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Antibacterial activity of Cichorium intybus
Fitoterapia 75 (2004) 737 – 739 www.elsevier.com/locate/fitote
Short report
Antibacterial activity of Cichorium intybus J. Petrovic, A. Stanojkovic, Lj. Comic*, S. Curcic Faculty of Science, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia and Montenegro Received 22 January 2004; accepted in revised form 21 May 2004 Available online 27 August 2004
Abstract Antibacterial activity of the water, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Cichorium intybus was investigated. All the tested extracts showed antibacterial activity, the ethyl acetate extract being the most active. Water extract inhibits Agrobacterium radiobacter sp. tumefaciens, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. aeruginosa. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cichorium intybus; Antibacterial activity
1. Plant Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae), roots and aerial parts collected on the mountain Zlatibor (Serbia) during Summer 2002. The plant material was identified at Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Serbia. 2. Uses in traditional medicine The plant is used in traditional medicine [1], but there is very little information about its antibacterial activity [2]. C. intybus is a strong antioxidant [3], can be used for better digestion and has diuretic properties [4]. 3. Previously isolated classes of constituents Root: over 40% inuline, tannins, pectins; flower: cichoriin [5]. The well-known bitter taste of chicory is associated with the presence of sesquiterpene lactones [6]. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +381 64 199 3324; fax: +381 34 335 709. E-mail address: [email protected] (Lj. Comic). 0367-326X/$ - see front matter D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2004.05.001
738
Bacteria
Root
Ref.b
Aerial part
W1
W2
W3
E1
E2
E3
A1
A2
A3
W1
W2
W3
E1
E2
E3
A1
A2
A3
D1
D2
D3
G(+) Bacillus subtilis Sarcina lutea Staphylococcus aureus
0.0 0.0 0.4
0.3 1.2 2.3
1.7 3.0 4.3
0.0 1.1 1.2
1.2 2.2 2.8
1.2 3.2 4.0
1.7 2.8 4.2
2.9 5.5 7.2
3.2 5.5 8.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 1.0 0.2
0.8 2.5 1.5
0.9 3.9 4.4
0.4 2.3 0.6
0.6 3.7 1.6
0.7 6.5 3.1
15.8 18.5 17.0
16.8 19.8 18.0
17.0 21.2 18.7
G( ) Agrobacterium tumefaciens Erwinia carotovora Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas fluorescens
0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0
0.1 0.5 0.0 5.0 0.7
0.0 0.8 0.0 5.0 0.7
0.0 0.0 0.1 2.5 0.0
0.0 0.7 0.3 2.7 0.8
0.7 1.0 1.0 5.3 1.1
1.1 1.0 0.3 6.7 1.5
2.9 2.9 0.1 7.8 3.2
2.7 3.9 0.3 8.8 2.7
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.2
1.0 0.8 0.0 1.2 2.1
0.2 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.7
1.2 1.0 0.0 1.0 3.2
1.7 1.9 0.0 2.6 4.0
1.2 1.2 0.0 0.7 2.9
2.0 3.9 0.0 1.2 3.7
3.0 3.9 0.0 3.5 3.7
20.7 20.3 2.3 16.8 19.3
21.5 21.3 5.0 19.8 20.0
21.7 20.5 5.7 20.0 20.0
a Values are inhibition zone (mm) and an average of six repeats. W1, W2, W3, water extract (concentrations 5, 10, 15 mg/disc); E1, E2, E3, ethanol extract (concentrations 5, 10, 15 mg/disc); A1, A2, A3, ethyl acetate extract (concentrations 5, 10, 15 mg/disc). b Dovicin (ICN Galenika), D1, D2, D3 (concentrations 5, 10, 15 mg/disc).
