Annual chronology of international astronautical events 1974 sponsored by the international academy of astronautics

Acta Astronautica.

Vol. 4, pp. 69-82.

Pergamon Press 1977. Printed in Great Britain

Ex Mundo Astronautico Annual Chronology of International Astronautical Events 1974

Sponsored by the International Academy of Astronautics

Edited by R. CARGILL HALL

International Academy of Astronautics

Foreword THIS CHRONOLOGY for the year 1974 is the fifth and last one to be compiled by the International Academy of Astronautics. The decision to discontinue this listing of events was taken after careful examination of various factors involved in its production and publication, in consultation with members of the Academy's Committee on the History of the Development of Rockets and Astronautics. On the other hand, the annual bibliography pertaining to the history of astronautics, which heretofore constituted an appendix to the Chronology, will be continued. Once again, on behalf of the Academy I want to thank the coordinator and editor, Mr. R. Cargill Hall, the members of the History Committee, the monitors and all the other persons who have contributed to the successful completion of this work. C. STARK DRAPER President

1974 Jan. 8. The first USA domestic communications satellite service connecting the East and West coasts was inaugurated via Canada's Anik 2 satellite, using circuits leased from Telesat Canada. (RCA Release, January 8, 1974.) Jan. 12. Spain initiated its 1974 program of upper atmospheric research with the launch of a Skylark sounding rocket from the Arenosilio (Huelva) range. (CONIE, [Spain], January 24, 1974.) Jan. 14. Skylab 4 Astronauts Gerald P. Carr, Dr. Edward G. Gibson, and William R. Pogue (launched November 16, 1973) set a new record for the longest manned flight time in space, completing 59 days 11 hr 9 min at 10:10 PM EDT, thus surpassing the record set by Skylab 3 on its 1973 mission. (NASA News Release 74-8; NASA Mission Operation Report, April 1, 1974.) Jan. 16. Plans for an Arab communications satellite network were presented to the Arab League Secretary-General in Cairo. The plans had been prepared with the assistance of the United Nations Educational and Scientific Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Communications Union. The proposed network would establish radio, TV, and news agency links among the Arab States to transmit standard educational and cultural programs. Fifty ground stations would be established and the costs of the satellites and launch facilities paid by member states. (Cairo M E N A , Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)-Inter-Arab, January 17, 1974, A6.) 69

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Jan. 18-27. The British Skynet 2A defense communications satellite, launched from the Eastern Test Range, failed to orbit when the second stage of the Thor-Delta malfunctioned, The Skynet Program wa~s established by a UK-USA agreement signed on April 1, 1970. (Space~light [UK], April 1, 1974, 121.) Jan. 21-25. Conversations were held in Madrid between Spain and ESRO to study an accord for the installation on Spanish territory of a geostationary Satellite tracking station (La Vanguardia [Spain], January 26, 1974) Jan. 25. Results from NASA's Pioneer 10 mission were published (Science [USA], January 25, 1975, 302-324) J u . 31-Mar. 13. A Swedish-Franco-Russian joint balloon campaign was conducted with the launch of 18 ballons from ESRANGE in Sweden. This project studied X-rays, electrical fields, and cosmic rays at altitudes between 30 and 40kin during disturbed ionospheric conditions. (Rymdnytt [Sweden], No. 7, June 1974) During Jan. Representatives of various South American states discussed the draft of the Feasibility Study of a Regional System of Satellite Tele-Education at a meeting in Caracas. A final report will be issued in 1975. (UNESCO) Feb. 4-8. The first meeting of the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization's Assembly of Parties Convened in Washington, D.C. Seventy-two of the eighty-four member governments were represented. Raymond J. Waldmann(USA) was elected Chairman and Dr, Osama Anani (Jordan) Deputy Chairman. The organization granted priority access to the UN on INTELSAT satellites. (INTELSAT Release 74-12) Feb. 5. Mariner 10, launched November 3, 1973, passed within 5,800 km of Venus at 1:01 PM EDT. The encounter sequence occurred according to plan and data were transmitted over the 45 million km distance at a rate of 117.6 kilobits per second. Excellent ultraviolet cloud-structure pictures and new data on the mass, density, and shape of the planet were returned. (Miles, Los Angeles Times, February 6, 1974) Feb. 8. NASA's Skylab 4 Astronauts Gerald P. Carr, Dr. Edward G. Gibson, and William R, Pogue returned to Earth at 11 : 17 AM EDT. Skylab 4 had completed thirty-nine earth resources passes, 338 hr of Apollo Telescope Mount observations, and all fifty-eight planned scientific and technical experiments in biomedicine, solar astronomy, solar physics, and engineering. (NASA Mission Operation Report, April I, 1974) Feb. 10-12. The Soviet space probes Mars 4 and 5, launched July 22 and 25, 1973, neared Mars after a journey of 460 million kin. A braking engine malfunction caused Mars 4 to fly by at a distance of 2200 kin. TV pictures were taken during the flyby and transmittal of information on outer space characteristics continued. Mars 5 entered orbit around Mars at 6: 45 PM Moscow time February 12, with a 32,500km apogee, 1760kin perigee, 155 rain period, and 35° inclination. (FBIS, Soviet number, February 14, 1974, UI) Feb. 11. NASA and ESRO met to discuss future cooperation beyond Spacelab. (ESRO Communique, February 8, 1974) Feb. 16. A Japanese test satellite MS-T2, "TANSEI II," was launched from Kagoshima Space Center. The mission tested the overall performance of the newly developed launch vehicle, M-3C-I, the guidance and control systems, and the attitude control of the spacecraft. The satellite weighed 56 kg, had a period of 122 rain, a perigee of 290 kin, an apogee of 3240 kin, and an inclination of 31°. (GSFC SSR, February 28, 1974) Feb. 18-26. The cooperative Italian-USA San Marco 4 explorer satellite was successfully launched by an Italian crew from the San Marco launch platform off the coast of Kenya. The satellite entered orbit with a 930.5 km apogee, 234.5 km perigee, 96 min period, and 2.9° inclination. The machine measured diurnal variations of the equatorial neutral atmosphere's density, composition, and temperature. San Marco 4 was the fourth satellite launched under a cooperative agreement between NASA and the Italian Space Commission. (NASA Releases 74-30, 74-39) Feb. 25--Mar. 5. The Working Group on Remote Sensing of the Earth by Satellites, of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, convened in New York. (UN) Feb. 26-Mar. 7. The United Nations, in collaboration with UNESCO, held a panel meeting in Tokyo on Satellite Broadcasting Systems for Education. (UN, UNESCO)

