at room temperature. The aim was to investigate in 3 dimensions the geometries, ~riglns and sequence of development of structural elements comprising the fault zones. 825045 EFFECT OF DEFORM~TIOE ON ROCKS. SPECIAL ISSUE Te~tonol~qysies, V78, N1-4, 1 Oct 1981, P1-698 Contains 35 papers from the Gottingen conference, 9-12 April 1981, on naturally and experimentally deformed rocks and their structure and m~crostructure and methods of investigation and characterisation. IN 825046 EXPERIMENTAL FOLDING AND FABRIC D R V E L C ~ MULTILAYERED ICE Wilson, C J L Tectonophyslcs, V78, N1-4, 1 Oct 1981, P139-159 To modal the behaviour of quartz-rich rocks, ice multilayers were de£ormed in plane s t r a i n u~der a constant load at -i deg C. The starting material was either polycrystalline ice ~r a fibrous-~rained ice (the latter being optically and crystographlcally analogous to fibrous vein quartz). A variety of m~crofabrics, strain dlstributiorm and folds were produced. 825047 EXPHRIMENTAL DEFORMATION OF DUNITE Chopra, P N; Paterson, M S Tectonol~'sics, V78, NI-4, I Oct 1981, P453-473 ReForts corstant strain rate and relaxation experiments on 2 dunites at strain rates of .OC1-.O00001/s, temperatures of lO00-1300 deg C and 300MPa cor~ining pressure.
825048 DEFORMATION EXPERIMEHrS ON ANHYDRITE ROCKS OF D ~ GRAIN SIZES: RNEOLOGY AND MICROFABRIC Muller, W H; Schm~, S M; Briegel, U Tectonol~sics, V78, NI-~, 1 Oct 1981, P527-543 Reports experiments on anh~drite in the 20-450 deg C temperature ramge. Strong work hardenlrg was observed at high stresses and steady state flow at low stresses. Intracrystalline glide and twinning are deduced to be the major defarmation mechanl sins. 8250~ 9 EFFECT OF PARTIAL MELTING ON ROCK DEFORMATION: EXPERIMENTAL AND NATURAL EVIDENCES ON ROCKS OF GRANITIC COMPOSITIONS Paquet, J; Francois, P; Nedelec, A Tectonophysics, V78, N1-4, 1 Oct 1981, P545-565 Reports experiments on apl~te with varylmg water content at a cor~qtant strain rate of .O0001/s, and temperature of 560-900 deg C. The effects of deformation and partial melting are related to cem~Inir~ l~essure, temperature, and water content. 825050 DEFORMATIO~ CF POROUS AGGPEGATES OF CALCITE AND QUARTZ USING THE ISOSTATIC HCT PRESSING TECHNIQUE Caristan, Y; Harpin, R J; Evans, B Tectonopb~vsics, V78, N1-4, 1 Oct 1961, P629-650 Presents data and a m l y s e s from a prellmir~ry set of experiments on parous aggregates of 2 crustal materials, cslcite ard quartz, using hot-~ressirg techrlques, and suggests several possible sreas of further research. 825051 DEVELOPMENT OF ~ A R
ZOE~S IN POLYCRYSTALLINE
CkMPROR
Urai, J L; Ht~nphreys, F J Tectonopbysics, V78, NI-4, 1 Oct 1981, P677-685 Thin polycrystalline specimens of rhombohedral campher have been deforn~d in pure shesr in the temperature range 283-343K. The deformation processes, dy~mndc recryst~llisstion and the development of microstructure were followed by transmdssion polarised light microscopy. Under favourable stress distributions shear zores were initiated, occurring mare often above 310-320K. 825052 IN-SITU OPTICAL INVESTIGATICN OF THE DEFORMATION B~AVIOUR OF SODIUM ~FITRATE - AN ANALOGUE FOR CALCITE.