J. Petrovic et al. / Fitoterapia 75 (2004) 737–739
Table 1 Antibacterial activity of the C. intybus extractsa
J. Petrovic et al. / Fitoterapia 75 (2004) 737–739
739
4. Tested material Water, alcoholic and ethyl acetate extracts, prepared by extractions on water bath (100 8C) for 1 h. 5. Studied activity Antibacterial, by filter disc diffusion method [7,8]. 6. Used microorganism Bacteria listed in Table 1 were obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory of Faculty of Science, Kragujevac. 7. Results Reported in Table 1. 8. Conclusions All the tested extracts have antibacterial activity against at least four tested bacteria. Comparative research shows that ethyl acetate extract has the greatest activity in relation to all tested bacteria species; water extract inhibits growth of A. radiobacter sp. tumefaciens, E. carotovora, P. fluorescens and P. aeruginosa. Among tested bacteria, E. coli was resistant to all extracts. P. aeruginosa was the most sensitive and had the widest zones of inhibition. Root extracts have more intensive antibacterial activity than extracts from whole plant. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Prof. Dr. Slavica Solujic and Prof. Dr. Dragana Muratspahic for their helpful collaboration in this work. References [1] Josifovic M. Flora of SR Serbia; 1975. p. 266. [2] Kelet O, Baky´rel T, Ak S, Alpmar A. The antibacterial activity of some plants used for medicinal purposes against pathogens of veterinary importance; 2001 http://www.uvm.sk/dept/journals/folia/2001/ 20010105.html. [3] Saroja S, Padilla PR, Radha P. Thilagavathy, Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in Cichorium intybus; http://www.cimap.res.in/jmaps/oct2000mar2001_1htm. [4] Tucakov J. Phytotherapy, XX ed. Belgrade7 The Publishing HousebRadQ; 1997. p. 279. [5] Saric MR. Medicinal Plants of SR Serbia. Belgrade7 Serbian Academy and Arts; 1989. p. 152. [6] Kraker de JW. The biosynthesis of sesquiterpene lactones in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) roots; 2001 http://www.library.wur.nl/wda/abstracts/ab3128.html. [7] Verpoorte R, Van Beek TA, Thomassen PHAM, Aendeweil J, Baerheim Svendsen A. J Ethnopharmacol 1983;8:287. [8] Cruickshank R. Medical Microbiology: A Guide to Diagnosis and Control of Infection. 11th ed. EdinburghLondon7 E. & S. Livingston; 1968.
Short report
Antibacterial activity of Cichorium intybus J. Petrovic, A. Stanojkovic, Lj. Comic*, S. Curcic Faculty of Science, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia and Montenegro Received 22 January 2004; accepted in revised form 21 May 2004 Available online 27 August 2004
Abstract Antibacterial activity of the water, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Cichorium intybus was investigated. All the tested extracts showed antibacterial activity, the ethyl acetate extract being the most active. Water extract inhibits Agrobacterium radiobacter sp. tumefaciens, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. aeruginosa. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cichorium intybus; Antibacterial activity
1. Plant Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae), roots and aerial parts collected on the mountain Zlatibor (Serbia) during Summer 2002. The plant material was identified at Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Serbia. 2. Uses in traditional medicine The plant is used in traditional medicine [1], but there is very little information about its antibacterial activity [2]. C. intybus is a strong antioxidant [3], can be used for better digestion and has diuretic properties [4]. 3. Previously isolated classes of constituents Root: over 40% inuline, tannins, pectins; flower: cichoriin [5]. The well-known bitter taste of chicory is associated with the presence of sesquiterpene lactones [6]. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +381 64 199 3324; fax: +381 34 335 709. E-mail address: [email protected] (Lj. Comic). 0367-326X/$ - see front matter D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2004.05.001
