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Anti-dermatophyte activity of Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult
PHCOG J
Free Access : Available Online
Anti-dermatophyte activity of Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult Vinayaka K.S1, Prashith Kekuda T.R2, Mallikarjun N3, Sateesh V. N4 P.G Dept. of Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, INDIA
1
Dept. of Microbiology, S.R.N.M.N College of Applied Sciences, Balraj Urs Road, Shivamogga-577201, Karnataka, INDIA
2
Dept. of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Shivamogga-577203, Karnataka, INDIA
3
Dept. of Marine Biology, Karnataka University, P.G. Centre, Kodibag, Karwar-581303, Karnataka, INDIA
4
Abstract The present study was carried to determine antifungal activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult against human dermatophytic fungi. The in vitro antifungal activity of solvent extracts was carried by Agar well diffusion method. Marked antifungal activity was observed. Methanol extract caused more inhibition of T. rubrum while C. keratinophilum was found to be more sensitive to aqueous extract than other fungi. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phytoconstituents namely saponins, alkaloids and tannins in solvent extracts which may be responsible for antifungal activity. Further studies on isolation of active constituents from solvent extracts and in vivo studies may possibly reveal the potential of plant to inhibit human dermatophytic fungi. Keywords: Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult, Phytochemical screening, Antifungal activity, Dermatophytic fungi, Agar well diffusion.. Editor: Dr. Srisailam Keshetti, Phcog.Net Copyright: © 2010 Phcog.net *Author for Correspondence: [email protected]
are scanty. Thus, the present investigation was carried to evaluate Anti-dermatophyte activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of leaves of C. buchanani.
INTRODUCTION The superficial fungal infections in humans (dermatomycoses) are caused by dermatophytes, a group of filamentous fungi that invade and draw nutrients from the keratinized tissues such as skin, hair and nails. Among the dermatophyte genera, Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton are most important. As the dermatophytes have developed resistance to antimycotic drugs, there is an urgent need for nontoxic, safe and cost effective antifungal agents (1, 2). Biologically active compounds present in the medicinal plants have always been of great interest to scientists working in this field. In recent years this interest to evaluate plants possessing activity for various diseases is growing (3). Plants readily synthesize substances for defense against attack by insects, herbivores and microorganisms. Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schutt, locally called Kareballi, belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae. It is a large climbing or straggling shrub. Leaves 2-5 cm, opposite, elliptic oblong, green shining above with a pale whitish beneath. Flowers yellowish green in axillary cymes and flowering occurs in June. In ayurvedic practice, the root is used as a substitute for that of Hemidesmus indicus to treat gout, polyuria, wounds and leprosy. It is considered alterative refrigerant and tonic (4). Literatures on anti-dermatophyte activity of C. buchanani Phcog.Net | www.phcogj.com
MATERIAL AND METHODS Collection and identification of plant material The plant material was collected from Bhadra wildlife sanctuary of Central Western Ghats of Karnataka and authenticated in Department of Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Jnanasahyadri, Shankaraghatta. The voucher specimen (voucher no. KU/AB/ KSV/31) was deposited in the department for future reference.
