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Antibacterial activity of Artocarpus heterophyllus
Fitoterapia 74 (2003) 501–505
Short report
Antibacterial activity of Artocarpus heterophyllus M.R. Khan*, A.D. Omoloso, M. Kihara Department of Applied Sciences, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, P.M.B. Lae, Papua New Guinea Received 10 May 2002; accepted 22 April 2003
Abstract The crude methanolic extracts of the stem and root barks, stem and root heart-wood, leaves, fruits and seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus and their subsequent partitioning with petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol gave fractions that exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The butanol fractions of the root bark and fruits were found to be the most active. None of the fractions were active against the fungi tested. 䊚 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Artocarpus heterophyllus; Antibacterial activity
Plant. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. (Moraceae), stem and root barks, stem and root heart-wood, leaves, fruits and seeds, collected in December 2000, from PNG University of Technology campus, Papua New Guinea (PNG). The plant was identified at the Forestry Department, PNG University of Technology, Lae, where a voucher specimen is deposited.
Uses in traditional medicine and reported activities. The pulp and seeds as cooling, tonic and pectorial, roots in diarrhea and fever, wood as sedative in convulsions, leaves to activate milk in women and animals, as antisyphilic and vermifuge, leaf ash applied to ulcers and wounds w1x. Also described an antibacterial *Corresponding author. Tel.: q675-473-4550; fax: q675-473-4558. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.R. Khan). 0367-326X/03/$ - see front matter 䊚 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00120-5
502
M.R. Khan et al. / Fitoterapia 74 (2003) 501–505
flavones from the heart wood w2x, antiplatelet flavones w3x, antidiabetic activity w4x, leaves show activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes w5x. Previously isolated classes of constituents. Flavones w2,3,8x, Diels–Alder adducts w6x, triterpenoids w7x. Tested material. MeOH Soxhlet extracts (stem and root barks, stem and root heart woods, leaves, fruits and seeds, yields: 5.2, 5.1, 1.8, 3.7, 6.6, 13.5 and 5.4%, respectively), were partitioned with petrol (P) (60–80 8C), CH2Cl2 (D), EtOAc (E) and butanol (B). Yields (%) and positive tests on phytochemical screening w9x. Stem bark: P (1.1; flavonoids, tannins), D (0.4; alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins), E (0.5; alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins), B (0.6; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins); root bark: P (0.2; alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins), D (0.6; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins), E (0.2; flavonoids, tannins), B (0.4; flavonoids, saponins, tannins); stem heart wood: P (0.2; alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins), D (0.4; flavonoids, tannins), E (0.1; flavonoids, tannins), B (0.2; flavonoids, saponins, tannins); root heart wood: P (0.4; alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins), D (0.1; flavonoids, tannins), E (0.1; flavonoids, saponins, tannins), B (4.1; flavonoids, saponins, tannins); leaves: P (1.5; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, tannins, triterpenoids), D (0.4; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, tannins, triterpenoids), E (0.3; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, tannins, triterpenoids), B (0.4; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, tannins, triterpenoids); fruits: P (1.2; alkaloids), D (1.6; flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids), E (0.4; saponins, sterols, triterpenoids), B (0.6; saponins); seeds: P (0.9; saponins), D (0.2; alkaloids, saponins), E (0.3; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins), B (0.3; flavonoids, saponins, tannins). Studied activity. Antimicrobial activity by the disk diffusion method w10,11x. Used micro-organisms. Bacteria, protozoan (listed in Table 1) and fungi (Aspergillus niger, A. rubrum, A. versicolor, A. vitis, Candida albican, C. tropicalis, Cladosporium cladosporiods, Penicillium notatum, Trychophyton mentagrophytes, T. tronsurum) were obtained from the stock cultures of the Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Applied Sciences, Lae. Results. Antibacterial activity reported in Table 1. None of the fractions were active against the moulds tested. Conclusions. Fractionation significantly improved the activity. The butanol fractions of the root bark and fruits were particularly active. None of the fractions were active against the mould tested.
