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Appendix A List of Commercially Important Marine Molluscs and their Known Parasites
APPENDIX
A LIST OF COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MARINE MOLLUSCS A N D THEIR K N O W N PARASITES Host Aequipecten ( = Pecten) gibbus (Defrance).
g Aequipecten (
= Pecten)
irradians (Lamarck)
. .
Aequipecten ( = Pecten) maximus (Link)
.
Brachidontes recurvus Rafinesque
.
Buccinum undatum Pennant
.
Stage parasitic in mollusc
Parasite
Porrocaecum pectinis (Nematoda) . Odostomia seminuda (Gastropoda) . Odostomia bisutalaris (Gastropoda) (experimental) Pinnotheres maculatus (Malacostraca)
.
Larvae Adults Adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults
.
Metacercariae Adults Adults (mature and immature) Post-planktonic larvae and adults Post-planktonic larvae
.
Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) Odostomia seminuda (Gastropoda) . Pseudomyicola glabra (Copepoda) . Pinnotheres ostreum (Malacostraca) . Pinnothews maculatus (Malacostraca) Porrocaecum pectinis (Nematoda) Odostomia eulimoides (Gastropoda) Cercarica brachiodontis (Trematoda) Mytilicola porrecta (Copepoda) . Ostrincola gracilis (Copepoda) .
Neophasis pusilla (Trematoda) Cercaria neptuneae (Trematoda) Cermria buccini (Trematoda)
.
. . .
.
Larvae Adults Sporocysts Adults Adults Rediae Rediae Sporocysts
?
z
Cardita ajar de Blainville.
7 Cardita sulcata Bruguiere. UI
Conchyliurus lobatus (Copepoda) Boveria subcylindrica (Ciliatea)
. . . .
.
.
.
Cardium norwegicum (Schroeter) Cardium ringena Wood
E
Pinnotheres p k u m (Malacostraca)
.
Conchyliurus sp. (Copepoda)
.
Cardium tuberculatum Pusch
Bucephalus haimeanus (Trematoda)
Chlamys nipponensis Kuroda .
Pinnotheres pholadia (Malacostraca)
.
Chlumys opercularis Philippi .
Trophozoites
Bucephalus haimeanus (Trematoda) Gymnophallus margaritarum (Trematoda) Gymnophallus strigata (Trematoda) . Gymnophallus cambrenais (Trematoda) Gymnophallus fulbrighti (Trematoda) Cercaria dichotoma (Trematoda) . Cercaria hueti (Trematoda) Himasthla leptosoma (Trematoda) Parorchis acanthus (Trematoda) (on surface) Metucercuria mytili (Trematoda) . Unidentified echinostome of Nicoll (Trematoda) Unidentified ‘‘ sporocyst ” of Nicoll (Trematoda) Mytilicola intestinalw (Copepoda) . Pinnotheres p k u m (Melacostraca) Pinnixa faba (Malacostraca) . Pinnixa littoralis (Malacostraca) .
Cardium edule Linn.
.
Adults
Odostomia scalar& (Gastropoda) Odostomio eulimoides (Gastropoda)
.
. . .
.
Sporocysts Sporocysts Sporocysts Sporocysts Sporocysts Sporocysts Sporocysts Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae Rediae Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults
.
Sporocysts Adults
.
.
Adults Adults
Host
Parasite
Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)
.
.
Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin)
.
Stage para&tic in mollusc
.
Gymnophalloides tokiensis (Trematoda) Proctoeces ostreae (Trematoda) Himasthla quissetenais (Trematoda) (on surface) Mytilicola orientalis (Copepoda) Pinnotheres pholadis (Malacostraca)
.
. .
.
Hexamita injllata (Zoomastigophorea) Vahlhmpjia calkensi (Sarcodina) VahJhmpjia patuxent (Sarcodina) Nematopsis ostrearum (Sporozoa) .
. .
Nematopsis prytherchi (Sporozoa)
Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae Adults Adults
.
.
Trophozoites
.