Extraction and Phytochemical analysis of solvent extracts For extraction, about 50g of the shade dried and powdered leaf materials were taken and added to 100ml of methanol separately. The mixtures were sonicated for 30 min, and then left at room temperature overnight. The extracts were filtered over Whatman No 1 filter paper, and the filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure to pasty mass (5). The methanol extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening to screen the presence of various secondary metabolites (6). 170
March 2010 | Vol 2 | Issue 7
Anti-dermatophyte activity of Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult
Antifungal activity of methanol and aqueous extracts
extract (Table-1). Table-2 shows antifungal activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of C. buchanani against human dermatophytic fungi. T. rubrum was found to be more susceptible to methanol extract followed by C. keratinophilum, C. indicum and M. gypsium. Aqueous extract caused marked inhibition of C. keratinophilum. The inhibitory activity of standard was greater when compared to both the extracts. Control (10% DMSO) did not reveal any inhibition of test fungi. The use of plant extracts to treat infections is an age-old practice in a large part of the world, especially in developing countries, where there is dependence of traditional medicine for a variety of diseases (8). In developing countries like India where poverty and malnutrition is rampant, knowledge of plant derived metabolites could reduce the cost of health care. India has a rich history of using various herbs and herbal components for treating various diseases (9). Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites remain a major threat to public health, despite tremendous progress in human medicine. Their impact is particularly great in developing countries because of the relative unavailability of medicines and the emergence of widespread drug resistance (10). Interest in plants with antimicrobial properties has revived as a result of current problems associated with the use of antibiotics (11). C. buchanani is a woody twiner found in Eastern Ghats and is widely used as demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, cure for paralysis (12), rickets in children (13); combined with Euphorbia microphylla is given to women as galactogogue when milk supply is deficient or ills (14). The roots and leaves of the plant are reported to consist of cardiac glycosides and anticarcinogens (15). Sarverogenin and isosarverogenins of the plant (16) possess potent cytotoxic activities against tumor cells and shows antibacterial and antiparasitic properties (17#x2013;18). The plant is used in Ayurveda for antidiarrhoeal, antiulcerative, anti-inflammatory, blood purifier, cough treatment, curing rickets in children and antibacterial (19). The alcoholic extract of stem has been used for
Fungi namely Microsporium gypsium (MTCC2819), Chrysosporium keratinophilum (MTCC1367), Trichophytum rubrum (MTCC3272) and Chrysosporium indicum (MTCC4965) were tested for their susceptibility to the solvent extracts by Agar well diffusion method (7). The fungal cultures were obtained from IMTECH, Chandigarh, India. The fungal inocula were aseptically swabbed on sterile and solidified Sabouraud dextrose agar plates. Then, aseptically wells of 6mm diameter were bored in the inoculated plates with the help of gel puncher and the extracts (10mg/ml of 10% DMSO), Standard (Amphotericin B, 1mg/ml) and Control (10% DMSO) were added into the respectively labeled wells. The plates were incubated at 28°C for 72 hours in upright position and the zone of inhibition formed around the well was recorded. The experiment was carried in triplicates to get average reading.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phytoconstituents namely saponins, alkaloids and tannins in both the solvent extracts. In addition to these, flavonoids were detected in aqueous “Table-1: Phytoconstituents in the methanol and aqueous extracts of C. buchanani” Phytoconstituent
Methanol extract
Aqueous extract
+ − + − + −
+ − + − + +
Tannins Terpenoid Alkaloid Steroid Saponins Flavonoids ‘+’ Detected; ‘−’ Not detected
“Table 2: In vitro antifungal activity of solvent extracts of C. buchanani” Test fungi
M.gypsium C.keratinophilum T.rubrum C. indicum
Zone of inhibition in cm Methanol extract
Aqueous extract
Standard
Control
10 12 14 11
12 14 12 10
19 19 20 21
-
Results are average of three trials Phcog.Net | www.phcogj.com
171
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Anti-dermatophyte activity of Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult
treatment of inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, muscle and joint pain (20). Anti-inflammatory activity of stem of C. buchanani using in vitro systems showed no relevant activity in any of the in vitro systems tested (21). Immunostimulatory and immunorestorative properties of C. buchanani were investigated (22). The aqueous extract of C. buchanani leaves showed inhibitory effect against S. aureus, E. coli, S. typhimurium, K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris, B. subtilis, L. plantarum and S. epidermidis (23).
6. Parekh J. and Chanda S.V., In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants. Turk J. Biol. 31: 53–58 (2007). 7.
8. Shiba H., Kondo K. and Katsuyama R., Alkyl Gallates, Intensifiers of beta lactam susceptibility in Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 49: 549–555 (2005). 9. Ali S.S., Kasoju N., Luthra A., Singh A., Sharanabasava H., Sahu A. and Bora U. Indian medicinal herbs as sources of Antioxidants. Food Research International 41: 1–15 (2008).
CONCLUSION
10. Okeke I.N., Laxminarayan R. and Bhutta Z.A., Antimicrobial Resistance in developing countries. Part 1: Recent trends and current status. Lancet Infect Disease. 5: 481–493 (2005).
The traditional medicines hold a great promise as a source of easily available effective antifungal agents to the people, particularly in developing countries, including India. Indigenous system of medicine reports a number of plants for their antifungal efficacy. However, their scientific evaluation as compared to commercial agents is limited. The extracts of the plant used in this study were found to be effective against the human dermatophytes tested. The results of this investigation are in justification of traditional use of the plant. Further studies on isolation of active constituents from solvent extracts and in vivo studies may possibly reveal the potential of plant to inhibit human dermatophytic fungi.