Table 1 Antimicrobial activity of A. heterophyllus extractsa Microorganisms
Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Pz
Stem heart-wood
Root bark
Root heart-wood
C
P
D
E
B
C
P
D
E
B
C
P
D
E
B
C
P
D
E
B
10 10 8 8 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 10
14 16 14 16 14 14 14 14 16 16 16 14 16 14 14 16 16 16 14 14 14 16 14 16 14
14 14 12 14 16 14 14 14 14 14 16 16 14 14 16 14 14 14 16 16 14 16 14 14 14
16 16 18 18 12 12 14 14 20 18 18 20 18 18 16 14 14 14 16 14 16 18 18 18 18
12 14 12 14 10 10 14 14 14 12 12 14 14 12 10 10 10 10 14 14 12 12 12 8 10
8 10 8 8 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10
14 14 12 14 16 14 14 14 16 14 14 16 16 14 14 16 14 14 14 16 16 14 14 16 16
10 10 12 14 12 12 10 10 12 12 14 12 10 10 14 12 10 12 12 12 12 14 12 12 14
12 12 8 10 10 10 12 8 10 10 10 10 12 12 14 12 12 16 14 14 14 14 14 12 12
12 10 10 14 14 12 12 14 14 10 12 12 14 10 14 14 12 14 12 12 12 14 12 12 14
10 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 8 8 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 8 8
14 14 12 12 12 14 16 14 14 12 14 10 12 10 14 12 12 10 12 16 14 12 12 14 12
16 16 18 16 16 18 18 16 16 18 18 14 16 12 16 18 18 16 16 18 16 16 18 14 16
16 18 16 18 16 18 16 18 16 18 16 16 18 16 18 16 16 16 16 16 18 16 18 16 18
18 16 18 16 18 18 16 16 16 18 18 14 18 16 16 18 16 18 16 18 16 18 18 16 18
8 10 8 8 10 10 12 12 8 8 8 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 8 8 12 8 10 10 10
14 16 14 16 12 18 18 14 16 16 16 16 14 18 18 16 16 16 16 16 14 16 18 16 16
16 18 16 18 16 10 18 16 18 18 16 16 16 18 18 18 18 16 18 18 14 18 18 16 18
16 16 18 18 14 16 14 14 18 18 18 16 18 18 16 14 14 14 16 14 16 18 18 18 18
12 14 16 14 16 16 14 16 14 18 18 14 14 16 16 16 18 16 14 14 18 18 18 16 16
Refb Chl 16 18 16 16 18 16 6 16 18 0 0 18 12 16 18 18 0 18 16 18 24 16 16 0 16
M.R. Khan et al. / Fitoterapia 74 (2003) 501–505
Bacillus cereus B. coagulans B. megaterium B. subtilis Lactobacillus casei Micrococcus luteus M. roseus Staphylococcus albus S. aureus S. epidermidis Streptococcus faecalis St. pneumoniae Agrobacterium tumefaciens Citrobacter freundii Enterobacter aerogenes Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumonia Neisseria gonorrhoeae Proteus mirabilis P. vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhi Sa. typhymurium Serratia marcescens Trichomonas vaginalis
Stem bark
a Values are inhibition zone (mm) and an average of triplicate. C, unfractionated methanol extract; P, petrol (60–80 8C) fraction; D, CH2 Cl2 fraction; E, EtOAc fraction; B, butanol fraction (concentration 4 mgydisc), G, gram reaction of bacterium; Pz, protozoan. b Chl, chloramphenicol (10 mg disc Oxoid B42960).