Minchinia costidis (Sporozoa) . Minchinia nelsoni (Sporozoa) Ancistrocoma pekeneeri (Ciliatea) Ancistrocoma sp. (Ciliatea) . Bucephalus cuculus (Trematoda) Bucephalus sp. (Trematoda) . Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) (limited) Acunthoparyphium spindosum (Trematoda) . Tylocephalum sp. (Cestoda) Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda) (experimental) Odostomia impressa (Gastropoda) . Odostomia seminuda (Gastropoda) (experimental) Odostomia bktularia (Gastropoda) . Ostrincola gracilis (Copepoda) . Pseudomyicola glabra (Copepoda) . Pinnotheres ostreum (Malacostraca) Pinnotheres maculatus (Malacostraca) ( 9 )
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
Trophozoites Trophozoites Gymnospores, sporozoites, and spores Gymnospores, sporozoitea, and spores Plasmodia, spores, sporocysts Plasmodia, spores (?) Trophozoites Trophozoites Sporocysts Sporocysts Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacestode Larvae Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults
%
El
3 K
0
Fi
co
t: b x
4 0 5j
z
s
: M
Gn
Donax sp. Schumacher* . Donux trunculus Linn. . Donax politus Forbes and Hanley . Donax vittatus Lamarck Ensis directus (Conrad) Haliotis corrugata Wood Haliotis f d g e w Philippi Haliotis gigantea Menke Macoma balthica Linn.
. . . . . .
Macoma incompicua (Broderip and Sowerby) . Macoma n ~ - ~Conrad ~ta . Macoma irus (Lamarck) Macoma secta (Conrad)
. .
. .
Macoma stultorum Linn. Macoma cumana (Costa) Mactra glabrata de Blainville Mactra solidis.sima Dill-
.
Wyn-
Mactra a d c a t a r i a Reeve
*
.
HyaJoklossia pelaeneeri (Sporozoa) Ancistrum cylidioides (Ciliatea)
.
. .
Boveria subcylindrica (Ciliatea) Gymnophallus strigata (Trematoda) . Bacciger bacciger (Trematoda) . Himasthla quwsetensis (Trematode) . Echinocephalus pseudouncinutus (Nematode) Echinocephulus pseudouncinatus (Nematoda) Panaietis haliotis (Copepoda) Ancistrocoma pelseneeri (Ciliatea) Thigmophrya macomae (Ciliatea) Cercaria dichotoma (Trematoda) Gymnophallus macomae (Trematoda)
.
Ancistrowma pelaeneeri (Ciliatea) Ancistrocoma pelaeneeri (Ciliatea) Pinnixa faba (Malacostraca) . Pinnixa littoralis (Malacostraca) Ancistrowma pekeneeri (Ciliatea) Ancistrocoma pelaeneeri (Ciliatea) Pinnim littoralis (Malacostraca) Himasthla leptosoma (Trematode) Myocherea dentata (Copepoda)
.
Conchyliurms torosus (Copepoda) Myocheres major (Copepoda) . Ancistrum japonica (Ciliatea) Pinnotheres pholadia (Malacostraca)
.
. . . .
. . . . . .
Oocysts Trophozoites Trophozoites Metacercariae Sporocysts Metacercariae Larvae Larvae Adults Trophozoites Trophozoites Sporocysts Metacercariae Trophozoites Trophozoites Immature adults Immature adults Trophozoites Trophozoites Immature adults Metacercariae Adults
.
Adults
.
Adults Trophozoites Adults
For accounts of parasites of species of Donaz of little commercial importance, see Leidy (1879), Giard (1897a,b, 1907). Pelseneer (1896, 1928), Chatton and Lwoff (1923), Cable (1956, 1963), Loesch (1957), Hopkins (1958) and Wade (1967).
W
Stage parasitic in mollusc
Parasite
Host Mactra veneriformis Wood Margaritif era vulgaris (Leach) . Mercenaria mercenaria (Say) *
Ancistrum japonica (Ciliatea)
.
Trophozoites
Tylocephalum spp. (Cestoda) . Echinocephalus uncinatus ( ? ) (Nematoda)
Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) . Himasthla muehlensi (Trematoda) (indirect evidence) Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda) (experimental) Odostomia bkutularw (Gastropoda) (experimental) Odostomia seminuda (Gastropoda) (experimental) . Mytilicola porrecta (Copepoda) Myocheres major (Copepoda) . Ostrincola gracilw (Copepoda) . Ancistrum mytili (Ciliatea) . Ancistrum isseli (Ciliatea)
.
Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn) .
Modiolus modiolus (d’OrbignY) f
M y a arenaria (Linn.)
Metacestodes Larvae
. . .
Modiola barbata (Lamarck)
.
.
Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) Mytilicola porrecta (Copepoda) Ostrincola gracilis (Copepoda) . Pseudomyicola glabra (Copepoda)
.
b P
0
.
Metacercariae Adults Adults Adults
.
Ancistrum isseli (Ciliatea) . Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) Pinnotheres maculatus (Malacostraca) Fabia subquadrata (Malacostraca) Ancistrocoma pelseneeri (Ciliatea) . Metacercaria I (Trematoda) Cercuria myae (Trematoda) . Himasthla leptosoma (Trematoda)
.
.
.
Metacercariae Metacercariae Larvae Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults Trophozoites Trophozoites
.
Trophozoites Metacercariae Post-planktonic larvae and adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults Trophozoites Metacercariae Sporocysts Metacercariae
E E 3
ls
0
F
2 G:
k
m
2 r
0
0
Gn
2E M
m
Mytilus culijornianus Conrad . .
Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) . Himasthla compacta (Trematoda) . Himasthla littorinae (Trematoda) . wiciostomia trifida (Gastropoda) . Myocheres major (Copepoda) . Myicola metisiensis (Copepoda) . Pinnotheres maculatus (Malacostraca) Pinniza faba (Malacostraca) . Pinniza littoralis (Malacostraca) . Huplosporidium tumefucientis (Sporozoa) Cercuria noblei (Trematoda) . Mytilicola orientalis (Copepoda)
Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae Adults Adults Adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults Immature adults Immature adults
. .
Plasmodia, sporocysts, spores Sporocysts Adults
.
Mytilus crassitesta (Reuss) Mytilus edulis Linn.
.
Mytilicola orientalis (Copepoda) . Chytridiopsis mytilovum (Cnidospora) Ancistrum mytili (Ciliatea) Conchophthirus mytili (Ciliatea) . Crebricoma kozlofi (Ciliatea) . Crebricomu carinuta (Ciliatea) . Raubella helensis (Ciliatea) . Isocomides mytili (Ciliatea) . Hypocomides mytili (Ciliatea) Gargarius gargarius (Ciliatea) . Bucephalus mytili (Trematoda) . . Gymnophallus margaritarum (Trematoda) Gymnophallus bursicola (Trematoda) Proctoeces rnaculatus (Trematoda) .
.
.
.
.
Hinzasthla leptosonaa (Trematoda) . Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) . Himasthla littorinae (Trematoda) . Parorchis acanthus (Trematoda) (on surface)
.
Adults Cysts enclosing spores Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Sporocysts Metacercariae Metacercariae Sporocysts, cercariae, metacercariae, adults Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae
W b P
c
w
. . .
Metacerearia mytili (Trematoda) Cercaria tenuans (Trematoda) . Odostomia scalaris (Gestropoda) Odostornia eulimoides (Gastropoda) Mytilicola intestinalis (Copepoda) . Mytilicola orientalis (Copepoda) . Pseudomyiwla glabra (Copepoda) . Tisbe celata (Copepoda) Pinnotheres ostreum (Malacostraca) Pinnothres maculatw, (Mdacostraca) Pinnotheres pholadis (Malacostraca) .
.
Mytilus galloprovincialis Lammck .
Nematopsk legeri (Sporozoa)
Mytilua minimus Schroeter .
Mytilus perna Dillwyn Ostrea demelamellosa Lischke . Ostreu edulis Linn.
.
.
.
Metacercariae Sporocysts Adults Adults Adults
.
.
Gymnophallua margaritarum (Trematoda) Gymnophallus perligem (Trematoda) Mytilicola intestinalis (Copepoda)
.
Nematopsk legeri (Sporozoa)
.
Porospora gigantea (Sporozoa)
.
rp t 9
Stuge parasitic in molluac
Parasite
Host
. .
z
Adults Adults Adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults Adults Gymnospores, spores Metacercariae Metacercariae Adults
sporozoites
Gymnospores, sporozoites spores Gymnospores, sporozoites
Modiolicola i n w i p e s (Copepoda)
.
