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Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia annua essential oil
Fitoterapia 73 (2002) 532–535
Short report
Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia annua essential oil ` b, Fabien Juteaua, Veronique Masottia,*, Jean Marie Bessiere Michel Dherbomezc, Josette Vianoa a
´ ´ ´ ´ de Provence, Laboratoire Dynamique et Ressources du Vegetal, E.A. 2202-Biodiversite-Universite UFR DENTES et SVTE, case 17, 3 place Victor Hugo, F-13331 Marseille cedex 3, France b ´ Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Montpellier, CNRS URA 1193, 8 rue Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France c Laboratoire SMAB, IUT de La Rochelle, rue de Roux, 17026 La Rochelle cedex, France Received 7 June 2002; accepted 21 July 2002
Abstract The essential oil of Artemisia annua aerial parts, consisting of camphor (44%), germacrene D (16%), trans-pinocarveol (11%), b-selinene (9%), b-caryophyllene (9%) and artemisia ketone (3%), was screened for its antimicrobial activity. The essential oil remarkably inhibited the growth of tested Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus hirae and both tested fungi. This oil has shown an antioxidant activity equivalent to 18% of the reference compound (atocopherol). 䊚 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Artemisia annua; Essential oil; Antimicrobial activity; Antioxidant activity
Plant. Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) w1x, aerial parts collected in June 2000 on the banks of Huveaune river (alt. 120 m), near Marseilles (France). Identification of the species w1x is guaranteed by a confirmed botanist. A voucher specimen is deposited in the herbarium of the University of Provence (MARS 2000.2). *Corresponding author. Tel: q33-4-91-10-62-61; fax: q33-4-91-10-63-66. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Masotti). 0367-326X/02/$ - see front matter 䊚 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 6 7 - 3 2 6 X Ž 0 2 . 0 0 1 7 5 - 2
F. Juteau et al. / Fitoterapia 73 (2002) 532–535
533
Table 1 Chemical composition of Artemisia annua essential oil (GC and GC-MS analysis) Compound
RIa
%
1,8-cineole artemisia ketone artemisia alcohol trans-pinocarveol camphor pinocarvone chrysanthenol borneol terpinene-4-ol myrtenal a-terpineol myrtenol pinocarveyl acetate a-copaene benzyl isovalerate b-cubebene b-caryophyllene (E)-b-farnesene germacrene D b-selinene bicyclogermacrene (E,E)-a-farnesene germacrene A g-cadinene epi-a-cadinol Total identified
1026 1058 1082 1146 1146 1161 1165 1166 1177 1192 1192 1197 1297 1379 1383 1391 1423 1457 1484 1489 1495 1503 1507 1518 1619
1,2 2,8 0,2 10,9 43,5 2,1 0,3 0,2 0,3 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1 1,8 tr 0,1 8,9 0,1 15,6 9,4 0,3 tr 0,7 0,1 0,2 99,1
tr: traces (-0.1%). a Retention index on DB5 and according to n-paraffins.
Uses in traditional medicine. Plant is known to be antimalarial w2x, anti-inflammatory w3x, antitumor w4x and allelopathic w5,6x.
Previously isolated classes of constituents. Mono- and sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids and coumarins w7x. Tested material. Essential oil prepared by hydrodistillation (in a Clevenger-type apparatus) of shade-dried plant material (yield: 0.5%) and analysed with GC and GC-MS w8x. Identified components (25 on a total of 30 peaks) are listed in Table 1.
Studied activity. Antibacterial and antifungal activity from essential oil by liquid diffusion method w9x. Antioxydant activity measured by chemiluminescence w10x.
534
F. Juteau et al. / Fitoterapia 73 (2002) 532–535
Table 2 Antibacterial activity of Artemisia annua essential oil Microorganisms
Essential oil
Penicilline G
Nystatine
Escherichia coli
–
NT
Staphylococcus aureus
–
Enterococcus hirae
GIC50s0.05 CIs0.1 GIC50s0.1 CIs0.2 GIC50s0.1 CIs0.2
GIC50s0.03 CIs0.05 GIC50s3=10y4 CIs5=10y4 GIC50s3=10y4 CIs8=10y4 NT
Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisiae
NT
NT NT GIC50s3=10y3 CIs6=10y3 GIC50s3=10y3 CIs6=10y3
–: no effect at tested concentrations. GIC50: Growth inhibitory concentration for 50% of the microorganisms (mgyml). CI: Complete Inhibition concentration (mgyml). NT: not tested.