503
504
Table 1 (Continued) Antimicrobial activity of A. heterophyllus extractsa Microorganisms
Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Pz
Fruit
Seed
C
P
D
E
B
C
P
D
E
B
C
P
D
E
B
10 18 10 10 8 10 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 8 8 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 8 10
14 14 16 14 12 14 14 16 14 12 14 16 14 16 14 16 14 16 14 16 14 14 16 14 16
14 16 14 16 16 14 14 16 14 16 14 14 16 14 14 16 14 16 14 14 14 14 14 16 14
12 12 10 12 16 14 16 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 14 16 12 12 12 12 12 14 12 14 12
12 14 14 12 14 12 14 12 14 14 14 12 12 14 12 14 14 16 14 12 14 14 16 14 16
8 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 8
18 16 16 14 16 18 16 18 16 18 18 16 16 18 18 16 18 18 16 16 16 18 16 18 18
14 16 18 14 16 16 18 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 14 16 18 18 18 16 18 16 18 18 16
16 18 16 18 14 18 16 18 18 18 16 18 16 16 18 16 18 16 14 14 18 16 16 16 18
20 18 18 18 20 18 18 18 18 18 20 18 18 18 18 20 18 16 18 18 18 20 18 18 18
8 8 8 10 8 10 10 8 8 10 10 8 12 8 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 10 10
16 18 16 14 16 18 14 14 18 16 14 16 14 14 16 14 14 16 14 16 14 14 16 14 16
14 16 18 16 18 18 16 16 18 16 16 14 16 14 16 16 14 16 16 18 16 14 16 16 16
12 14 16 18 16 16 16 18 16 16 18 16 16 16 18 18 16 16 16 18 16 16 18 18 18
16 16 18 16 16 18 18 16 16 16 14 16 14 14 16 14 16 16 16 18 16 16 18 16 18
Refb Chl 16 18 16 16 18 16 6 16 18 0 0 18 12 16 18 18 0 18 16 18 24 16 16 0 16
a Values are inhibition zone (mm) and an average of triplicate. C, unfractionated methanol extract; P, petrol (60–80 8C) fraction; D, CH2 Cl2 fraction; E, EtOAc fraction; B, butanol fraction (concentration 4 mgydisc), G, gram reaction of bacterium; Pz, protozoan. b Chl, chloramphenicol (10 mg disc Oxoid B42960).
M.R. Khan et al. / Fitoterapia 74 (2003) 501–505
Bacillus cereus B. coagulans B. megatarium B. subtilis Lactobacillus casei Micrococcus luteus M. roseus Staphylococcus albus S. aureus S. epidermidis Streptococcus faecalis St. pneumoniae Agrobacterium tumefaciens Citrobacter freundii Enterobacter aerogenes Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumonia Neisseria gonorrhoeae Proteus mirabilis P. vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhi Sa. typhymurium Serratia marcescens Trichomonas vaginalis
Leaves
M.R. Khan et al. / Fitoterapia 74 (2003) 501–505
505
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Mr J. Simaga of the Forestry Department, for the identification of the plant. References w1x Perry LM. Medicinal plants of East and Southeast Asia: attributed properties and uses. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: The MIT Press, 1980. p. 270. w2x Sato M, Fujiwara S, Tsuchiya H, Fujii T, Iinuma M, Tosa H, Ohkawa Y. J Ethnopharmacol 1996;54:171. w3x Lin CN, Lu CM, Lin HC, Fang SC, Shieh BJ, Hsu MF, Wang JP, Ko FN, Teng CM. J Nat Prod 1996;59:834. w4x Fernando MR, Wickramasinghe SMDN, Thabrew MI, Ariyananda PL, Karunanayake EH. J Ethnopharm 1991;31:277. w5x Dube S, Tripathi SC. Nat Acad Sci, India. Sci Lett 1987;10:45. w6x Shinomiya K, Aida M, Hano Y, Nomura T. Phytochemistry 1995;40:1317. w7x Barik BR, Bhaumik T, Dey AK, Kundu AB. Phytochemistry 1994;35:1001. w8x Mu QZ, Li QX. Acta Bot Sinica 1982;24:147. w9x Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods. 2nd ed. London–New York: Chapman and Hall, 1984. w10x Cruickshank R. Medical microbiology: a guide to diagnosis and control of infection. 11th ed. Edinburgh and London: E. & S. Livingston Ltd, 1968. w11x Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherries JC, Truck M. Am J Clin Pathol 1966;45:493.
