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Another step toward an international practical pressure scale
Physica 139 & 140B (1986) 52-54 North-Holland, Amsterdam
ANOTHER STEP TOWARD AN INTERNATIONAL PRACTICAL PRESSURE SCALE 2nd A I R A P T IPPS Task Group Report
V.E. BEAN (Chairman), S. AKIMOTO, P.M. BELL, S. BLOCK, W.B. H O L Z A P F E L , M.H. MANGHNANI, M.F. NICOL and S.M. STISHOV
The AIRAPT Task Group on the International Practical Pressure Scale (IPPS) was created at the 6th AIRAPT Conference and given the charge to make recommendations leading to the establishment of an IPPS. The first Task Group Report [1] is a general review of the state-of-the-art of high pressure metrology and concludes with these two specific recommendations: (1) In the pressure range below 1.4GPa, pressure measurements should be based on primary standard piston gauges. For laboratories not having such equipment, the best available calibration scheme is the mercury melting curve represented by [2] P = 19.32835d + 0 . 0 0 1 7 0 6 8 d 2 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 6 0 8 6 7 d 3 ,
(1) where d = T - 234.309, Tis in Kelvins and P is in MPa. Eq. (1) is based on piston gauge measurements up to 1200 MPa and is useful only up to that limit. Extrapolation of eq. (1) beyond the range of the measurements is not recommended. The estimated accuracy of eq. (1) is _+0.10 MPa at an applied pressure of 227MPa, _+0.16MPa at 756 MPa, and -+0.39 MPa at 1200 MPa. (2) In the pressure range above 1.4 GPa, the situation is somewhat less tidy. In general there are three technologies employed depending upon the type of equipment in use. Opaque presses are calibrated using phase transitions. Diffraction experiments involve equations of state or ruby fluorescence for the pressure indicator. The diamond cell community uses the shift of the ruby fluorescence for presure measurements. Each of these methods has great practical value; each has its limitations in pressure range, sensitivity, and
estimated accuracy. The question as to which method is preferable as a basis for the IPPS is yet open for debate due to the dirth of precise primary pressure standards in this pressure range and the unique conditions under which each method is applied. Until adequate primary standards become available, we recommend, as a pragmatic matter, that the ruby method [3-7] as well as the Decker equation of state for sodium chloride [8-10] be used as practical pressure reference standards. Any other fluorescent or equation of state materials used should be referred to ruby and/or sodium chloride. Further, we strongly recommend that authors fully document how they calculate their pressures and include with the data the measured changes of the pressure indicator so that someone else can recaicualte the pressure as calibration equations, equations of state, or phase transition values improve. Since the 8th conference, the Task Group has been concerned with agreement as to the best experimental values for pressure fixed points near room temperature for use in the calibration of opaque presses. The need for such agreement has again been demonstrated by the publication in 1981 of a table of "Some fixed points for pressure calibration" [11] wherein all values above 3 GPa are in serious error. The concept of a fixed point has been borrowed from temperature metrology where it refers to the temperature values assigned by definition and international agreement to reproducible equilibrium states of matter obtained during changes of phase [12]. The assigning of the temperature values is possible because temperature is one of the fundamental physical quantities. Such is not the case with pressure. Pressure is a derived
0378-4363/86/$03.50 © Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland Physics Publishing Division)
V.E. Bean et al. / 2nd A 1 R A P T 1PPS Task Group Report
53
Table I Recommended values for pressure fixed points at room temperature Pressure (GPa)
Transition
References
2.550 +-0.006 3.68 -+0.03 5.5-+0.1 7.7 -+0.2 9.4 -+0.3 12.3 +-0.5 13.4 -+-0.6
Bi I-II TI II-III Ba I-II Bi (upper) Sn Ba (upper) Pb
[10, 13-24] [14-18, 21, 25-30] [10, 17, 18, 29, 31-34] [10, 17, 18, 22, 25, 31, 35-38] [17, 22, 25, 37, 39-41] [42-46] [22, 42-44, 47, 48]
q u a n t i t y , a ratio i n v o l v i n g the f u n d a m e n t a l physical q u a n t i t i e s of mass, l e n g t h , a n d time. A t t e m p t ing to define the v a l u e of a pressure fixed p o i n t is e q u i v a l e n t to r e d e f i n i n g the units of mass, length, or time resulting in chaos a n d inconsistency. H e n c e p r e s s u r e fixed p o i n t s can only be measu r e d , they c a n n o t be established by a s s i g n m e n t . T h e r e c o m m e n d e d pressure values for the various fixed points are listed in table I a l o n g with r e f e r e n c e to the original sources. We suggest the original sources be c o n s u l t e d for i n f o r m a t i o n o n r e a c t i o n kinetics a n d the a t t a i n m e n t of therm o d y n a m i c e q u i l i b r i u m for these t r a n s i t i o n s . T h e last 3 t r a n s i t i o n s in this list were characterized with i n c r e a s i n g pressure only.