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Feb. The European Space Research Organization awarded study and advanced procurement contracts totaling 2.2 million accounting units for its maritime satellite, MAROTS, to various European companies. (ESRO News Release, February 18, 1974) Mar. 8. The USA launched the UK's Miranda (UK-X4) experimental satellite from the Western Test Range on a four-stage Scout booster. The 92 kg spacecraft carried five experiments into orbit with a 926.8 km apogee, 727.7 km perigee, 101.1 min period, and 97.8° inclination (NASA Releases 74-36, 74-53) Mar. 9-12. The Russian space probes Mars 6 and 7, launched August 5 and 9, 1973, flew past the planet Mars. Mars 7 approached the planet March 9; its descent module passed by the planet at 1300 k m after an onboard malfunction.Mars 6 passed within 16,000k m of the surface of Mars and continued into heliocentricorbit.The Mars 6 descent module transmitteddata for 148 sec during descent, but radio contact was lost just before landing. Data received reportedly indicated more water vapor in the Martian atmosphere over some areas than had been thought, traces of ozone, broad oscillationsin atmospheric pressure,and a magnetic field7 to 10 times greater in the planet's immediate environment than in planetary space. (GSFC SSR, March 31, 1974) Mm'. 11-22. The Working Group on Direct Broadcast Satellitesof the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space convened in N e w York. (UN) Mar. 13. N A S A announced a cooperative remote-sensing testproject with the Mexican Commission for Outer Space to assistin eradicatingthe screwworm fly from Mexico. Sensor data provided by E R T S I Earth Resources Technology Satelliteand orbiting meteorological satelliteswould be combined with data from Mexican remote-sensing aircraftfor use by the Mexican government. ( N A S A Release 74--60) Mar. 18-22. More than 550 lunar scientistsattended the Fifth Annual Lunar Science Conference at Johnson Space Center. Some 200 papers discussed the lunar regolith,interior,crust,impact effects, mare basins,and the interchangeof materialbetween the moon and itsenvironment. The conference showed a trend away from the initialdating and chemical analysis of rock to cross-disciplinary studies of possible implicationsof the lunar samples to solar system chronology. (JSC Release, March 7, 1974) Mar. 19-20. N A S A launched seventy-nine sounding rockets from eight sites in a program to determine daily temperature and wind variations in the upper atmosphere during the vernal equinox. The launches were made over a 24 hr period from North, Central, and South America, the Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. Single-stage Loki and Super Loki rockets carried meteorological instruments to about 70 kin. (NASA Release 74-71) Mar. 20. The European Space Research Organization marked its tenth and last anniversary. The organization--which included member states Belgium, Denmark, the German Federal Republic, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom--had successfully launched seven satellites and 180 sounding rockets. In the ten years, ESRO's budget had increased from $101.4 million for 1964-1966 to $405.6 million for 1972-1974. Employment had risen from 450 in 1964 to 1200 in 1974. (ESRO Newsletter 74-3) Mar. 23-Apr. 5. Mariner 10, launched November 3, 1973, became the first spacecraft to explore the planet Mercury, returning some 1700 TV photos and information on its atmosphere, surface, mass, and shape during a flyby. Photos with a surface resolution of 1.6 km disclosed a cratered and pock-marked surface. Some ancient volcanic activity appeared visible in a few rille-like ravines. Onboard instruments indicated that Mercury possesses a magnetic field approximately 1 percent that of the earth. Preliminary results improved estimates of the mass of Mercury 100-times, and showed a detached well-defined bow shock wave, a temperature varying from 900K on the night side to 700*K on the day side, and high-energy electrons in the MeV range 700-5000 km above the surface. (NASA program office; J P L Press Release, March 19, 1974) Apr. 1. The three week Cosmos 605 mission--launched from the USSR on October 31, 1973--yielded further data on living organism reaction to prolonged weightlessness. (Aviation Week and Space Technology [USA], April 1, 1974, 40) Transfer of ESRO into the European Space Agency, originally scheduled for April 1, was postponed to allow resolution of the remaining areas of disagreement among member states. (Aviation Week and Space Technology [USA], April 1, 1974, 21; April 22, 1974, 19)

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The International Academy of Astronautics announced the election of three Members and thirteen Corresponding Members, bringing the total membership of the Academy to 493 in twenty-nine countries. (IAA Press Release No. 47) They were:

Members Basic Sciences Section: Jean Kovalevsky, Observatoire de Meudon (France). Engineering Sciences Section: H. Guyford Stever, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.

(USA). Life Sciences Section: B. B. Egorov, Institute of Biomedical Problems, USSR Ministry of Public Health, Moscow (USSR). Corresponding Members Basic Sciences Section: M. E. H. Ackerman, Institut d'A~ronomie Spatiale de Beigique, Brussels (Belgium); W. J. Granville Beynon, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth (UK); D. E. Blackwell, University of Oxford, Oxford (UK); V. V. Gognsov, Institute of Mechanics, University of Moscow, Moscow (USSR); D. S. Johnson, National Environmental Satellite Service, NOAA, Washinteton, D.C. (USA); A. G. Kulikovsky, Steklov Mathematical Institute, USSR AeA__~_myof Sciences, Moscow (USSR); A. Spilhaus, Consultant, Washington, D.C. (USA); R. Wilson, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University College London (UK). Engineering Sciences Section: A. Hyatt, Rockwell International, El Segnndo, Calif, (USA); L. Jaffe, Deputy Associate Administrator for Applications, NASA, Washington, D.C. (USA); C. C. Kraft, Jr., NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas (USA). Life Sciences Section: R. E. Kinneman, Alexandria, Va. (USA). The second Meeting of Signatories of the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) was held in Acapulco, Mexico. The delegates determined that a 1.10 percent investment share would entitle a signatory or group of signatories to representation on the Board of Governors. (INTELSAT Release 74-17; INTELSAT P A t ) Apr. 3. The USSR launched Cosmos 638 from Baykonur Cosmodrome into orbit with a 308 km apogee, 189km perigee, 89.5 rain period, and 51.8° inclination. Major General Vladimir Shatalov identified the spacecraft as an unmanned test of docking systems for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. (GSFC SSR, June 30, 1974; SF, September 1974, 394) Apr. 8-11. The Tropical Experiment Board for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment held its sixth session in Geneva, and took note of the final plans of the USA and USSR concerning the operation of meteorological satellites during the Tropical Experiment. The Board decided that even if a last-minute failure occurred on the geosynchronous satellite being launched by the USA, the Experiment should still take place according to a contingency plan using other facilities. (GARP Special Report No. 12) Apr. 9. Analysis of Pioneer 10 photographs taken during the spacecraft's encounter with Jupiter indicated that the planet's great red spot was probably a towering mass of clouds rising from discrete thermal sources; other such areas of rising clouds were visible. (USA) Apr. 15--26. The scientific and Technical Sub-Committee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its l l t h session in New York. (UN; IAA) Apr. 27-May 5. Two full-scale models of the Spacelab manned orbital laboratory, being developed by ESRO for use with the US space shuttle, were shown for the first time to the international press and public at the 1974 German Aerospace Show in Hanover, German Federal Republic. (ESRO Release, April 22, 1974) During Apr. Sweden elected to participate in the European Space Research Organization's maritime satellite project, MAROTS. The Swedish share of the project was set at 3 percent. (Rymdnytt [Sweden], No. 6, June 1974) May 3--10. The International Satellite Conference, organized by the U.S. Agency for International Development, met in Denver, Colorado. The conference examined problems in planning and managing satellite experiments and inspected one of the sites for the Rocky Mountain experiment using ATS 6. (UNESCO) May 6-21. An international conference of states on the protection of copyrighted signals transmitted