738
Bacteria
Root
Ref.b
Aerial part
W1
W2
W3
E1
E2
E3
A1
A2
A3
W1
W2
W3
E1
E2
E3
A1
A2
A3
D1
D2
D3
G(+) Bacillus subtilis Sarcina lutea Staphylococcus aureus
0.0 0.0 0.4
0.3 1.2 2.3
1.7 3.0 4.3
0.0 1.1 1.2
1.2 2.2 2.8
1.2 3.2 4.0
1.7 2.8 4.2
2.9 5.5 7.2
3.2 5.5 8.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 1.0 0.2
0.8 2.5 1.5
0.9 3.9 4.4
0.4 2.3 0.6
0.6 3.7 1.6
0.7 6.5 3.1
15.8 18.5 17.0
16.8 19.8 18.0
17.0 21.2 18.7
G( ) Agrobacterium tumefaciens Erwinia carotovora Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas fluorescens
0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0
0.1 0.5 0.0 5.0 0.7
0.0 0.8 0.0 5.0 0.7
0.0 0.0 0.1 2.5 0.0
0.0 0.7 0.3 2.7 0.8
0.7 1.0 1.0 5.3 1.1
1.1 1.0 0.3 6.7 1.5
2.9 2.9 0.1 7.8 3.2
2.7 3.9 0.3 8.8 2.7
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.2
1.0 0.8 0.0 1.2 2.1
0.2 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.7
1.2 1.0 0.0 1.0 3.2
1.7 1.9 0.0 2.6 4.0
1.2 1.2 0.0 0.7 2.9
2.0 3.9 0.0 1.2 3.7
3.0 3.9 0.0 3.5 3.7
20.7 20.3 2.3 16.8 19.3
21.5 21.3 5.0 19.8 20.0
21.7 20.5 5.7 20.0 20.0
a Values are inhibition zone (mm) and an average of six repeats. W1, W2, W3, water extract (concentrations 5, 10, 15 mg/disc); E1, E2, E3, ethanol extract (concentrations 5, 10, 15 mg/disc); A1, A2, A3, ethyl acetate extract (concentrations 5, 10, 15 mg/disc). b Dovicin (ICN Galenika), D1, D2, D3 (concentrations 5, 10, 15 mg/disc).
J. Petrovic et al. / Fitoterapia 75 (2004) 737–739
Table 1 Antibacterial activity of the C. intybus extractsa
J. Petrovic et al. / Fitoterapia 75 (2004) 737–739
739
4. Tested material Water, alcoholic and ethyl acetate extracts, prepared by extractions on water bath (100 8C) for 1 h. 5. Studied activity Antibacterial, by filter disc diffusion method [7,8]. 6. Used microorganism Bacteria listed in Table 1 were obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory of Faculty of Science, Kragujevac. 7. Results Reported in Table 1. 8. Conclusions All the tested extracts have antibacterial activity against at least four tested bacteria. Comparative research shows that ethyl acetate extract has the greatest activity in relation to all tested bacteria species; water extract inhibits growth of A. radiobacter sp. tumefaciens, E. carotovora, P. fluorescens and P. aeruginosa. Among tested bacteria, E. coli was resistant to all extracts. P. aeruginosa was the most sensitive and had the widest zones of inhibition. Root extracts have more intensive antibacterial activity than extracts from whole plant. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Prof. Dr. Slavica Solujic and Prof. Dr. Dragana Muratspahic for their helpful collaboration in this work. References [1] Josifovic M. Flora of SR Serbia; 1975. p. 266. [2] Kelet O, Baky´rel T, Ak S, Alpmar A. The antibacterial activity of some plants used for medicinal purposes against pathogens of veterinary importance; 2001 http://www.uvm.sk/dept/journals/folia/2001/ 20010105.html. [3] Saroja S, Padilla PR, Radha P. Thilagavathy, Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in Cichorium intybus; http://www.cimap.res.in/jmaps/oct2000mar2001_1htm. [4] Tucakov J. Phytotherapy, XX ed. Belgrade7 The Publishing HousebRadQ; 1997. p. 279. [5] Saric MR. Medicinal Plants of SR Serbia. Belgrade7 Serbian Academy and Arts; 1989. p. 152. [6] Kraker de JW. The biosynthesis of sesquiterpene lactones in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) roots; 2001 http://www.library.wur.nl/wda/abstracts/ab3128.html. [7] Verpoorte R, Van Beek TA, Thomassen PHAM, Aendeweil J, Baerheim Svendsen A. J Ethnopharmacol 1983;8:287. [8] Cruickshank R. Medical Microbiology: A Guide to Diagnosis and Control of Infection. 11th ed. EdinburghLondon7 E. & S. Livingston; 1968.