References [1] V.E. Bean, S. Akimoto, P.M. Bell, S. Block, W.B. Holzapfel, J.C. Jamieson, M.H. Manghanani, M.F. Nicol, G.J. Piermarini and S.M. Stishov, in: High Pressure in Research and Industry, eds. C.M. Backman, T. Johannisson and L. Tegner (Arkitktkopia Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden, 1982) p. 144. [2] G.F. Molinar, V. Bean, J. Houck and B. Welch, Metrologia 16 (1980) 21. [3] R.A. Forman, G.J. Piermarini, J.D. Barnett and S. Block, Science 176 (1972) 284. [4] J.D. Barnett, S. Block and G.J. Piermarini, Rev. Sci. Instr. 44 (1973) 1. [5] G.J. Piermarini, S. Block, J.D. Barnett and R.A. Forman, J. Appl. Phys. 46 (1975) 2774. [6] G.J. Piermarini and S. Block, Rev. Sci. Instr. 46 (1975) 973. [7] H.K. Mao, P.M. Bell, J.W. Shaner and D.J. Steinberg, J. Appl. Phys. 49 (1978) 3276. [8] D.L. Decker, J. Appl. Phys. 36 (1965) 157. [9] D.L. Decker, J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1966) 5012. [10] D.L. Decker, J. Appl. Phys. 42 (1971) 3239.
[11] N.S. Isaacs, Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry (Wiley, New York, 1981) p. 56. [12] H. Preston-Thomas, Metrologia 12 (1976) 7. [13] P.W. Bridgman, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts. Sci. 74 (1940) 1. [14] F.R. Boyd and J.L. England, J. Geophys. Res. 65 (1960) 741. [15] G.C. Kennedy and P.N. LaMori, in: Progress in Very High Pressure Research, eds. F.P. Bundy, W.R. Hubbard and H.M. Strong (Wiley, New York, 1961) p. 304. [16] G.C. Kennedy and EN. LaMori, J. Geophys. Res. 67 (1962) 851. [17] R.N. Jeffery, J.D. Barnett, H.B. Vanfleet and H.T. Hall, J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1966) 3172. [18] L.F. Vereshchagin, E.V. Zuhova, I.P. Buimova and K.P. Burdina, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 11 (1967) 585. [19] N.A. Tikhomirova, E.Y. Tonkov and S.M. Stishov, JETP Lett. 3 (1966) 60. [20] P.L.M. Heydemann, J. Appl. Phys. 38 (1967) 2640; J. Appl. Phys. 38 (1967) 3424. [21] P.N. LaMori, in: Accurate Characterization of the High Pressure Environment, ed. E.C. Lloyd (National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 326, Washington, DC, 1971) p. 279. [22] A. Ohtani, S. Mizukami, M. Katayama, A. Onodera and N. Kawai, J. Appl. Phys. Japan 16 (1977) 1843. [23] S.A.G. Peerdeman, N.J. Trappeniers and J.A. Schouten, High Temp.-High Press. 12 (1980) 67. [24] R.G.P. Grieg, R.S. Dadson and S.L. Lewis, private communication. [25] M. Contre, in: Accurate Characterization of the High Pressure Environment, ed. E.C. Lloyd (National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 326, Washington, DC, 1971) p. 291. [26] P.W. Bridgman, Phys. Rev. 48 (1935) 893. [27] A. Jayaraman, W. Klement, R.C. Newton and G.C. Kennedy, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 24 (1963) 7. [28] P.N. Adler and H. Margolin, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 230 (1964) 1048. [29] R.J. Zero and H.B. Vanfleet, J. Appl. Phys. 40 (1969) 2227. [30] L.F. Vereshchagin, E.V. Zubova and V.A. Stupnikov, High Temp.-High Press. 7 (1975) 149. [31] EW. Bridgeman, Phys. Rev. 60 (1941) 351. [32] EN. LaMori, in: High Pressure Measurements, eds.