11. Abu-Shanab B., Adwan G. and Abu-Safiya D., Antibacterial activities of some plant extracts used in Palestine in popular medicine. Turk. J. Biol. 28: 99–102 (2004). 12. Datta S.K., Sharma B.N. and Sharma P.V., Buchanine, a novel pyridine alkaloid from Cryptolepis buchanani. Phytochemistry 17: 2047–2048 (1978). 13. Chopra R.N., Nayar S.L. and Chopra L.C., Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi: 82 (1956). 14. Venkateswara R., Narendra N., Viswamitra M.A. and Vaidyanathan C.S., Cryptosin, cardenolide from the leaves of Cryptolepis buchanani. Phytochemistry 28: 1203–1205 (1989). 15. Venkateswara R., Rao K.S. and Vaidyanathan C.S., Cryptosin, a new cardenolide in tissue culture and intact plants of Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Shult. Plant Cell. Rep. 6: 291–293 (1987). 16. Purushothaman K.K., Sarada V., Connolly J.D. and Rycroft D.S., New sarverogenin and isosarverogenin glycosides from Cryptolepis buchanani (Asclepiadaceae). Rev. Latinoam. Quim. 19: 28–31 (1988).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
17. Deepak D., Srivastava S., Sethi A. and Khare A., Mass spectral studies of pregnane glycosides. ISMAS Bulletin 12: (1999).
The authors express their sincere thanks to Principal, S.R.N.M.N College of Applied Sciences, Shivamogga and NES, Shivamogga for providing all facilities to conduct work.
18. Dassonneville L., Lansiaux A., Wattel A., Wattez N., Mahien C., Van Miert, S., Pieters L. and Bailly C. Cytotoxicity and cell cycle effects of the plant alkaloids Cryptolepine and neocryptolepin. Relation to drug-induced apoptosis. Eur. J. Pharm. 409: 9–18 (2001). 19. Kaul A., Bani S., Zutshi U., Suri K.A., Satti N.K. and Suri O.P., Immunopotentiating properties of Cryptolepis buchanani root extract. Phytotherapy Research. 14: 1140–1144 (2003).
REFERENCES 1.
Macura A.B., In vitro susceptibility of dermatophytes to antifungal drugs: A comparison of two methods. Int. J. Dermatol. 32: 533–536 (1993).
2.
Emmons C.W. and Binford C.H., In Medical Mycology. 3rd Edn. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiges, pp: 117–167 (1974).
3.
Clark A.M. and Hufford C.D., Discco and development of novel prototype antibiotics for opportunistic infections related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In: Human Medical Agents from Plants. American Chemical Society (ACS Symposium series 534), Washington, D.C. pp. 228–241 (1993).
4.
Gowda B., Vanaspathi Kosha, Plant Wealth of Sringeri, Kalpatharu research Academy, Bangalore. 29–30 (2004).
5.
Yilmaz M., Turk A.O., Tay T. and Kivanc M., The antimicrobial activity of extract of the lichen Cladonia foliaceaandits (-) Usnic acid, atranorin and fumarprotocetraic acid constituents. Z. Naturforsch. 59c: 249–254 (2004).
Phcog.Net | www.phcogj.com
Tepe, B., Donmez, E., Unlu, M., Candan, F., Daferera, D., Vardar-Unlu G., Polissiou, M. and Sokmen A. Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of the essential oils and methanol extracts of Salvia cryptantha (Montbret et Aucher ex Benth.) and Salvia multicaulis (Vahl). Food Chemistry 84(4): 519–525 (2004).
20. Panthong A., Kanjanapothi D. and Taylor W.C., Ethnobotanical review of medicinal plants from Thai traditional books. Part I. Plants with anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and antihypertensive properties. J. Ethnopharmacol. 18: 213–228 (1986). 21. Laupattarakasem P., Houghton P.J. Hoult J.R.S. and Itharat A., An evaluation of the activity related to inflammation of four plants used in Thailand to treat arthritis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 85(2–3): 207–215 (2003). 22. Kaul A., Zutshi U. and Sharma M.L., Immunostimulatory and immunorestorative properties of Cryptolepis buchanani. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 28: 146 (1996). 23. Sittiwet C. and Puanqpronpitaq D., Anti-Bacterial Activity of Cryptolepis buchanani Aqueous Extract. International Journal of Biological Chemistry. 3(2): 90–94 (2009).