Adults
Pseudomyicola ostreue (Copepoda)
.
Adults
Hexamita in.& (Zoomastigophorea) Chytridwpsk ovicola (Cnidospora) . Bucephalua haimeanus (Trematoda) Odostomia eulimoides (Gastropoda)
. .
.
Trophozoites Cysts enclosing spores Sporocysts Adults
and
@
M F F
s 23 x
:e: ul
r
and
i3
2E z: M
ul
.
Ostreu lurida Solander Ostrea tulipa Lamarck Ostreu sp. Linn.
.
Pecten ( = Arctica) islandicus Linn.
..
. .
Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults
Odoatomia eulimoides (Gastropoda) . Odostomia bisutularis (Gastropoda) (experimental) Od08tw??& eulimoides (Gastropoda) Paeudoklossia pectinis (Sporozoa) Bweria aubcylindrica (Ciliatea) . Echinocephalus uncinatus (Nematoda) (?)
Adults Adults Adults Oocysts enclosing sporozoites Trophozoites Larvae
Odostomia seminuda (Gastropoda) (experimental) Odostomia bisutularis (Gastropoda) (experimental) P ~ n m t h e r e smaeulatus (Malacostraca) . Bacciger bacciger (Trematoda) . Cercaria ophicerca (Trematoda) . Lepocreadium album (Trematoda) . Bacciger bacciger (Trematoda) . A n c i s t m m cylidioides (Ciliatea) Ancistrum subtruncatum (Ciliatea) . Boveria wbcylindriua (Ciliatea) Gymnophauue margaritarum (Trematoda) . Gymmophallus megalocoela (Trematoda) Bacciger bacciger (Trematoda) . Himasthla ambigua (Trematoda) Cercaria ophicerca (Trematoda) . . Lepocreadium album (Trematoda) Metacercaria acherusiae (Trematoda)
Adults Adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults Sporocysts Sporocysts Metacercariae Sporocysts Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Sporocysts Metacercariae Sporocysts Metacercariae Sporocysts Metacercariae Metacercariae
. . . .
.
.
. .
Pectenjacobaeus (Link) Pecten mazimus (Link) Pinna nobilis Linn.. Pinna sp. Linn. Placopecten magellanicua (Bosc)
.
.
Tapes aureua Forbes and Hanley
.
Tapes candida Helbling Tapes d w s a t u a (Linn.)
Chrysallida obtusa (Gastropoda) Mytilicola intestinalis (Copepoda) Pinmtheres p i s u m (Malacostraca) Mytilicola orientalis (Copepoda) Lichomolgua arcanus (Copepoda) . Pseudomyicola mirabihs (Copepoda) Ostrincola clavator (Copepoda) . Ostrincola simplex (Copepode)
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
zw
P 2
e
W
Ip
0
Host
Stage parasitic in mollusc
Parasite
Tapes Jloridus (Lamarck) .
Pseudoklossia glomerata (Sporozoa)
Tapes japonica Deshayes Tapes pullastra (Montagu)
Pinnotheres pholadis (Malacostraca) . Gymnophallus scrivenensis (Trematoda) Himasthla leptosoma (Trematoda) . Ancistrum japonica (Ciliatea) . Bacciger bacciger (Trematoda) Himasthla quissetelzsis (Trematoda) Tylocephalum sp. (Cestoda) . Philoconcha amygdalae (Copepoda) Pinniza faba (Malacostraca) . Pinniza littoralis (Malacostraca) Pseudoklossia glomerata (Sporozoa)
Tapes semidecussata Reeve
Tapes wirgineus (Fleming) Tellina exigwl Sowerby
.
Tellina nitida Perry Tellina nymphalis Lamarck . Tellina planata Linn. Tellina tenuis Montagu %llina sp. Linn.
.
.
. .
Venerupis staminea (Conrad) . Venus fasciata Donovan . Venus gallina MacGillivray . Venus sp. Linn.
.
.