54
[33] [34] [35] [36] [37]
[38]
[39]
V.E. Bean et al. / 2nd A I R A P T IPPS Task Group Report
A.A. Giardini and E.C. Lloyd (Butterworths, Washington, DC, 1963) p. 321. J.C. Haygarth, I.C. Getting and G.C. Kennedy, J. Appl. Phys. 38 (1967) 4557. A. Jayaraman, W. Klement and G.C. Kennedy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10 (1963) 387. W. Klement, A. Jayaraman and G.C. Kennedy, Phys. Rev. 131 (1963) 632. A.A. Giardini and G.A. Samara, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26 (1965) 1523. H. Mii, I. Fujishiro and T. Nomura, in: Les Proprietes Physiques des Solides sous Pression, eds. G. Rowland and M. Rowland (Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1970) p. 441. f.C. Haygarth, H.D. Luedemann, I.C. Getting and G.C. Kennedy, in: Accurate Characterization of the High Pressure Environment, ed. E.C. Lloyd (NBS Special Publication 32'6, Washington, DC, 1971) p. 35. R.A. Stager, A.S. Balchan and H.G. Drickamer, J. Chem. Phys. 37 (1962) 1154.
[40] H.D. Stromberg and D.R. Stephens, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 25 (1964) 1015. [41] J.D. Barnett, V.E. Bean and H.T. Hall, J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1966) 875. [42] A.S. Balchan and H.G. Drickamer, Rev. Sci. Instr. 32 (1961) 308. [43] H.G. Drickamer, Rev. Sci. Instr. 41 (1970) 1667. [44] L.F. Vereshchagin, A . A . Semerchan, N.N. Kuzin and Y.A. Sadkov, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 15 (1970) 292. [45] S. Akimoto, T. Yagi, Y. Ida, K. Inoue and Y. Sato, in: Proc. Fourth Int. Conf. on High Pressure, ed. J. Osugi (The Physico-Chemical Society of Japan, Kyoto, 1975) p. 829. [46] S. Akimoto, T. Yagi, Y. Ida, K. Inoue and Y. Sato, High Temp.-High Press. 7 (1975) 287. [47] T. Takahashi, H.K. Mao and W.A. Bassett, Science 165 (1969) 1352. [48] H. Mii, I. Fujishiro, M. Senoo and K. Ogawa, High Temp.-High Press. 5 (1973) 155.
ANOTHER STEP TOWARD AN INTERNATIONAL PRACTICAL PRESSURE SCALE 2nd A I R A P T IPPS Task Group Report
V.E. BEAN (Chairman), S. AKIMOTO, P.M. BELL, S. BLOCK, W.B. H O L Z A P F E L , M.H. MANGHNANI, M.F. NICOL and S.M. STISHOV
The AIRAPT Task Group on the International Practical Pressure Scale (IPPS) was created at the 6th AIRAPT Conference and given the charge to make recommendations leading to the establishment of an IPPS. The first Task Group Report [1] is a general review of the state-of-the-art of high pressure metrology and concludes with these two specific recommendations: (1) In the pressure range below 1.4GPa, pressure measurements should be based on primary standard piston gauges. For laboratories not having such equipment, the best available calibration scheme is the mercury melting curve represented by [2] P = 19.32835d + 0 . 0 0 1 7 0 6 8 d 2 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 6 0 8 6 7 d 3 ,
(1) where d = T - 234.309, Tis in Kelvins and P is in MPa. Eq. (1) is based on piston gauge measurements up to 1200 MPa and is useful only up to that limit. Extrapolation of eq. (1) beyond the range of the measurements is not recommended. The estimated accuracy of eq. (1) is _+0.10 MPa at an applied pressure of 227MPa, _+0.16MPa at 756 MPa, and -+0.39 MPa at 1200 MPa. (2) In the pressure range above 1.4 GPa, the situation is somewhat less tidy. In general there are three technologies employed depending upon the type of equipment in use. Opaque presses are calibrated using phase transitions. Diffraction experiments involve equations of state or ruby fluorescence for the pressure indicator. The diamond cell community uses the shift of the ruby fluorescence for presure measurements. Each of these methods has great practical value; each has its limitations in pressure range, sensitivity, and