172
March 2010 | Vol 2 | Issue 7
Free Access : Available Online
Anti-dermatophyte activity of Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult Vinayaka K.S1, Prashith Kekuda T.R2, Mallikarjun N3, Sateesh V. N4 P.G Dept. of Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, INDIA
1
Dept. of Microbiology, S.R.N.M.N College of Applied Sciences, Balraj Urs Road, Shivamogga-577201, Karnataka, INDIA
2
Dept. of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Shivamogga-577203, Karnataka, INDIA
3
Dept. of Marine Biology, Karnataka University, P.G. Centre, Kodibag, Karwar-581303, Karnataka, INDIA
4
Abstract The present study was carried to determine antifungal activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult against human dermatophytic fungi. The in vitro antifungal activity of solvent extracts was carried by Agar well diffusion method. Marked antifungal activity was observed. Methanol extract caused more inhibition of T. rubrum while C. keratinophilum was found to be more sensitive to aqueous extract than other fungi. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phytoconstituents namely saponins, alkaloids and tannins in solvent extracts which may be responsible for antifungal activity. Further studies on isolation of active constituents from solvent extracts and in vivo studies may possibly reveal the potential of plant to inhibit human dermatophytic fungi. Keywords: Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult, Phytochemical screening, Antifungal activity, Dermatophytic fungi, Agar well diffusion.. Editor: Dr. Srisailam Keshetti, Phcog.Net Copyright: © 2010 Phcog.net *Author for Correspondence: [email protected]
are scanty. Thus, the present investigation was carried to evaluate Anti-dermatophyte activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of leaves of C. buchanani.
INTRODUCTION The superficial fungal infections in humans (dermatomycoses) are caused by dermatophytes, a group of filamentous fungi that invade and draw nutrients from the keratinized tissues such as skin, hair and nails. Among the dermatophyte genera, Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton are most important. As the dermatophytes have developed resistance to antimycotic drugs, there is an urgent need for nontoxic, safe and cost effective antifungal agents (1, 2). Biologically active compounds present in the medicinal plants have always been of great interest to scientists working in this field. In recent years this interest to evaluate plants possessing activity for various diseases is growing (3). Plants readily synthesize substances for defense against attack by insects, herbivores and microorganisms. Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schutt, locally called Kareballi, belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae. It is a large climbing or straggling shrub. Leaves 2-5 cm, opposite, elliptic oblong, green shining above with a pale whitish beneath. Flowers yellowish green in axillary cymes and flowering occurs in June. In ayurvedic practice, the root is used as a substitute for that of Hemidesmus indicus to treat gout, polyuria, wounds and leprosy. It is considered alterative refrigerant and tonic (4). Literatures on anti-dermatophyte activity of C. buchanani Phcog.Net | www.phcogj.com
MATERIAL AND METHODS Collection and identification of plant material The plant material was collected from Bhadra wildlife sanctuary of Central Western Ghats of Karnataka and authenticated in Department of Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Jnanasahyadri, Shankaraghatta. The voucher specimen (voucher no. KU/AB/ KSV/31) was deposited in the department for future reference.
Extraction and Phytochemical analysis of solvent extracts For extraction, about 50g of the shade dried and powdered leaf materials were taken and added to 100ml of methanol separately. The mixtures were sonicated for 30 min, and then left at room temperature overnight. The extracts were filtered over Whatman No 1 filter paper, and the filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure to pasty mass (5). The methanol extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening to screen the presence of various secondary metabolites (6). 170
March 2010 | Vol 2 | Issue 7
Anti-dermatophyte activity of Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult
Antifungal activity of methanol and aqueous extracts