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by satellite was convened by UNESCO and the World Intellectual Property Organization in Brussels. It was felt that if an international copyright protection system were not established, originating broadcasters would have no means of controlling the use made of their signals and would thus be forced to purchase rights for all countries able to receive the satellite signal; the costs involved would hamper the development of satellite communications. At the close of the conference, fifteen nations adopted the "Convention relating to the distribution of program-carrying signals transmitted by satellite." Under this convention, each contracting state undertakes to prevent the distribution on or from its territory of any program-carrying signal by any distributor for whom the signal is not intended. (UNESCO) May 6-31. The Legal Sub-Committee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Adopted the text of a draft convention on registration of objects launched into outer space for the exploration or use of outer space. (UN) May 9. The Aerosat Memorandum of Understanding between ESRO, the USA Federal Aviation Administration, and the Government of Canada was signed in London by the FAA Administrator. The Memorandum provided for a joint program of experimentation and evaluation using an aeronautical navigation satellite capability over the Atlantic Ocean. The first of two geostationary satellites envisaged in this program would be launched by the end of 1977. (ESRO News Release, May 9, 1974) May 10. NASA's newest space communications facility was dedicated in a ceremony at the station site of Robledo de Chavela, operated for NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory by the Instituto Nacional de Technica Aerospaciai under agreements between Spain and the USA. (NASA Release 74-119). May 12-17. Scientists from the USA and USSR participated in a Leningrad symposium on the final results of the 1973 joint Bering Sea experiment, and concluded that satellite data could be used to accurately assess sea surface and related atmospheric conditions. (NASA Release 74-139) May 13-18. The fourth Coordination Meeting on Geostationary Meteorological Satellites took place at the initiative of ESRO in the World Meteorological Organization's Headquarters in Geneva. (ESRO News Release, May 20, 1974) May 13-22. The first session of the WMO Executive Committee Panel of Experts on Meteorological Satellites took place in Geneva to coordinate national meteorological satellite operations within the framework of the World Weather Watch. (WMO No. 387, section 3.2) May 17. The USSR launched lntercosmos 11, equipped with scientific instruments from East Germany, the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. The satellite, dedicated to the 250th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, was designed to investigate solar ultra-violet and X-ray radiation in the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere. (Tass, Pravda, May 18, 1974; GSFC SSR, June 30, 1974) May 29. The USSR launched an unmanned space station, Luna 22, to continue scientific investigations of the moon and the lunar atmosphere. (Tass, Pravda, May 30, 1974) May 30-June 28. NASA launched the ATS 6 Applications Technology Satellite from the Eastern Test Range. ATS 6 was to be eventually positioned above Lake Victoria in Central Africa, and used by India to broadcast educational programs, (NASA Release 74-111) During May. The WMO sponsored preliminary discussions in Geneva aimed at an eventual global system of second-generation meteorological satellites. Delegates considered establishment of a worldwide forum for presentation of data requirements by users, creation of a mechanism for filing launch plans, and prospects for training users to interpret and apply data from advanced meteorological satellites. Talks were held concurrently on technical standardization of satellite systems. (Aviation Week and Space Technology [USA], May 20, 1974, 21) June 2-19. The Soviet space station Luna 22 entered selenocentric orbit and conducted several investigations of the lunar environment. (Tass, Pravda, June 4 and 20, 1974; GSFC SSR, June 30, 1974) Jmae 3. NASA announced that Italy would build a ground station to receive data directly from NASA's Earth Resources Technology Satellites pursuant to a Memorandum of Understanding signed by NASA and Italy's Societa per Axioni per le Communicazioni Spaziali. (NASA Release 74-142) June 4-13. The twenty-sixth session of the Executive Committee of the WMO met in Geneva. In