Tt~gatt, P D; Humphreys, F J Tectonophysics, W 8 , N1-4, i Oct 1981, P661-675 Observations were made under the optical microscope of the deformation of th~ n polycrystalline specimens of sodium nitrate (calcite structure) at temperatures of 20-300 deg C. The results are izterpreted in terms of impurity cor~rolled grain bour~ motion a s proposed for halite, and a strong similarity between the defo~stior: behavlot~ of sodium nitrate and msrble is noted. 825053 INVESTIGATIONS INTO q~E DEFORMABILITY OF ROCE3'ILL BOwling, A J Proc 3rd Australia-Na~ Zealand Conference on Geomachsrdcs, Wellington, 12-16 May 1980, V1, PI-6. Puhl Wellington: New Zealand Institution of Engineers, 1980
ted to axisy~metric parabolic vertical m:rface loadir~. Parametric analyses show the ~ n c e of soil anisotropy durir~ both drained ar~ undrained loading conditions. A case study of an overcor~olidated clay shows how realistic char~es in ar~sotropic soil parameters affect the occurring stresses and deformations. (See item 825036 far the cc~plete formulation and solution of the problem. ) 38 refs.
825039 EXPERIMENTAL DUCTILE DEFORMATION OF POLYURYSTALLINE AND SINGLE CRYSTAL PYRITE Cc~, S F; Etheridge, M A; Hobbs, B E Econ Geol, V76, ~ , Dec 1981, F2105-2117 Polycrystalline pyrite, deformed in triaxial compression tests at a confining pressure of 300MPa, strain rates of .0001-.00001/sec, and temperatures above about 450 deg C, shortens by dislocation flow mechanisms. Above 500 deg C dynamic recovery amd recrystallization are imIx~tant and steady state flow is attained after i0 to 20 per cent shortening. The atre~gth of polycrystalline pyrite decreases significantly with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. Over the temperature interval 500700 deg C, at strain rates of .00002/sec, the steady state flow stress drops from about 500 to 70MPa. In certain orientations, pyrite single crystals exhibit three-stage work-hardening in which the stage 2 wark-hardenimg rates are nearly as high as the elastic modulus. The present data indicate that pyrite can be considerably weaker and mare ductile than indicated by previous studies, amd that pyrite is likely to be deformed by dislocation flow mechanisms under a range of geologically realistic conditions.
825o35 RESIDUAL
UNDRAINED DEFORMATION FROM CYCLIC LOADING Chang, C S J Geoteeh Engng Div ASCE, V108, NGT~, April 1982, P637-6~6 Residual undrained deformation of anisotroplcally consolidated soil samples unde~ cyclic loading is investigated. The magnitude of residual deformation is influenced by f a c t , s such as initial stress condition, excess pore pressure generated by the cyclic loading, amd soil properties. A semi-empirical model is developed for predicting residual undrained defcmuaation d~ring cyclic loadlrg. The model, with its parameters determined from static tests, was used to predict residual defc~nnation in cyclic tests, and was then compared with experimental results, showing
aL=;reement.
8z~S6
825~o
AXISYMMETRIC PARABOLIC LOADING OF ANISOTROPIC HALFSPACE. TECHNICAL NOTE Gazetas, G J Geotech Engng Div ASCE, V108, NG~, Alril 1982, B654-660
An analysis of 5.7 years of strain tide recards from Pinon Flat, Califarnia, shows a small sigmal at twice the frequency of the largest (M2) tide. Most of the observed signal can be explained by loading from nor.linear water tides in the Gulf of California arg the Pacific Ocean: the residual nor.linear tide is 65 dB less than the M2 tide. The signal at 3 times the M2 frequency is compatible with a linear model or with ronlinear hysteresis loops provided that nonlinear dissipation occurs throughout the earth. Nonlinear dissipation in the rocks near the straim~eter would produce a larger sigrml than is seen.