Short report
Antibacterial activity of Artocarpus heterophyllus M.R. Khan*, A.D. Omoloso, M. Kihara Department of Applied Sciences, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, P.M.B. Lae, Papua New Guinea Received 10 May 2002; accepted 22 April 2003
Abstract The crude methanolic extracts of the stem and root barks, stem and root heart-wood, leaves, fruits and seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus and their subsequent partitioning with petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol gave fractions that exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The butanol fractions of the root bark and fruits were found to be the most active. None of the fractions were active against the fungi tested. 䊚 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Artocarpus heterophyllus; Antibacterial activity
Plant. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. (Moraceae), stem and root barks, stem and root heart-wood, leaves, fruits and seeds, collected in December 2000, from PNG University of Technology campus, Papua New Guinea (PNG). The plant was identified at the Forestry Department, PNG University of Technology, Lae, where a voucher specimen is deposited.
Uses in traditional medicine and reported activities. The pulp and seeds as cooling, tonic and pectorial, roots in diarrhea and fever, wood as sedative in convulsions, leaves to activate milk in women and animals, as antisyphilic and vermifuge, leaf ash applied to ulcers and wounds w1x. Also described an antibacterial *Corresponding author. Tel.: q675-473-4550; fax: q675-473-4558. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.R. Khan). 0367-326X/03/$ - see front matter 䊚 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00120-5
502
M.R. Khan et al. / Fitoterapia 74 (2003) 501–505
flavones from the heart wood w2x, antiplatelet flavones w3x, antidiabetic activity w4x, leaves show activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes w5x. Previously isolated classes of constituents. Flavones w2,3,8x, Diels–Alder adducts w6x, triterpenoids w7x. Tested material. MeOH Soxhlet extracts (stem and root barks, stem and root heart woods, leaves, fruits and seeds, yields: 5.2, 5.1, 1.8, 3.7, 6.6, 13.5 and 5.4%, respectively), were partitioned with petrol (P) (60–80 8C), CH2Cl2 (D), EtOAc (E) and butanol (B). Yields (%) and positive tests on phytochemical screening w9x. Stem bark: P (1.1; flavonoids, tannins), D (0.4; alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins), E (0.5; alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins), B (0.6; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins); root bark: P (0.2; alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins), D (0.6; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins), E (0.2; flavonoids, tannins), B (0.4; flavonoids, saponins, tannins); stem heart wood: P (0.2; alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins), D (0.4; flavonoids, tannins), E (0.1; flavonoids, tannins), B (0.2; flavonoids, saponins, tannins); root heart wood: P (0.4; alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins), D (0.1; flavonoids, tannins), E (0.1; flavonoids, saponins, tannins), B (4.1; flavonoids, saponins, tannins); leaves: P (1.5; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, tannins, triterpenoids), D (0.4; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, tannins, triterpenoids), E (0.3; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, tannins, triterpenoids), B (0.4; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, tannins, triterpenoids); fruits: P (1.2; alkaloids), D (1.6; flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids), E (0.4; saponins, sterols, triterpenoids), B (0.6; saponins); seeds: P (0.9; saponins), D (0.2; alkaloids, saponins), E (0.3; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins), B (0.3; flavonoids, saponins, tannins). Studied activity. Antimicrobial activity by the disk diffusion method w10,11x. Used micro-organisms. Bacteria, protozoan (listed in Table 1) and fungi (Aspergillus niger, A. rubrum, A. versicolor, A. vitis, Candida albican, C. tropicalis, Cladosporium cladosporiods, Penicillium notatum, Trychophyton mentagrophytes, T. tronsurum) were obtained from the stock cultures of the Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Applied Sciences, Lae. Results. Antibacterial activity reported in Table 1. None of the fractions were active against the moulds tested. Conclusions. Fractionation significantly improved the activity. The butanol fractions of the root bark and fruits were particularly active. None of the fractions were active against the mould tested.