estimated accuracy. The question as to which method is preferable as a basis for the IPPS is yet open for debate due to the dirth of precise primary pressure standards in this pressure range and the unique conditions under which each method is applied. Until adequate primary standards become available, we recommend, as a pragmatic matter, that the ruby method [3-7] as well as the Decker equation of state for sodium chloride [8-10] be used as practical pressure reference standards. Any other fluorescent or equation of state materials used should be referred to ruby and/or sodium chloride. Further, we strongly recommend that authors fully document how they calculate their pressures and include with the data the measured changes of the pressure indicator so that someone else can recaicualte the pressure as calibration equations, equations of state, or phase transition values improve. Since the 8th conference, the Task Group has been concerned with agreement as to the best experimental values for pressure fixed points near room temperature for use in the calibration of opaque presses. The need for such agreement has again been demonstrated by the publication in 1981 of a table of "Some fixed points for pressure calibration" [11] wherein all values above 3 GPa are in serious error. The concept of a fixed point has been borrowed from temperature metrology where it refers to the temperature values assigned by definition and international agreement to reproducible equilibrium states of matter obtained during changes of phase [12]. The assigning of the temperature values is possible because temperature is one of the fundamental physical quantities. Such is not the case with pressure. Pressure is a derived
0378-4363/86/$03.50 © Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland Physics Publishing Division)
V.E. Bean et al. / 2nd A 1 R A P T 1PPS Task Group Report
53
Table I Recommended values for pressure fixed points at room temperature Pressure (GPa)
Transition
References
2.550 +-0.006 3.68 -+0.03 5.5-+0.1 7.7 -+0.2 9.4 -+0.3 12.3 +-0.5 13.4 -+-0.6
Bi I-II TI II-III Ba I-II Bi (upper) Sn Ba (upper) Pb
[10, 13-24] [14-18, 21, 25-30] [10, 17, 18, 29, 31-34] [10, 17, 18, 22, 25, 31, 35-38] [17, 22, 25, 37, 39-41] [42-46] [22, 42-44, 47, 48]
q u a n t i t y , a ratio i n v o l v i n g the f u n d a m e n t a l physical q u a n t i t i e s of mass, l e n g t h , a n d time. A t t e m p t ing to define the v a l u e of a pressure fixed p o i n t is e q u i v a l e n t to r e d e f i n i n g the units of mass, length, or time resulting in chaos a n d inconsistency. H e n c e p r e s s u r e fixed p o i n t s can only be measu r e d , they c a n n o t be established by a s s i g n m e n t . T h e r e c o m m e n d e d pressure values for the various fixed points are listed in table I a l o n g with r e f e r e n c e to the original sources. We suggest the original sources be c o n s u l t e d for i n f o r m a t i o n o n r e a c t i o n kinetics a n d the a t t a i n m e n t of therm o d y n a m i c e q u i l i b r i u m for these t r a n s i t i o n s . T h e last 3 t r a n s i t i o n s in this list were characterized with i n c r e a s i n g pressure only.
References [1] V.E. Bean, S. Akimoto, P.M. Bell, S. Block, W.B. Holzapfel, J.C. Jamieson, M.H. Manghanani, M.F. Nicol, G.J. Piermarini and S.M. Stishov, in: High Pressure in Research and Industry, eds. C.M. Backman, T. Johannisson and L. Tegner (Arkitktkopia Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden, 1982) p. 144. [2] G.F. Molinar, V. Bean, J. Houck and B. Welch, Metrologia 16 (1980) 21. [3] R.A. Forman, G.J. Piermarini, J.D. Barnett and S. Block, Science 176 (1972) 284. [4] J.D. Barnett, S. Block and G.J. Piermarini, Rev. Sci. Instr. 44 (1973) 1. [5] G.J. Piermarini, S. Block, J.D. Barnett and R.A. Forman, J. Appl. Phys. 46 (1975) 2774. [6] G.J. Piermarini and S. Block, Rev. Sci. Instr. 46 (1975) 973. [7] H.K. Mao, P.M. Bell, J.W. Shaner and D.J. Steinberg, J. Appl. Phys. 49 (1978) 3276. [8] D.L. Decker, J. Appl. Phys. 36 (1965) 157. [9] D.L. Decker, J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1966) 5012. [10] D.L. Decker, J. Appl. Phys. 42 (1971) 3239.