extract (Table-1). Table-2 shows antifungal activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of C. buchanani against human dermatophytic fungi. T. rubrum was found to be more susceptible to methanol extract followed by C. keratinophilum, C. indicum and M. gypsium. Aqueous extract caused marked inhibition of C. keratinophilum. The inhibitory activity of standard was greater when compared to both the extracts. Control (10% DMSO) did not reveal any inhibition of test fungi. The use of plant extracts to treat infections is an age-old practice in a large part of the world, especially in developing countries, where there is dependence of traditional medicine for a variety of diseases (8). In developing countries like India where poverty and malnutrition is rampant, knowledge of plant derived metabolites could reduce the cost of health care. India has a rich history of using various herbs and herbal components for treating various diseases (9). Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites remain a major threat to public health, despite tremendous progress in human medicine. Their impact is particularly great in developing countries because of the relative unavailability of medicines and the emergence of widespread drug resistance (10). Interest in plants with antimicrobial properties has revived as a result of current problems associated with the use of antibiotics (11). C. buchanani is a woody twiner found in Eastern Ghats and is widely used as demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, cure for paralysis (12), rickets in children (13); combined with Euphorbia microphylla is given to women as galactogogue when milk supply is deficient or ills (14). The roots and leaves of the plant are reported to consist of cardiac glycosides and anticarcinogens (15). Sarverogenin and isosarverogenins of the plant (16) possess potent cytotoxic activities against tumor cells and shows antibacterial and antiparasitic properties (17#x2013;18). The plant is used in Ayurveda for antidiarrhoeal, antiulcerative, anti-inflammatory, blood purifier, cough treatment, curing rickets in children and antibacterial (19). The alcoholic extract of stem has been used for
Fungi namely Microsporium gypsium (MTCC2819), Chrysosporium keratinophilum (MTCC1367), Trichophytum rubrum (MTCC3272) and Chrysosporium indicum (MTCC4965) were tested for their susceptibility to the solvent extracts by Agar well diffusion method (7). The fungal cultures were obtained from IMTECH, Chandigarh, India. The fungal inocula were aseptically swabbed on sterile and solidified Sabouraud dextrose agar plates. Then, aseptically wells of 6mm diameter were bored in the inoculated plates with the help of gel puncher and the extracts (10mg/ml of 10% DMSO), Standard (Amphotericin B, 1mg/ml) and Control (10% DMSO) were added into the respectively labeled wells. The plates were incubated at 28°C for 72 hours in upright position and the zone of inhibition formed around the well was recorded. The experiment was carried in triplicates to get average reading.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phytoconstituents namely saponins, alkaloids and tannins in both the solvent extracts. In addition to these, flavonoids were detected in aqueous “Table-1: Phytoconstituents in the methanol and aqueous extracts of C. buchanani” Phytoconstituent
Methanol extract
Aqueous extract
+ − + − + −
+ − + − + +
Tannins Terpenoid Alkaloid Steroid Saponins Flavonoids ‘+’ Detected; ‘−’ Not detected
“Table 2: In vitro antifungal activity of solvent extracts of C. buchanani” Test fungi
M.gypsium C.keratinophilum T.rubrum C. indicum
Zone of inhibition in cm Methanol extract
Aqueous extract
Standard
Control
10 12 14 11
12 14 12 10
19 19 20 21
-
Results are average of three trials Phcog.Net | www.phcogj.com
171
March 2010 | Vol 2 | Issue 7
Anti-dermatophyte activity of Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult
treatment of inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, muscle and joint pain (20). Anti-inflammatory activity of stem of C. buchanani using in vitro systems showed no relevant activity in any of the in vitro systems tested (21). Immunostimulatory and immunorestorative properties of C. buchanani were investigated (22). The aqueous extract of C. buchanani leaves showed inhibitory effect against S. aureus, E. coli, S. typhimurium, K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris, B. subtilis, L. plantarum and S. epidermidis (23).
6. Parekh J. and Chanda S.V., In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants. Turk J. Biol. 31: 53–58 (2007). 7.
8. Shiba H., Kondo K. and Katsuyama R., Alkyl Gallates, Intensifiers of beta lactam susceptibility in Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 49: 549–555 (2005). 9. Ali S.S., Kasoju N., Luthra A., Singh A., Sharanabasava H., Sahu A. and Bora U. Indian medicinal herbs as sources of Antioxidants. Food Research International 41: 1–15 (2008).
CONCLUSION
10. Okeke I.N., Laxminarayan R. and Bhutta Z.A., Antimicrobial Resistance in developing countries. Part 1: Recent trends and current status. Lancet Infect Disease. 5: 481–493 (2005).
The traditional medicines hold a great promise as a source of easily available effective antifungal agents to the people, particularly in developing countries, including India. Indigenous system of medicine reports a number of plants for their antifungal efficacy. However, their scientific evaluation as compared to commercial agents is limited. The extracts of the plant used in this study were found to be effective against the human dermatophytes tested. The results of this investigation are in justification of traditional use of the plant. Further studies on isolation of active constituents from solvent extracts and in vivo studies may possibly reveal the potential of plant to inhibit human dermatophytic fungi.