Oocysts enclosing sporozoites in spores Adults Metacercariae Metacercariae Trophozoites Sporocysts Metacercariae Metacestode Adults Immature adults Immature adults Oocysts enclosing sporozoites in spores Trophozoites Trophozoites Sporocysts Trophozoites
. . . .
. .
Ancistrum cyclidioides (Ciliatea) Boveria subcylindrica (Ciliatea) Bacciger bacciger (Trematoda) . Boveria subcylindrica (Ciliatea)
.
Myocheres scobina (Copepoda) . Boveria subcylindrica (Ciliatea) Cymnophallua strigata (Trematoda) Hyaloklosaia pelseneeri (Sporozoa)
. . .
Adults Trophozoites Metacercariae Oocysts enclosing sporozoites in spores
.
Plerocercoids Adults Trophozoites
Echeneibothrium sp. (Cestoda) . Mytilicola orientalis (Copepoda) Ancistrospira veneris (Ciliatea) .
Boveriu subcylindrica (Ciliatea) . Gymnophallus margaritarum (Trematoda)
.
Trophozoites Sporocysts
A LIST OF COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MARINE MOLLUSCS A N D THEIR K N O W N PARASITES Host Aequipecten ( = Pecten) gibbus (Defrance).
g Aequipecten (
= Pecten)
irradians (Lamarck)
. .
Aequipecten ( = Pecten) maximus (Link)
.
Brachidontes recurvus Rafinesque
.
Buccinum undatum Pennant
.
Stage parasitic in mollusc
Parasite
Porrocaecum pectinis (Nematoda) . Odostomia seminuda (Gastropoda) . Odostomia bisutalaris (Gastropoda) (experimental) Pinnotheres maculatus (Malacostraca)
.
Larvae Adults Adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults
.
Metacercariae Adults Adults (mature and immature) Post-planktonic larvae and adults Post-planktonic larvae
.
Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) Odostomia seminuda (Gastropoda) . Pseudomyicola glabra (Copepoda) . Pinnotheres ostreum (Malacostraca) . Pinnothews maculatus (Malacostraca) Porrocaecum pectinis (Nematoda) Odostomia eulimoides (Gastropoda) Cercarica brachiodontis (Trematoda) Mytilicola porrecta (Copepoda) . Ostrincola gracilis (Copepoda) .
Neophasis pusilla (Trematoda) Cercaria neptuneae (Trematoda) Cermria buccini (Trematoda)
.
. . .
.
Larvae Adults Sporocysts Adults Adults Rediae Rediae Sporocysts
?
z
Cardita ajar de Blainville.
7 Cardita sulcata Bruguiere. UI
Conchyliurus lobatus (Copepoda) Boveria subcylindrica (Ciliatea)
. . . .
.
.
.
Cardium norwegicum (Schroeter) Cardium ringena Wood
E
Pinnotheres p k u m (Malacostraca)
.
Conchyliurus sp. (Copepoda)
.
Cardium tuberculatum Pusch
Bucephalus haimeanus (Trematoda)
Chlamys nipponensis Kuroda .
Pinnotheres pholadia (Malacostraca)
.
Chlumys opercularis Philippi .
Trophozoites
Bucephalus haimeanus (Trematoda) Gymnophallus margaritarum (Trematoda) Gymnophallus strigata (Trematoda) . Gymnophallus cambrenais (Trematoda) Gymnophallus fulbrighti (Trematoda) Cercaria dichotoma (Trematoda) . Cercaria hueti (Trematoda) Himasthla leptosoma (Trematoda) Parorchis acanthus (Trematoda) (on surface) Metucercuria mytili (Trematoda) . Unidentified echinostome of Nicoll (Trematoda) Unidentified ‘‘ sporocyst ” of Nicoll (Trematoda) Mytilicola intestinalw (Copepoda) . Pinnotheres p k u m (Melacostraca) Pinnixa faba (Malacostraca) . Pinnixa littoralis (Malacostraca) .
Cardium edule Linn.
.
Adults
Odostomia scalar& (Gastropoda) Odostomio eulimoides (Gastropoda)
.
. . .
.
Sporocysts Sporocysts Sporocysts Sporocysts Sporocysts Sporocysts Sporocysts Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae Rediae Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults
.
Sporocysts Adults
.
.