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addition to endorsing the recommendations of its Panel of Experts, the Committee suggested that the First GARP Global Experiment be in 1978179 following a buildup period starting in the second half of 1977. (WMO Release No. 387) June 5. ESRO awarded a six-year contract to a European consortium to design and develop Spacelab, the reusable, manned laboratory to be carried into orbit on NASA's space shuttle in the 1980's. The contract provided for delivery of one Spacelab flight unit, fully qualified and ready for installation of experiments, by April 1979. (ESRO Release, June 5, 1974) June 6-19. The Workshop and Seminar on Space Applications of Direct Interest to Developing Countries, organized by COSPAR and the Brazilian Space Research Institute (INPE), convened in Sa6 Jos6 dos Campos, Brazil. Remote sensing techniques, organizational aspects of the systems approach for planning, control and evaluation of research programs, and applications of remote sensing were discussed. (Espacial [Brazil], No. 17, June/July, 1974, 1-4) June 11-14. The Symposium on Solar X and Gamma-ray Astronomy, sponsored by the IAU and COSPAR, was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. (COSPAR) June 15-Sep. 23. The GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) was conducted over a very large area of tropical land and sea to collect data on the behavior of the tropical atmosphere and determine its ultimate effects on global weather. Sponsored by WMO, more than 4000 scientists, technicians, and support personnel from 72 countries observed and recorded phenomena from the top of the atmosphere to 1500 meters below the sea surface. By March 1976 all data will be sent to two World Data Centers, in the USA and USSR, where it will be made available to all interested scientists. (NOAA, GATE News Press Kit, May 9, 1974; GATE Release NL 74-45) Jane 17-22. The International Symposium on Solar Terrestrial Physics, sponsored by COSPAR, IAU, IUGG, URSI, IUPAP, and SCOSTEP, took place in Sa6 Paulo, Brazil. Over 160 papers were submitted on atmospheric physics, the interplanetary medium, the magnetosphere and quiet magnetosphere, and other solar topics. (Espacial [Brazil], No. 17, June/July 1974, 3) June 19-21. A symposium on Satellite Dynamics, sponsored by COSPAR, IAU, and IUTAM, was held in Sa6 Paulo, Brazil. (Espacial [Brazil], No. 17, June/July 1974, 3) June 24-July 1. About 700 scientists from 50 countries participating in COSPAR's XVII Annual Plenary Meeting met in Sa6 Paulo, Brazil. Results of recent biological and physical experiments in space research were presented during the open sessions of the seven Working Groups and their Panels. (COSPAR) June 2A-July 12. Eight U.S. astronauts took part in space training exercises at Star City, near Moscow, for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. (JSC Release 74-121) June 25-July 19. The USSR launched the Salyut 3 research station and--nine days later--the Soyuz 14 spacecraft carrying a two-man crew, to establish a manned orbital workshop. The Soyuz 14 cosmonauts rendezvoused and docked with Salyut 3 on July 5, successfully using techniques planned for the July 1975 USA-USSR Apolio-Soyuz Test Project maneuvers. (GSFC Weekly SSR, June 20-26, July 3-10, 1975 ) July 1-12. The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space heard the reports of the Legal and Scientific and Technical Subcommittees and of the Working Group on Direct Broadcast Satellites. (UN) July 2-8. In an international sounding rocket project, two Nike Tomahawk sounding rockets were launched from a base at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. The identical payloads carried experiments from Denmark, Sweden, Holland, and the USA. (Denmark) July 12. NASA announced that ninety-three research teams in the USA and foreign countries had been selected for Earth Resources Technology Satellite follow-on investigations. (NASA Release 74-193) July 15. Observations by the X-ray astronomy satellite Uhuru, launched December 12, 1970 by Italy for NASA, gave evidence of a possible second black hole at Circinus X-i. (Astrophysical Journal, July 15, 1974, L71-4) July 16. NASA launched the German Federal Republic's Aero 2 aeronomy satellite from the Western Test Range. The machine carried four German Federal Republic and one American experiments designed to contribute to the construction of a model of the ionosphere. (NASA Releases 69-91, 74-183)

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Aug. 2. Representatives of the European Space Research Organization and Canada signed the Aeronautical Satellite (Aerosat) Memorandom of Understanding in Paris. The USA had already signed the Memorandum (see May 9). The joint Aerosat program would test, evaluate, and demonstrate the system in preparation for a worldwide operational system of air traffic control in the mid-1980's (ESRO Release, August I, 1974) Aug. 12. The USSR launched Cosmos 672 to test the unmanned Soyuz spacecraft docking systems intended for use in the July 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission. (GSFC SSR, August 31, 1974) Aug. 19-23. The Colloquium on Planetary Satellites (IAU Colloquium No. 28, cosponsored by COSPAR) was held in Ithaca, New York, USA. (COSPAR) Aug. 26-29. The USSR launched Soyuz 15 from Baykonur Cosmodrome to dock with the orbiting Salyut 3 research station (see June 15-July 19), and continued the scientific research and experimentation initiated by Soyuz 14. (NASA Release 74-242) Aug. 26-31. The Colloquium on Reference Coordinated Systems for Earth Dynamics (IAU Colloquium No. 26, cosponsored by COSPAR and IAG) was held in Torun, Poland. (COSPAR) Aug. 27. NASA launched the Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS) from the Western Test Range. ESRO's operations center at Darmstadt, Germany, directed orbital operations. The satellite, Holland's first, carried two Dutch and one American experiments investigating cosmic ultra-violet and X-ray sources. (ESRO News Release, August 23, 1974) Sep. 2. The International Academy of Astronautics designated Professor Hilding A. Bjurstedt, Head of the Department of Aviation Medicine at the Karolinska Instituter in Stockholm, as recipient of the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim International Astronautics Award 1974. (IAA Press Release No. 48) Sep. 7. Britain launched its first Bristol Aerojet Petrel II rocket from the Hebrides to measure the flux density and energy of ionized particles in the upper atmosphere. (Spaceflight [UK], December 1, 1974, 441) Sep. 9-12. The jointly sponsored ESRO-Swedish Space Corporation symposium on European Sounding Rocket and Scientific Balloon Activity at High Altitudes with Emphasis on the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) was held at Orenas SIott in Sweden. (Rymdnytt [Sweden], No. 7, June 1974) Sep. 15-22. Arab League telecommunications representatives voted to establish a satellite communications system, at a meeting in Beirut. (Aviation Week and Space Technology [USA], September 23, 1974, 23) Sep. 20-23. Mariner 10 reencountered the planet Mercury, closing to 48,069 km on September 21. The second flyby extended photographic coverage of the sunlit side of Mercury. Preliminary results indicated that evidence of volcanism observed on the first flyby were pervasive and not localized. A third flyby was planned for March 1975. (NASA Release 74-248) Sep. 2 9 - O c t 5. The 25th International Astronautical Congress of the IAF took place in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The general theme of the Congress was "Space Stations, Present and Future." During the Congress the IAA held symposia on Cost Reduction in Space Operations, Space Rescue and Safety, the History of Astronautics, and the third review meeting on Communications with Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CETI). The International Institute of Space Law held its 17th annual Colloquium. The IAF General Assembly also established a Committee on Developing Countries with a view to help these nations benefit from the results of space activities. (IAA) During Sep. A seminar sponsored by the National Commission for UNESCO and Indonesia was held in Jakarta, to evaluate plans for an Indonesian domestic satellite system. UNESCO funded the participation of a number of international experts in space communication including one from the ITU. (UNESCO) Oct. 7. A Franco-Russian conference on cooperation in space exploration opened in Kiev. Nearly 200 scientists and experts took part to discuss the state of and prospects for joint effort (Kiev Domestic Service, October 8, 1974) Oct. 7-11. The Intergovernmental Panel on the First Garp Global Experiment held its first session at WMO headquarters in Geneva. The USA and the USSR agreed to maintain polar-orbiting satellites in almost circular orbits. Five geosynchronous satellites will be spaced around the equator; METEOSAT of the ESRO will be above Longitude 0, a Russian satellite about 70 E, a Japanese