11. Abu-Shanab B., Adwan G. and Abu-Safiya D., Antibacterial activities of some plant extracts used in Palestine in popular medicine. Turk. J. Biol. 28: 99–102 (2004). 12. Datta S.K., Sharma B.N. and Sharma P.V., Buchanine, a novel pyridine alkaloid from Cryptolepis buchanani. Phytochemistry 17: 2047–2048 (1978). 13. Chopra R.N., Nayar S.L. and Chopra L.C., Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi: 82 (1956). 14. Venkateswara R., Narendra N., Viswamitra M.A. and Vaidyanathan C.S., Cryptosin, cardenolide from the leaves of Cryptolepis buchanani. Phytochemistry 28: 1203–1205 (1989). 15. Venkateswara R., Rao K.S. and Vaidyanathan C.S., Cryptosin, a new cardenolide in tissue culture and intact plants of Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Shult. Plant Cell. Rep. 6: 291–293 (1987). 16. Purushothaman K.K., Sarada V., Connolly J.D. and Rycroft D.S., New sarverogenin and isosarverogenin glycosides from Cryptolepis buchanani (Asclepiadaceae). Rev. Latinoam. Quim. 19: 28–31 (1988).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
17. Deepak D., Srivastava S., Sethi A. and Khare A., Mass spectral studies of pregnane glycosides. ISMAS Bulletin 12: (1999).
The authors express their sincere thanks to Principal, S.R.N.M.N College of Applied Sciences, Shivamogga and NES, Shivamogga for providing all facilities to conduct work.
18. Dassonneville L., Lansiaux A., Wattel A., Wattez N., Mahien C., Van Miert, S., Pieters L. and Bailly C. Cytotoxicity and cell cycle effects of the plant alkaloids Cryptolepine and neocryptolepin. Relation to drug-induced apoptosis. Eur. J. Pharm. 409: 9–18 (2001). 19. Kaul A., Bani S., Zutshi U., Suri K.A., Satti N.K. and Suri O.P., Immunopotentiating properties of Cryptolepis buchanani root extract. Phytotherapy Research. 14: 1140–1144 (2003).
REFERENCES 1.
Macura A.B., In vitro susceptibility of dermatophytes to antifungal drugs: A comparison of two methods. Int. J. Dermatol. 32: 533–536 (1993).
2.
Emmons C.W. and Binford C.H., In Medical Mycology. 3rd Edn. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiges, pp: 117–167 (1974).
3.
Clark A.M. and Hufford C.D., Discco and development of novel prototype antibiotics for opportunistic infections related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In: Human Medical Agents from Plants. American Chemical Society (ACS Symposium series 534), Washington, D.C. pp. 228–241 (1993).
4.
Gowda B., Vanaspathi Kosha, Plant Wealth of Sringeri, Kalpatharu research Academy, Bangalore. 29–30 (2004).
5.
Yilmaz M., Turk A.O., Tay T. and Kivanc M., The antimicrobial activity of extract of the lichen Cladonia foliaceaandits (-) Usnic acid, atranorin and fumarprotocetraic acid constituents. Z. Naturforsch. 59c: 249–254 (2004).
Phcog.Net | www.phcogj.com
Tepe, B., Donmez, E., Unlu, M., Candan, F., Daferera, D., Vardar-Unlu G., Polissiou, M. and Sokmen A. Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of the essential oils and methanol extracts of Salvia cryptantha (Montbret et Aucher ex Benth.) and Salvia multicaulis (Vahl). Food Chemistry 84(4): 519–525 (2004).
20. Panthong A., Kanjanapothi D. and Taylor W.C., Ethnobotanical review of medicinal plants from Thai traditional books. Part I. Plants with anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and antihypertensive properties. J. Ethnopharmacol. 18: 213–228 (1986). 21. Laupattarakasem P., Houghton P.J. Hoult J.R.S. and Itharat A., An evaluation of the activity related to inflammation of four plants used in Thailand to treat arthritis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 85(2–3): 207–215 (2003). 22. Kaul A., Zutshi U. and Sharma M.L., Immunostimulatory and immunorestorative properties of Cryptolepis buchanani. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 28: 146 (1996). 23. Sittiwet C. and Puanqpronpitaq D., Anti-Bacterial Activity of Cryptolepis buchanani Aqueous Extract. International Journal of Biological Chemistry. 3(2): 90–94 (2009).
172
March 2010 | Vol 2 | Issue 7