Used microorganisms. Listed in Table 2.
Results. Antimicrobial activities are reported in Table 2. Antioxidant activity is equivalent to 18% of the reference compound (a-tocopherol) w11x.
Conclusions. The essential oil of Artemisia annua aerial parts remarkably inhibited the growth of all tested fungi and Enterococcus hirae. The essential oil composition wcamphor (44%), germacrene D (16%), trans-pinocarveol (11%), b-selinene (9%), b-caryophyllene (9%) and artemisia ketone (3%)x and the observed antibacterial properties show that the oil has a good potential for use in aromatherapy, despite its weak antioxidant activity. References w1x T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, D.A. Webb, Flora Europaea, Cambridge University Press, 1976. w2x Qinghaosu Antimalarial Coordinating Research Group, Chin Med J 82 (1979) 811. w3x L. Huang, J. Liu, L. Liu, et al., Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 18 (1993) 44. w4x G.Q. Zheng, Planta Med 60 (1994) 54. w5x S.O. Duke, E.M. Croom, H.N. Elsohly, K.C. Vaughn, Weed Sci 5 (1987) 499. w6x P.K. Chen, G.R. Leather, D.L. Klayman, Plant Physiol 83 (1987) 406. w7x R.S. Bhakuni, D.C. Jain, R.P. Sharma, S. Kumar, Curr Sci 80 (2001) 35. w8x C. Menut, J.M. Bessiere, ` H. Ntalani, P. Verin, A.T. Henriques, R. Limberger, Phytochemistry 53 (2000) 975.
F. Juteau et al. / Fitoterapia 73 (2002) 532–535
535
w9x P. Belaiche, in: S.A. Maloine (Ed.), Traite´ de phytotherapie ´ ´ et d’aromatherapie, Tome I: l’aromatogramme, Paris, 1979. w10x D. Mantle, J.G. Anderton, G. Falkous, M. Barnes, P. Jones, E.K. Perry, Comp Biochem Phys B 121 (1998) 385. w11x P. Zang, S.T. Omaye, Toxicol In Vitro 15 (2001) 13.
Short report
Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia annua essential oil ` b, Fabien Juteaua, Veronique Masottia,*, Jean Marie Bessiere Michel Dherbomezc, Josette Vianoa a
´ ´ ´ ´ de Provence, Laboratoire Dynamique et Ressources du Vegetal, E.A. 2202-Biodiversite-Universite UFR DENTES et SVTE, case 17, 3 place Victor Hugo, F-13331 Marseille cedex 3, France b ´ Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Montpellier, CNRS URA 1193, 8 rue Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France c Laboratoire SMAB, IUT de La Rochelle, rue de Roux, 17026 La Rochelle cedex, France Received 7 June 2002; accepted 21 July 2002
Abstract The essential oil of Artemisia annua aerial parts, consisting of camphor (44%), germacrene D (16%), trans-pinocarveol (11%), b-selinene (9%), b-caryophyllene (9%) and artemisia ketone (3%), was screened for its antimicrobial activity. The essential oil remarkably inhibited the growth of tested Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus hirae and both tested fungi. This oil has shown an antioxidant activity equivalent to 18% of the reference compound (atocopherol). 䊚 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Artemisia annua; Essential oil; Antimicrobial activity; Antioxidant activity
Plant. Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) w1x, aerial parts collected in June 2000 on the banks of Huveaune river (alt. 120 m), near Marseilles (France). Identification of the species w1x is guaranteed by a confirmed botanist. A voucher specimen is deposited in the herbarium of the University of Provence (MARS 2000.2). *Corresponding author. Tel: q33-4-91-10-62-61; fax: q33-4-91-10-63-66. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Masotti). 0367-326X/02/$ - see front matter 䊚 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 6 7 - 3 2 6 X Ž 0 2 . 0 0 1 7 5 - 2
F. Juteau et al. / Fitoterapia 73 (2002) 532–535
533
Table 1 Chemical composition of Artemisia annua essential oil (GC and GC-MS analysis) Compound
RIa
%
1,8-cineole artemisia ketone artemisia alcohol trans-pinocarveol camphor pinocarvone chrysanthenol borneol terpinene-4-ol myrtenal a-terpineol myrtenol pinocarveyl acetate a-copaene benzyl isovalerate b-cubebene b-caryophyllene (E)-b-farnesene germacrene D b-selinene bicyclogermacrene (E,E)-a-farnesene germacrene A g-cadinene epi-a-cadinol Total identified
1026 1058 1082 1146 1146 1161 1165 1166 1177 1192 1192 1197 1297 1379 1383 1391 1423 1457 1484 1489 1495 1503 1507 1518 1619
1,2 2,8 0,2 10,9 43,5 2,1 0,3 0,2 0,3 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1 1,8 tr 0,1 8,9 0,1 15,6 9,4 0,3 tr 0,7 0,1 0,2 99,1
tr: traces (-0.1%). a Retention index on DB5 and according to n-paraffins.