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satellite at about 140 E, and two American satellites at about 135 W and 75 W. (WMO) Oct. 12. Spain launched the first INTA 300 two-stage Spanish sounding rocket, from the Arenosillo range. (La Vanguardia [Spain], October 12, 1974) O c t 15. Italian engineers launched the British Ariel 5 (UK-5) satellite from the San Marco launch facility off the coast of Kenya. (NASA Release 74-274; Spaceflight [UK], January 1, 1975, 1) Oct. lg. Plans were made at an Ariane Program Board meeting in Paris to nearly double spending for the ESRO Ariane launch vehicle program in 1975. Spending authority would exceed $71 million, up from 1974's $37 million budget. (Aviation Week and Space Technology [USA], October 28, 1974, 19] Oct. 22. The USSR launched the Cosmos 690 biological satellite from Plesetsk in cooperation with Czechoslovak and Romanian specialists as part of the Intercosmos program. (GSFC Weekly SSR, October 17-23, 1974) Oct. 26-Nov. 4. During the fifth joint USA-USSR Working Group on Space Biology and Medicine in Tashkent, agreement was reached permitting NASA to submit life sciences experiments for flight aboard a Soviet biological satellite. Representatives also discussed preparations for the July 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission, exchanged results from Apollo, Skylab, Cosmos, Salyut, and Soyuz programs, and discussed pre- and post-flight examinations, training, and crew reaction to flight. (NASA Release 74-237) Oct. 28-Nov. 1. The Colloquium on the Study of Comets (IAU Colloquium No. 5, cosponsored by COSPAR) was held in Greenbelt, Maryland, USA. (COSPAR) Oct. 29. Iran signed an agreement to build a ground station to receive data directly from NASA's experimental earth resources satellites. Under the Memorandum of Understanding signed in Tehran, the new site would join six others already in the system--three in the USA and one each in Canada, Brazil, and Italy. (NASA Release 74-289) Oct. 30. An agreement on Franco-Swedish cooperation in space was signed in Paris by the Swedish Board of Space Activities and the CNES of France. The agreement forms the basis for Cooperation in space science, upper atmosphere research, remote sensing, and space technology. (Rymdnytt [Sweden], No. 8, January 1975) Oct. 31. The USSR launched Intercosmos 12 from Plesetsk to study the earth's atmosphere and ionosphere, and the flow of micrometeorites. The satellite carried equipment made by specialists from Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the USSR. (GSFC Weekly SSR, October 31/November 6, 1974) Nov. 6. Luna 23, the second Soviet lunar mission of 1975, landed in the southern part of the moon's Sea of Crisis. (GSFC Weekly SSR, October 24-30, 1974) Nov. 4-14. The International Seminar on Geodesic Applications of Remote Sensing Data was held in Brazil. About 1000 scientists from 23 countries participated. (Espacial [Brazil], No. 19, l) Nov. 12. The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space adopted a draft convention that would make compulsory the registration of all spacecraft. The treaty required approval by the General Assembly and signing by member nations before it would take effect. (SBD, October 16, 1974, 20) An exchange of letters took place in Paris between ESRO and the Norwegian Government, defining the tests and conditions of Norwegian Participation in ESRO's program for the development of a maritime communications satellite, MAROTS, scheduled for launch in 1977. (ESRO News Release, November 12, 1974) Nov. 15. NASA launched the first Spanish INTASAT satellite from the Western Test Range. The machine was designed to study the electron density of the ionosphere. (La Vanguardi [Spain], November 16, 1974) Nov. 21. NASA launched Intelsat-IV F-8 communications satellite from the Eastern Test Range for INTELSAT. (NASA Release 74-305; INTELSAT releases 74-62, 74-70) Nov. 22. NASA launched the UK's communications satellite Skynet liB from the Eastern Test Range. (NASA Release 74-303) Nov. 25-29. The Symposium on Beacon Satellite Investigation of the Ionosphere Structure and ATS-F Data, sponsored by COSPAR and URSI, was held in Moscow. (COSPAR) Dee. 2-8. The USSR launched Soyuz 16 from Baykonur Cosmodrome in preparation for the July 1975 USA-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Mission. The spacecraft, identical to the one that would fly during the ASTP mission, tested the spacecraft's onboard systems, performed

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scientific-technical investigations, and photographed sections of the earth's surface. For this mission, NASA and Russian engineers participated in a joint tracking rehearsal. (JSC Release 74.272) Dec. 3. The Comsat General Corporation, the Government of Canada, and ESRO signed an agreement in Washington to estabfish an aeronautical satellite capability (Aerosat Space Segment Programme) for use in an inter-governmental aeronautical satellite experimentation and evaluation program. (ESRO News Release, December 3, 1974) The Pioneer 11 interplanetary probe flew within 42,000 km of Jupiter (three times closer than Pioneer 10) and sent back the first polar images of the planet. The spacecraft was targeted to pass eventually between Saturn and Titan, Saturn's only moon. (NASA Release 74-292) Dec. 10. NASA launched the Federal Repubfic of Germany's (Helios l) solar probe from the Eastern Test Range. The spacecraft entered a 0.985-AU aphelion and 0.3095-AU perihelion elliptical orbit, approaching the sun more closely than any previous spacecraft. The machine carried seven German and three American experiments designed to study fundamental solar processes and solar-terrestrial relations. (NASA Releases 74-314, 75-68) NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the French CNES signed a Memorandum of Understanding in Washington, in which France would design and build a data-collection system from NOAA meteorological satellites. (NASA Photo Release 74-H-I170, with caption) Dec. 17-18. An international research project launched seven sounding rockets from Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. The rockets carried experiments prepared in Austria, Denmark, the UK, the USA, and the German Federal Republic. (Danish Space Research Institute; Interavia Luftpost No. 8099, September 26, 1974) Dec. 18, NASA launched Symphonie 1, a joint Franco-German experimental communications satellite, from the Eastern Test Range. The satellite was the first of two planned under an agreement between the CNES and the German Federal Republic Gesellschaft fur Weltraumforschung (GFW), which contracted with NASA for launch services. (NASA Release 74-316) Dec. 26. The USSR launched the Salyut 4 space station. Sixteen days later, Soyuz 17 with a two-man crew joined the Salyut in earth orbit to create a manned orbital laboratory. (GSFC Weekly SSR, December 19-25, 1974; GSFC SSR, December 31, 1974) Dec. 31. A Russian ground station to handle USA-USSR communications via Intelsat and Molniya satellites was declared operational. Located near Moscow, the station was constructed under a bilateral agreement signed in 1971 to improve the Washington-Moscow communications link. (Interview, Communications Satellite Corporation Office of International Affairs, January 23,