Table 1 Antimicrobial activity of A. heterophyllus extractsa Microorganisms
Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Pz
Stem heart-wood
Root bark
Root heart-wood
C
P
D
E
B
C
P
D
E
B
C
P
D
E
B
C
P
D
E
B
10 10 8 8 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 10
14 16 14 16 14 14 14 14 16 16 16 14 16 14 14 16 16 16 14 14 14 16 14 16 14
14 14 12 14 16 14 14 14 14 14 16 16 14 14 16 14 14 14 16 16 14 16 14 14 14
16 16 18 18 12 12 14 14 20 18 18 20 18 18 16 14 14 14 16 14 16 18 18 18 18
12 14 12 14 10 10 14 14 14 12 12 14 14 12 10 10 10 10 14 14 12 12 12 8 10
8 10 8 8 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10
14 14 12 14 16 14 14 14 16 14 14 16 16 14 14 16 14 14 14 16 16 14 14 16 16
10 10 12 14 12 12 10 10 12 12 14 12 10 10 14 12 10 12 12 12 12 14 12 12 14
12 12 8 10 10 10 12 8 10 10 10 10 12 12 14 12 12 16 14 14 14 14 14 12 12
12 10 10 14 14 12 12 14 14 10 12 12 14 10 14 14 12 14 12 12 12 14 12 12 14
10 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 8 8 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 8 8
14 14 12 12 12 14 16 14 14 12 14 10 12 10 14 12 12 10 12 16 14 12 12 14 12
16 16 18 16 16 18 18 16 16 18 18 14 16 12 16 18 18 16 16 18 16 16 18 14 16
16 18 16 18 16 18 16 18 16 18 16 16 18 16 18 16 16 16 16 16 18 16 18 16 18
18 16 18 16 18 18 16 16 16 18 18 14 18 16 16 18 16 18 16 18 16 18 18 16 18
8 10 8 8 10 10 12 12 8 8 8 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 8 8 12 8 10 10 10
14 16 14 16 12 18 18 14 16 16 16 16 14 18 18 16 16 16 16 16 14 16 18 16 16
16 18 16 18 16 10 18 16 18 18 16 16 16 18 18 18 18 16 18 18 14 18 18 16 18
16 16 18 18 14 16 14 14 18 18 18 16 18 18 16 14 14 14 16 14 16 18 18 18 18
12 14 16 14 16 16 14 16 14 18 18 14 14 16 16 16 18 16 14 14 18 18 18 16 16
Refb Chl 16 18 16 16 18 16 6 16 18 0 0 18 12 16 18 18 0 18 16 18 24 16 16 0 16
M.R. Khan et al. / Fitoterapia 74 (2003) 501–505
Bacillus cereus B. coagulans B. megaterium B. subtilis Lactobacillus casei Micrococcus luteus M. roseus Staphylococcus albus S. aureus S. epidermidis Streptococcus faecalis St. pneumoniae Agrobacterium tumefaciens Citrobacter freundii Enterobacter aerogenes Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumonia Neisseria gonorrhoeae Proteus mirabilis P. vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhi Sa. typhymurium Serratia marcescens Trichomonas vaginalis
Stem bark
a Values are inhibition zone (mm) and an average of triplicate. C, unfractionated methanol extract; P, petrol (60–80 8C) fraction; D, CH2 Cl2 fraction; E, EtOAc fraction; B, butanol fraction (concentration 4 mgydisc), G, gram reaction of bacterium; Pz, protozoan. b Chl, chloramphenicol (10 mg disc Oxoid B42960).