[11] N.S. Isaacs, Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry (Wiley, New York, 1981) p. 56. [12] H. Preston-Thomas, Metrologia 12 (1976) 7. [13] P.W. Bridgman, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts. Sci. 74 (1940) 1. [14] F.R. Boyd and J.L. England, J. Geophys. Res. 65 (1960) 741. [15] G.C. Kennedy and P.N. LaMori, in: Progress in Very High Pressure Research, eds. F.P. Bundy, W.R. Hubbard and H.M. Strong (Wiley, New York, 1961) p. 304. [16] G.C. Kennedy and EN. LaMori, J. Geophys. Res. 67 (1962) 851. [17] R.N. Jeffery, J.D. Barnett, H.B. Vanfleet and H.T. Hall, J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1966) 3172. [18] L.F. Vereshchagin, E.V. Zuhova, I.P. Buimova and K.P. Burdina, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 11 (1967) 585. [19] N.A. Tikhomirova, E.Y. Tonkov and S.M. Stishov, JETP Lett. 3 (1966) 60. [20] P.L.M. Heydemann, J. Appl. Phys. 38 (1967) 2640; J. Appl. Phys. 38 (1967) 3424. [21] P.N. LaMori, in: Accurate Characterization of the High Pressure Environment, ed. E.C. Lloyd (National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 326, Washington, DC, 1971) p. 279. [22] A. Ohtani, S. Mizukami, M. Katayama, A. Onodera and N. Kawai, J. Appl. Phys. Japan 16 (1977) 1843. [23] S.A.G. Peerdeman, N.J. Trappeniers and J.A. Schouten, High Temp.-High Press. 12 (1980) 67. [24] R.G.P. Grieg, R.S. Dadson and S.L. Lewis, private communication. [25] M. Contre, in: Accurate Characterization of the High Pressure Environment, ed. E.C. Lloyd (National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 326, Washington, DC, 1971) p. 291. [26] P.W. Bridgman, Phys. Rev. 48 (1935) 893. [27] A. Jayaraman, W. Klement, R.C. Newton and G.C. Kennedy, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 24 (1963) 7. [28] P.N. Adler and H. Margolin, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 230 (1964) 1048. [29] R.J. Zero and H.B. Vanfleet, J. Appl. Phys. 40 (1969) 2227. [30] L.F. Vereshchagin, E.V. Zubova and V.A. Stupnikov, High Temp.-High Press. 7 (1975) 149. [31] EW. Bridgeman, Phys. Rev. 60 (1941) 351. [32] EN. LaMori, in: High Pressure Measurements, eds.
54
[33] [34] [35] [36] [37]
[38]
[39]
V.E. Bean et al. / 2nd A I R A P T IPPS Task Group Report
A.A. Giardini and E.C. Lloyd (Butterworths, Washington, DC, 1963) p. 321. J.C. Haygarth, I.C. Getting and G.C. Kennedy, J. Appl. Phys. 38 (1967) 4557. A. Jayaraman, W. Klement and G.C. Kennedy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10 (1963) 387. W. Klement, A. Jayaraman and G.C. Kennedy, Phys. Rev. 131 (1963) 632. A.A. Giardini and G.A. Samara, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26 (1965) 1523. H. Mii, I. Fujishiro and T. Nomura, in: Les Proprietes Physiques des Solides sous Pression, eds. G. Rowland and M. Rowland (Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1970) p. 441. f.C. Haygarth, H.D. Luedemann, I.C. Getting and G.C. Kennedy, in: Accurate Characterization of the High Pressure Environment, ed. E.C. Lloyd (NBS Special Publication 32'6, Washington, DC, 1971) p. 35. R.A. Stager, A.S. Balchan and H.G. Drickamer, J. Chem. Phys. 37 (1962) 1154.
[40] H.D. Stromberg and D.R. Stephens, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 25 (1964) 1015. [41] J.D. Barnett, V.E. Bean and H.T. Hall, J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1966) 875. [42] A.S. Balchan and H.G. Drickamer, Rev. Sci. Instr. 32 (1961) 308. [43] H.G. Drickamer, Rev. Sci. Instr. 41 (1970) 1667. [44] L.F. Vereshchagin, A . A . Semerchan, N.N. Kuzin and Y.A. Sadkov, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 15 (1970) 292. [45] S. Akimoto, T. Yagi, Y. Ida, K. Inoue and Y. Sato, in: Proc. Fourth Int. Conf. on High Pressure, ed. J. Osugi (The Physico-Chemical Society of Japan, Kyoto, 1975) p. 829. [46] S. Akimoto, T. Yagi, Y. Ida, K. Inoue and Y. Sato, High Temp.-High Press. 7 (1975) 287. [47] T. Takahashi, H.K. Mao and W.A. Bassett, Science 165 (1969) 1352. [48] H. Mii, I. Fujishiro, M. Senoo and K. Ogawa, High Temp.-High Press. 5 (1973) 155.