Presents the complete fc~,,~lation and solution of the boundary value problem in the study of the effect of soil cross-anisotropy on surface displacements and stress distribution which is discussed in a companion paper (see item 82503~) which is a 'frictioniess' loading case. A solution is also presented for the problem of 'adhesive' loading of an anisotrolx[C half space. 825037 STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS OF ELASTIC MEDIUM. TECHNICAL NOTE Nagerdra, M V; Sridharan, A J Geotech Emgng Div ASCE, V108, NGT4, Alm~il 1982, F661-668 The theory of elasticity is used to evaluate stiffness coefficients for vertical and horizontal modes of motion for which solutions were previously not available. Three types of pressure distributions and three types of displacement conditions are given. 825038 INCREMENTAL CONSTITUTIVE LAW FOR SANDS AND CLAYS: SIMULATIONS OF MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC TESTS Darve, F; Labanieh, S Int J Nt~n Ansi Meth Geomech, V6, N2, AprilJune 1982, P2&3-275 The incremental constitutive law far soils ar~ its principal ass~nptions are detailed. The constitutive parameters of Hostun sand and Gru~dite clay are then given, as well as a comparison of theoretical results with experimental axis~mnetrical amd true triaxial measurements (Hostun sand tests at Grenoble and Grumdite clay tests at Berkeley). Different cyclic behaviour simulations are presented, as well as an example of cyclic liquefaction of Monterey loose sand. Finally, a simple shear test is simulated.
NONLINEARITY IN ROCK: EVIDENCE FORM EARTH TIDES Agnew, D C J Geophys Res, V86, NBS, l0 May 1981, P3969-3978
825~l
STRAINS INDUCED IN THE SOIL BY PROBES OF VARIOUS
slm~s (IN rrALIAN) Marchetti, S; Panone, C Riv Itml Geo%ech, VI5 s N-l, Jan-March 1981,
~o-5~ Results of expe~-iments to study the strains induced in the soil by the penetration of conical probes and plane probes are reported. It is concluded that shear strains in the soil deferreed by penetration are considerably higher in the case of conical probes, and that plane probes are superior to conical probes when determining the properties of the eriginal soil.
825042 ANISOTROFY
DE~ORMATION-STBENU,TH CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ASSS~BLY OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES UNDER THREE DIMENSIONAL STRESSES Haruyama, M Soils Fourzl, V21, N~, Dec 19813 P~I-55 Isotropic ccmpression tests and radial shear tests were carried out on cubical specimens consisting of glass beads under the condition of independent stress control. In all tests the direction of specimen deposition was identical to that of gravity. Results showed that specimens showed a lower compressibility in the direction of
IO~A
specimen deposition compared with the direction perpendicular to specimen deposition. It was concluded that the deformation-strength behaviour was affected by the relation between direction of specimen depo§ition and that of the raddal shear stress path. 825043 COUPLING OF DIFFUSIONAL MASS TRANSPORT AND D E F O ~ A T I O N IN A TIGHT ROCK Fletcher, R C Tectonophysics, V83, NB-4, 20 March 1982, P275-291 Simple governing equations coupling diffuslonal transpert at a macroscopic scale and deformation in a tight rock are fc~mulated. The deformation alone is described by a linear viscous rheolo~y. A basic feature is the length-scale dependence of dlffusional effects. Interl~etation of natural structures p~rmits the estimation of parameters governing the dlffusior~l transport and rate of defermation. Auth. 825044 EXPERIMENTAL FOLDING AND FAUITING OF ROCKS UNDER CONFINING PRESSURE. PART 9. WRENCH FAULTS IN LIMESTONE LAYERS Bartlett, W L; Friedman, M; Logan, J M Tectonophysics, W 9 , NB-4, l0 Nov 1981, P255-277 Strlke-slip (~rer~h) fault zones were induced experimentally, under confining presst~es up to lOOMPa, in initially intact layers of Isilsra limestone subjected to strike-slip displacement along a lubricated 45 deg sawcut in an underlying sandstone ferci~g block. Specimens were loaded parallel to their longest dimension at an average displacement rate of .O073c~sec, room dry and at room temperature. The aim was to investigate in 3 dimensions the geometries, ~riglns and sequence of development of structural elements comprising the fault zones. 825045 EFFECT OF DEFORM~TIOE ON ROCKS. SPECIAL ISSUE Te~tonol~qysies, V78, N1-4, 1 Oct 1981, P1-698 Contains 35 papers from the Gottingen conference, 9-12 April 1981, on naturally and experimentally deformed rocks and their structure and m~crostructure and methods of investigation and characterisation. IN 825046 EXPERIMENTAL FOLDING AND FABRIC D R V E L C ~ MULTILAYERED ICE Wilson, C J L Tectonophyslcs, V78, N1-4, 1 Oct 1981, P139-159 To modal the behaviour of quartz-rich rocks, ice multilayers were de£ormed in plane s t r a i n u~der a constant load at -i deg C. The starting material was either polycrystalline ice ~r a fibrous-~rained ice (the latter being optically and crystographlcally analogous to fibrous vein quartz). A variety of m~crofabrics, strain dlstributiorm and folds were produced. 825047 EXPHRIMENTAL DEFORMATION OF DUNITE Chopra, P N; Paterson, M S Tectonol~'sics, V78, NI-4, I Oct 1981, P453-473 ReForts corstant strain rate and relaxation experiments on 2 dunites at strain rates of .OC1-.O00001/s, temperatures of lO00-1300 deg C and 300MPa cor~ining pressure.