503
504
Table 1 (Continued) Antimicrobial activity of A. heterophyllus extractsa Microorganisms
Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gq Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Gy Pz
Fruit
Seed
C
P
D
E
B
C
P
D
E
B
C
P
D
E
B
10 18 10 10 8 10 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 8 8 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 8 10
14 14 16 14 12 14 14 16 14 12 14 16 14 16 14 16 14 16 14 16 14 14 16 14 16
14 16 14 16 16 14 14 16 14 16 14 14 16 14 14 16 14 16 14 14 14 14 14 16 14
12 12 10 12 16 14 16 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 14 16 12 12 12 12 12 14 12 14 12
12 14 14 12 14 12 14 12 14 14 14 12 12 14 12 14 14 16 14 12 14 14 16 14 16
8 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 8
18 16 16 14 16 18 16 18 16 18 18 16 16 18 18 16 18 18 16 16 16 18 16 18 18
14 16 18 14 16 16 18 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 14 16 18 18 18 16 18 16 18 18 16
16 18 16 18 14 18 16 18 18 18 16 18 16 16 18 16 18 16 14 14 18 16 16 16 18
20 18 18 18 20 18 18 18 18 18 20 18 18 18 18 20 18 16 18 18 18 20 18 18 18
8 8 8 10 8 10 10 8 8 10 10 8 12 8 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 10 10
16 18 16 14 16 18 14 14 18 16 14 16 14 14 16 14 14 16 14 16 14 14 16 14 16
14 16 18 16 18 18 16 16 18 16 16 14 16 14 16 16 14 16 16 18 16 14 16 16 16
12 14 16 18 16 16 16 18 16 16 18 16 16 16 18 18 16 16 16 18 16 16 18 18 18
16 16 18 16 16 18 18 16 16 16 14 16 14 14 16 14 16 16 16 18 16 16 18 16 18
Refb Chl 16 18 16 16 18 16 6 16 18 0 0 18 12 16 18 18 0 18 16 18 24 16 16 0 16
a Values are inhibition zone (mm) and an average of triplicate. C, unfractionated methanol extract; P, petrol (60–80 8C) fraction; D, CH2 Cl2 fraction; E, EtOAc fraction; B, butanol fraction (concentration 4 mgydisc), G, gram reaction of bacterium; Pz, protozoan. b Chl, chloramphenicol (10 mg disc Oxoid B42960).
M.R. Khan et al. / Fitoterapia 74 (2003) 501–505
Bacillus cereus B. coagulans B. megatarium B. subtilis Lactobacillus casei Micrococcus luteus M. roseus Staphylococcus albus S. aureus S. epidermidis Streptococcus faecalis St. pneumoniae Agrobacterium tumefaciens Citrobacter freundii Enterobacter aerogenes Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumonia Neisseria gonorrhoeae Proteus mirabilis P. vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhi Sa. typhymurium Serratia marcescens Trichomonas vaginalis
Leaves
M.R. Khan et al. / Fitoterapia 74 (2003) 501–505
505
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Mr J. Simaga of the Forestry Department, for the identification of the plant. References w1x Perry LM. Medicinal plants of East and Southeast Asia: attributed properties and uses. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: The MIT Press, 1980. p. 270. w2x Sato M, Fujiwara S, Tsuchiya H, Fujii T, Iinuma M, Tosa H, Ohkawa Y. J Ethnopharmacol 1996;54:171. w3x Lin CN, Lu CM, Lin HC, Fang SC, Shieh BJ, Hsu MF, Wang JP, Ko FN, Teng CM. J Nat Prod 1996;59:834. w4x Fernando MR, Wickramasinghe SMDN, Thabrew MI, Ariyananda PL, Karunanayake EH. J Ethnopharm 1991;31:277. w5x Dube S, Tripathi SC. Nat Acad Sci, India. Sci Lett 1987;10:45. w6x Shinomiya K, Aida M, Hano Y, Nomura T. Phytochemistry 1995;40:1317. w7x Barik BR, Bhaumik T, Dey AK, Kundu AB. Phytochemistry 1994;35:1001. w8x Mu QZ, Li QX. Acta Bot Sinica 1982;24:147. w9x Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods. 2nd ed. London–New York: Chapman and Hall, 1984. w10x Cruickshank R. Medical microbiology: a guide to diagnosis and control of infection. 11th ed. Edinburgh and London: E. & S. Livingston Ltd, 1968. w11x Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherries JC, Truck M. Am J Clin Pathol 1966;45:493.