1975) During the Year. UNESCO representatives held international consultations at the University of Hawaii concerning the operations of the Pan Pacific Education and Communications Experiments by Satellite (PEACESAT), and on the future possibilities of a Pacific Satellite to link educational and public institutions in the Pacific basin. (UNESCO) The Arab States Broadcasting Union, through UNESCO's communication adviser in the region, continued discussions concerning the development of an Arab Regional Satellite System. (UNESCO) Spain completed a ground station in Cataluna that will be used in the European communications satellite system. (Memoria CTNE [Spain], 1974) UNESCO completed a television production and technical operations training project in India. The project helped to train the staff for the Indian satellite experiment scheduled for 1975 (See May 30-June 28, ATS 6 launch). (UNESCO)

Appendices 1974 International Bibliography PertAining to the History of Astronautics

Books Bilstein, Roger E. Saturn: The Saturn Management Concept (NASA CR-129029). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974, 66pp. Brief historical summary and analysis of how the

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Saturn V Program Office succeeded in managing its large, complex enterprise, with interactions between NASA headquarters, Marshall Space Hight Center, and the industry contractors. Byurstedt, H. A. and Gazenko, O. G. (eds.) Man in Space. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man in Space of the International Academy of Astronautics (Yerevan, 1973). USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1974, 439 pp. In Russian: Chelovek v' Kosmosye; English, French, and Russian papers in original languages, with abstracts in two other languages. Bock, P. (ed.) Approaches to Earth Survey Problems through the Use of Space Techniques. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, GmbH, 1974, 502 pp. Present results from the Symposium of the same name held in Constance, Federal Republic of Germany, 23-25 May 1973. Topics covered: problems related to biology, atmosphere and climate, water resources meteorology and earth surveys; preliminary results from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite, ERTS-I. Collins, Michael Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974, 478 pp. The Gemini I0 and Apollo ll astronaut, now Director of the U.S. National Air and Space Museum, tells "What it was like up there." He recounts the joys and difficulties of flight from first Air Force pilot experiences through the Apollo I1 lunar mission. Corliss, William R. Histories of the Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Newwork (STADAN), the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN), and the NASA Communications Network (NASCOM) (NASA CR-140390). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974, 353 pp. Darden, Lloyd The Earth in the Looking Glass. New York: Anchor Press Doubleday, 1974, 316 pp. The genesis, development, and goals of NASA's earth resources technology program. Durant, Frederick C., III and James, George S. (eds.) First Steps Toward Space. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Press, 1974, 307 pp. English language Proceedings of the First and Second History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics at Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 26 September 1967, and New York, USA, 16 October 1968. Ferdman, Saul (ed.) The Second Fifteen Years in Space (AAS Science and Technology Series, Vol. 3 I). Tarzana, California: American Astronautics Society, 1973 [ 1974], 201 pp. Proceedings of the l l t h Goddard Memorial Symposium held by the American Astronautics Society, Washington, D.C., 8-9 March 1973. Fimmel, Richard O., Swindell, William and Burgess, Eric Pioneer Odessy: Encounter with a Giant (NASA SP-349). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 171 pp. An illustrated report on the Pioneer 10 mission to the planet Jupiter in 1972-1973--the first mission beyond the orbit of Mars and through the Asteroid Belt, providing close-up photos of Jupiter. From the History of Aviation and Astronautics, Vol. 22: Significant Data from 1974. Moscow, 1974, 167 pp. Komarov, V. M., 40th Anniversary of the Founding of "The Group for Jet Propulsion Study" under the Osoaviaxim Central Soviet of the USSR, pp. 4-8. Komarov, V. M. and Tarasenko, I. N., 50th Anniversary of the Creation in Moscow of "The Society for the Study of Interplanetary Communication," pp. 75-81. Nazarov, G. A., 80th Anniversary of H. Oberth's Birthday, pp. 82-86. Nazarov, G. A. and Sevast'yanov, V. I., 40th Anniversary of Yu. A. Gagarin's Birthday (1934-1968), pp. 31-34. Prishchepa, V. I., 60 Years Since the Issue of R. H. Goddard's First Patents on Rocket Propelled Machines, pp. 125-127. Shchetinkov, E. S., 40th Anniversary of the Flight of the First Soviet Winged Liquid-Fuel Rocket 06, pp. 47-49. Serebryakov, 50th Anniversary of the Discovery of Trotyl-nitrocellulose Powder (Cellulose Nitrate Smokeless Powder or Pyropowder) for Military Rockets, pp. 128-133. Tikhonravov, M. K., 40th Anniversary of the Opening of the International Conference on Stratospheric Study, pp. 39-41. Vedeshin, L. A., 25th Anniversary of the First Launch of a Geo-Physical Rocket R-I-A for Investigating the Upper Atmosphere, pp. 62-65. From the History of Aviation and Astronautics, Vol. 23: Volume Dedicated to the Memory of A. V. Kvasnikov. Moscow, 1974, 184 pp. Tsander, A. F., F. A. Tsander's Work on the Problem of Flight Trajectories between Two Planets, pp. 126-177. From the History of Aviation and Astronautics, Vol. 24: 40th Anniversary of The Group for Jet Propulsion Study~GIRD. Moscow, 1974. Biryukov, Yu. V. and Komarov, V. M., Creative Relations between K. E. Tsiolkovsky and "The Group for Jet Propulsion Study," Biryukov, Yu. V. and Komarov, V. M., The Problem of the Organization and Activity of "The Group for Jet Propulsion Study" under the Osoaviaxim Central Societ. Galkovsky, V. N., In Memory of Mikhail