825048 DEFORMATION EXPERIMEHrS ON ANHYDRITE ROCKS OF D ~ GRAIN SIZES: RNEOLOGY AND MICROFABRIC Muller, W H; Schm~, S M; Briegel, U Tectonol~sics, V78, NI-~, 1 Oct 1981, P527-543 Reports experiments on anh~drite in the 20-450 deg C temperature ramge. Strong work hardenlrg was observed at high stresses and steady state flow at low stresses. Intracrystalline glide and twinning are deduced to be the major defarmation mechanl sins. 8250~ 9 EFFECT OF PARTIAL MELTING ON ROCK DEFORMATION: EXPERIMENTAL AND NATURAL EVIDENCES ON ROCKS OF GRANITIC COMPOSITIONS Paquet, J; Francois, P; Nedelec, A Tectonophysics, V78, N1-4, 1 Oct 1981, P545-565 Reports experiments on apl~te with varylmg water content at a cor~qtant strain rate of .O0001/s, and temperature of 560-900 deg C. The effects of deformation and partial melting are related to cem~Inir~ l~essure, temperature, and water content. 825050 DEFORMATIO~ CF POROUS AGGPEGATES OF CALCITE AND QUARTZ USING THE ISOSTATIC HCT PRESSING TECHNIQUE Caristan, Y; Harpin, R J; Evans, B Tectonopb~vsics, V78, N1-4, 1 Oct 1961, P629-650 Presents data and a m l y s e s from a prellmir~ry set of experiments on parous aggregates of 2 crustal materials, cslcite ard quartz, using hot-~ressirg techrlques, and suggests several possible sreas of further research. 825051 DEVELOPMENT OF ~ A R
ZOE~S IN POLYCRYSTALLINE
CkMPROR
Urai, J L; Ht~nphreys, F J Tectonopbysics, V78, NI-4, 1 Oct 1981, P677-685 Thin polycrystalline specimens of rhombohedral campher have been deforn~d in pure shesr in the temperature range 283-343K. The deformation processes, dy~mndc recryst~llisstion and the development of microstructure were followed by transmdssion polarised light microscopy. Under favourable stress distributions shear zores were initiated, occurring mare often above 310-320K. 825052 IN-SITU OPTICAL INVESTIGATICN OF THE DEFORMATION B~AVIOUR OF SODIUM ~FITRATE - AN ANALOGUE FOR CALCITE.
Tt~gatt, P D; Humphreys, F J Tectonophysics, W 8 , N1-4, i Oct 1981, P661-675 Observations were made under the optical microscope of the deformation of th~ n polycrystalline specimens of sodium nitrate (calcite structure) at temperatures of 20-300 deg C. The results are izterpreted in terms of impurity cor~rolled grain bour~ motion a s proposed for halite, and a strong similarity between the defo~stior: behavlot~ of sodium nitrate and msrble is noted. 825053 INVESTIGATIONS INTO q~E DEFORMABILITY OF ROCE3'ILL BOwling, A J Proc 3rd Australia-Na~ Zealand Conference on Geomachsrdcs, Wellington, 12-16 May 1980, V1, PI-6. Puhl Wellington: New Zealand Institution of Engineers, 1980