Uses in traditional medicine. Plant is known to be antimalarial w2x, anti-inflammatory w3x, antitumor w4x and allelopathic w5,6x.
Previously isolated classes of constituents. Mono- and sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids and coumarins w7x. Tested material. Essential oil prepared by hydrodistillation (in a Clevenger-type apparatus) of shade-dried plant material (yield: 0.5%) and analysed with GC and GC-MS w8x. Identified components (25 on a total of 30 peaks) are listed in Table 1.
Studied activity. Antibacterial and antifungal activity from essential oil by liquid diffusion method w9x. Antioxydant activity measured by chemiluminescence w10x.
534
F. Juteau et al. / Fitoterapia 73 (2002) 532–535
Table 2 Antibacterial activity of Artemisia annua essential oil Microorganisms
Essential oil
Penicilline G
Nystatine
Escherichia coli
–
NT
Staphylococcus aureus
–
Enterococcus hirae
GIC50s0.05 CIs0.1 GIC50s0.1 CIs0.2 GIC50s0.1 CIs0.2
GIC50s0.03 CIs0.05 GIC50s3=10y4 CIs5=10y4 GIC50s3=10y4 CIs8=10y4 NT
Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisiae
NT
NT NT GIC50s3=10y3 CIs6=10y3 GIC50s3=10y3 CIs6=10y3
–: no effect at tested concentrations. GIC50: Growth inhibitory concentration for 50% of the microorganisms (mgyml). CI: Complete Inhibition concentration (mgyml). NT: not tested.
Used microorganisms. Listed in Table 2.
Results. Antimicrobial activities are reported in Table 2. Antioxidant activity is equivalent to 18% of the reference compound (a-tocopherol) w11x.
Conclusions. The essential oil of Artemisia annua aerial parts remarkably inhibited the growth of all tested fungi and Enterococcus hirae. The essential oil composition wcamphor (44%), germacrene D (16%), trans-pinocarveol (11%), b-selinene (9%), b-caryophyllene (9%) and artemisia ketone (3%)x and the observed antibacterial properties show that the oil has a good potential for use in aromatherapy, despite its weak antioxidant activity. References w1x T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, D.A. Webb, Flora Europaea, Cambridge University Press, 1976. w2x Qinghaosu Antimalarial Coordinating Research Group, Chin Med J 82 (1979) 811. w3x L. Huang, J. Liu, L. Liu, et al., Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 18 (1993) 44. w4x G.Q. Zheng, Planta Med 60 (1994) 54. w5x S.O. Duke, E.M. Croom, H.N. Elsohly, K.C. Vaughn, Weed Sci 5 (1987) 499. w6x P.K. Chen, G.R. Leather, D.L. Klayman, Plant Physiol 83 (1987) 406. w7x R.S. Bhakuni, D.C. Jain, R.P. Sharma, S. Kumar, Curr Sci 80 (2001) 35. w8x C. Menut, J.M. Bessiere, ` H. Ntalani, P. Verin, A.T. Henriques, R. Limberger, Phytochemistry 53 (2000) 975.
F. Juteau et al. / Fitoterapia 73 (2002) 532–535
535
w9x P. Belaiche, in: S.A. Maloine (Ed.), Traite´ de phytotherapie ´ ´ et d’aromatherapie, Tome I: l’aromatogramme, Paris, 1979. w10x D. Mantle, J.G. Anderton, G. Falkous, M. Barnes, P. Jones, E.K. Perry, Comp Biochem Phys B 121 (1998) 385. w11x P. Zang, S.T. Omaye, Toxicol In Vitro 15 (2001) 13.