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Klavdievich Tikhonravov (1900-1974). Galkovsky, V. N. and Merkulov, I. A., In Memory of Yuri Aleksandrovich Pobedonoscev (1907-1973). Merkulov, I. A. and Pobedonoscev, Yu. A., 40th Anniversary of "The Moscow Group for Jet Propulsion Study"--"GIRD." Moshkin, E. K., "Influence of Work on Jet-Propelled Engines on the Development of Rocket and Space Technology in the Soviet Union." Raushenbak, B. V. and Biryukov, Yu. V., "The Founder of "GIRD", S. P. Korolev; Also the Founder of Practical Astronautics". Shatova, I. Ya., "Some New Information about F. R. Geshvedd, the Inventor of "Steam Flight" Using Jet Propulsion". Glass, I. I., Aerospace in the Next Century, in Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 15, D. Kiichemann (ed.), pp. 257-234. New York: Pergamon Press, 1974. Glass of the Institute for Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto, surveys aerospace contributions and impact on civilization in the recent past and the present and the promise for the future. Glushko, V. P., The Development of Soviet Jet and Space Engine Construction, Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences: Energy and Transportation. USSR, 1974, pp. 3-29. Glushko, V. P., The First Findings of Rocket Scientists, Aviation and Astronautics, No. 2. Moscow, 1974, p. 2. Glushko, V. P., The Road to Rocket Technology, Aviation and Astronautics, No. 8, pp. 37-39; No. 9, pp. 40-41; No. 10, pp. 42-43. Moscow, 1974. Ground Systems for Receiving, Analyzing and Disseminating Earth Resources Satellite Data. Paris: I.A.F., 1974, 95 pp. International Astronautical Federation Committee on Application Satellites, Working Group One Report providing information for planning, structuring and costing ground complexes. Hartmann, William D. and Raper, Odell. The New Mars: The Discoveries of Mariner 9 (NASA SP-337). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974, 179 pp. An illustrated presentation of Mars before and after the mission that produced a revolutionary new concept of an active, evolving planet and "new benchmarks in our understanding of the solar system." Harvey, Dodd L. and Ciccoritti, Linda C. US-Soviet Cooperation in Space. Washington, D.C.: Center for Advanced International Studies, University of Miami, 1974, 408 pp. Documentation on the development of space cooperation, including reports of conversations, letters, diplomatic initiatives, conference proceedings, presidential pronouncements. Holder, William G. and Siuru, William D., Jr. Skylab: Pioneer Space Station. New York: Rand McNally and Co., 1974, 122 pp. An illustrated summary account of the three manned missions to work in the Skylab Orbital Workshop. International Academy of Astronautics, Annual Report of the President for the Year 1973-1974. Paris: IAA, August 1974. Jaumotte, A. L. Chocs et ondes de choc, tome II: applications techniques. Paris: MASSON and Cie, 1974, 536 pp. Lebedev, L., Lyk'yanov, B. and Romanov, A. Sons o[the Blue Planet (NASA TT F-738). New Delhi: Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 1973. Published for NASA and the National Science Foundation; available from National Technical Information Service. Translation of Syny Goluboi Planety (Moscow: Political Literature Press, 1971). Narrative account of the Soviet Cosmonauts, their lives, aspirations, and exploits. Lewis, Richard S. The Voyages of/Apollo: The Exploration of the Moon. New York: Quadrangle, the New York Times Book Co., 1974, 308 pp. An account of the lunar landing missions with a special attempt to convey the scientific results to the lay public. Marina, F. J. (ed.) Proceedings of the Fifth Lunar International Laboratory (LIL) Symposium (Vienna, 1972). In Acta Astronautica, May/June 1974, Vol. 1, No. 5/6, pp. 557-641. Mirtov, B. A. and Vedeshin, L. A., The First Rocket Experiments to Investigate the Upper Atmosphere, Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences, No. 9. USSR, 1974, pp. 117-123. Mitroff, Ian I. The Subjective Side of Science: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Psychology of the Apollo Moon Scientists. New York: American Elsevier, 1974, 329 pp. Moshkin, Ye. K. Development oyRussian Rocket Engine Technology (NASA "IT F-15408). Redwood City, California: Kanner Associates (available National Technical Information Services, Springfield, Virginia, 1974 208pp. Translation of Razvitiye Otechestvennovo Raketnovo Dvigateistroyeniya (Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye Press, 1973). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Aeronautics and Space Report of the President: 1973

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Activities. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974, 131 pp. Report of activities of all the U.S. agencies active in air and space during the year, transmitted to the Congress March 1973. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17: Preliminary Science Report (NASA SP-330). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973 [1974], 600pp. illustrated. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1972: Chronology of Science, Technology, and Policy (NASA SP-4017). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974, 580 pp. Annual chronology of aerospace events, statements, and related events in technology. Includes appendices with launch tables for the year, extensive index. Petrov, G. I., (ed.) Conquest of Outer Space in the USSR: Ogicial Announcements by Tass and Material Published in the National Press from October 1967 to 1970. (NASA TT F-725). New Delhi: Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 1973 [1974], 444pp. Published for NASA and the National Science Foundation. Translation of Osvoenie Kosmicheskovo Prostranstva v SSR (Moscow: Nauka Press, 1971). Phillips, Charles R. The Planetary Quarantine Program: Origins and Achievements, 1956-1973 (NASA SP-4902). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974, 56 pp. Brief history of the evolution and status of the U.S. effort to avoid contaminating other planets during space exploration. Ponomarev, A. N. The Years of the Space Age. Moscow, 1974, pp. 130-191, 200-247. Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium Dedicated to Studying the Scientific Legacy and Developing the Ideas of K. E. Tsiolkovsky (Kaluga, 14-17 September 1973), Session: Investigation of the Scientific Work of K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Moscow, 1974, !12 pp. Proceedings of the Second Symposium Dedicated to Studying the Scientific Legacy and Developing the Ideas of F. A. Tsander, Session: "Investigation of Scientific Work. Moscow, 1974, 117 pp. Belov, B. L., "Characterization of the Creative Style of F. A. Tsander," pp. 61-80. Komarov, V. M., Work Diary of F. A. Tsander as a Historical Source, pp. 88-97. Klychnikov, Yu. V., New Results from Decifering the Manuscripts of F. A. Tsander, pp. 81-87. Merkulov, I. A. and Pobedonoscev, Yu. A., The Ideas of F. A. Tsander on Increasing the Working Cycle of the Jet Engine by Means of a Reverse Cone, pp. 46-53. Milovidov, B. I., Some Questions of the Optimization of R-L-A in the Works of F. A. Tsander, pp. 105-108. Polyarny, A. I., Several Sides to the Activity of F. A. Tsander, pp. 54-56. Rukavishnikov, N. N., F. A. Tsander and Some Problems of Piloted Space Flight, pp. 4-13. Shtexer, M. S., F. A. Tsander's Ideas on Using Cryogenic Fuels in Rocket Engines, pp. 28-35. Shchetinkov, E. S. and Belov, B. L., F. A. Tsander and Contemporary Astronautics, pp. 14-27. Tsander, A. F., On F. A. Tsander's Work in Liquid Fuel Rocket Engines and Liquid Fuel Rockets and His Role in "GIRD", pp. 36-45. Proceedings of the Second Symposium Dedicated to Studying the Scientific Legacy and Developing the Ideas of F. A. Tsander, Session: Astrodynamics. Moscow, 1974. Fedyushin, B. K., The Development of F. A. Tsander's Ideas on the Relativity of Rocket Dynamics, pp. 109-114. Milovidov, B. I., Some Questions of the Optimization of Space Flight in the Works of F. A. Tsander, pp. 115-120. Morozov, G. I., Insights from the Notes of F. A. Tsander on Problems of Life Support in Space Flight, pp. 115-120. Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium Dedicated to Studying the Scientific Legacy and Developing the Ideas of K. E. Tsiolkovsky (Kaluga, 14-16 September 1972), Session: Problems of Rocket and Space Technology. Moscow, 1974, 196 pp. Biryukov, Yu. V., and Mrykin, A. G., The Development of Space Ships in the USSR in Fifteen Years (1957-1972)." Milovidov, B. I., "Some Questions of the Optimization of Space Flight and Rocket Design in the Work of K. E. Tsiolkovsky," pp. 183-194. Sokolova, T. P., "The History of the Devlopment of Ideas on the Field on Onboard Energy for Space Ships." Reasenberg, R. D. and Rycroft, M. J. (eds.) Space Research XIV. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, GmbH, 1974, 800 pp. This volume includes results presented during the open meetings of COSPAR Working Groups at Constance, Federal Republic of Germany, 23 May-5 June, 1973, and resum6s of the Symposium on Noctilucent Clouds and Interplanetary Dust, Constance, 24-25 May, 1973. Topics covered: satellite geodesy, the earth's neutral atmosphere (stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, Aladdin II experiments), the ionosphere, the magnetosphere, the sun, astronomy, Venus, and noctilucent clouds and interplanetary dust.

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Sheldon, Charles S., H. United States and Soviet Progress in Space: Summary Data through 1973 and a Forward Look (74-35 SP). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 8 January 1974, 74 pp. Smith, Richard K. (ed.) The Hugh L. Dryden Papers, 1898-1965: A Preliminary Catalogue of the Basic Collection. Baltimore, Maryland: Milton S. Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University, 1974, 165 pp. Catalogue of pubh'cations, speeches, and notes of the first Deputy Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Alphabetical, chronological and subject listings. Sheath, P. H. A. (ed.) Life Sciences and Space Research XII. Berlin: Akademie-Verlas, GmbH, 1974, 240 pp. This volume includes results presented during the open meeting of Working Group 5 on Space Biology, Constance, Federal Republic of Germany, 23 May-5 June 1973. Topics covered: the biological damage caused by high energy radiation, the effect of weightlessness on biological development and its interaction with Other effects of space flight, continuing work in the field of planetary quarantine. Steinhoff, E. A. (ed.) Orbital International Laboratory--Third and Fourth OIL Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics, Constance, 1970, and Brussels, 1971. Science and Technology Series, No. 33. American Astronautical Society, 310 pp. Um~ed Natiom Decrements UNESCO Publications An Annotated Bibliography of United Nations Publications and Documents Relating to UNESCO' s Activities in the Field of Space Communication 1947-1974, in English. UNESCO, 1974. Egly, Max Study of the Transnational Reception of Educational Television Broadcasts. UNESCO, 1974. This study relates to a simulation operation carried out in 1972 by UNESCO in collaboration with the Cultural and Teclmiclal Cooperation Agency in Senegal, Gabon, the People's Republic of the Congo, Dahomey and Tunisia, with the physical purpose of determining a set of characteristics for the form and context of audiovisual educational messages capable of being received in a maximum number of African countries. Martelanc, T. (School of Sociology, Pofitical Science and Journalism, University of Ljubljana, Yugoslavia). A Study on the Social and Cultural Impact of Satellite-base Television, in English, UNESCO, 1974. Selected List of Studies and Reports on Communication Satellite Projects. UNESCO, 1974. The Declaration of Guiding Principles on the Use of Satellite Broadcasting for the Free Flow of Information, the Spread of Education and Greater Cultural Exchange, in English, French, Spanish, Russian and Arabic. Information and Reports United Nations, Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Information Furnished in Conformity with General Assembly Resolution 1721 B (XVI) by States Launching Objects into Orbit or Beyond. Documents A/AC.105/INF.285-304. United Nations, Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Report of the Legal Sub-Committee on the Work of Its Thirteenth Session (6-31 May 1974). A/AC. 105/133, 6 June 1974. United Nations, Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Report of the Working Group on Remote Sensing of the Earth by Satellites on the Work of Its Third Session. A/AC.105/125, 13 March 1974. United Nations, Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Report of the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee on the Work of Its Eleventh Session. A/AC.105/131, 30 April 1974. United Nations, Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Report of the Working Group in Direct Broadcast Satdlites on the Work of Its Fifth Session. A/AC.105/127, 3 April 1974. United Nations, Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Report of the United Nations Panel Meeting on Satellite Broadcasting Systems for Education (Tokyo, 25 February-7 March 1974). A/AC.105/138, 5 April 1974.

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United Nations, Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Ogicial Records: Twenty-ninth Session Supplement No. 20 (A19620). New York, 1974.

Resolutions United Nations, General Assembly. Resolution Adopted on the Report of the First Committee (A/9812). International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. AJRES/3234 (XXIX), 26 November 1974. United Nations, General Assembly. Resolution Adopted on the Report of the First Committee (M9812). Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space. AJRES/3235 (XXIX), 26 November 1974.

1974 International Monitors Annual Chronology of International Astronautical Events

Belgium J. Vercheval Greece E.N. Petropoulos Italy G.P. Russo

Scandinavia Spain USSR

A.I. Skoog J.J. Maluquer V.N. Sokolsky

North America

U.S.A. and Canada

C.E. Karegeannes

Cala'al sad ~ Brazil L . A . S . Medeiros Far Fast

Japan

D. Mori

~atffiuem~ I. Pasztor E . L . Sommerlad The Director, Education, Training and Research Department COSPAR A. Niemirowicz European Space Agency P.M. Brown

Uriited Nations UNESCO WMO