Adults Adults
Host
Parasite
Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)
.
.
Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin)
.
Stage para&tic in mollusc
.
Gymnophalloides tokiensis (Trematoda) Proctoeces ostreae (Trematoda) Himasthla quissetenais (Trematoda) (on surface) Mytilicola orientalis (Copepoda) Pinnotheres pholadis (Malacostraca)
.
. .
.
Hexamita injllata (Zoomastigophorea) Vahlhmpjia calkensi (Sarcodina) VahJhmpjia patuxent (Sarcodina) Nematopsis ostrearum (Sporozoa) .
. .
Nematopsis prytherchi (Sporozoa)
Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae Adults Adults
.
.
Trophozoites
.
Minchinia costidis (Sporozoa) . Minchinia nelsoni (Sporozoa) Ancistrocoma pekeneeri (Ciliatea) Ancistrocoma sp. (Ciliatea) . Bucephalus cuculus (Trematoda) Bucephalus sp. (Trematoda) . Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) (limited) Acunthoparyphium spindosum (Trematoda) . Tylocephalum sp. (Cestoda) Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda) (experimental) Odostomia impressa (Gastropoda) . Odostomia seminuda (Gastropoda) (experimental) Odostomia bktularia (Gastropoda) . Ostrincola gracilis (Copepoda) . Pseudomyicola glabra (Copepoda) . Pinnotheres ostreum (Malacostraca) Pinnotheres maculatus (Malacostraca) ( 9 )
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
Trophozoites Trophozoites Gymnospores, sporozoites, and spores Gymnospores, sporozoitea, and spores Plasmodia, spores, sporocysts Plasmodia, spores (?) Trophozoites Trophozoites Sporocysts Sporocysts Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacestode Larvae Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults
%
El
3 K
0
Fi
co
t: b x
4 0 5j
z
s
: M
Gn
Donax sp. Schumacher* . Donux trunculus Linn. . Donax politus Forbes and Hanley . Donax vittatus Lamarck Ensis directus (Conrad) Haliotis corrugata Wood Haliotis f d g e w Philippi Haliotis gigantea Menke Macoma balthica Linn.
. . . . . .
Macoma incompicua (Broderip and Sowerby) . Macoma n ~ - ~Conrad ~ta . Macoma irus (Lamarck) Macoma secta (Conrad)
. .
. .
Macoma stultorum Linn. Macoma cumana (Costa) Mactra glabrata de Blainville Mactra solidis.sima Dill-
.
Wyn-
Mactra a d c a t a r i a Reeve
*
.
HyaJoklossia pelaeneeri (Sporozoa) Ancistrum cylidioides (Ciliatea)
.
. .
Boveria subcylindrica (Ciliatea) Gymnophallus strigata (Trematoda) . Bacciger bacciger (Trematoda) . Himasthla quwsetensis (Trematode) . Echinocephalus pseudouncinutus (Nematode) Echinocephulus pseudouncinatus (Nematoda) Panaietis haliotis (Copepoda) Ancistrocoma pelseneeri (Ciliatea) Thigmophrya macomae (Ciliatea) Cercaria dichotoma (Trematoda) Gymnophallus macomae (Trematoda)
.
Ancistrowma pelaeneeri (Ciliatea) Ancistrocoma pelaeneeri (Ciliatea) Pinnixa faba (Malacostraca) . Pinnixa littoralis (Malacostraca) Ancistrowma pekeneeri (Ciliatea) Ancistrocoma pelaeneeri (Ciliatea) Pinnim littoralis (Malacostraca) Himasthla leptosoma (Trematode) Myocherea dentata (Copepoda)
.
Conchyliurms torosus (Copepoda) Myocheres major (Copepoda) . Ancistrum japonica (Ciliatea) Pinnotheres pholadia (Malacostraca)
.
. . . .
. . . . . .
Oocysts Trophozoites Trophozoites Metacercariae Sporocysts Metacercariae Larvae Larvae Adults Trophozoites Trophozoites Sporocysts Metacercariae Trophozoites Trophozoites Immature adults Immature adults Trophozoites Trophozoites Immature adults Metacercariae Adults
.
Adults
.
Adults Trophozoites Adults
For accounts of parasites of species of Donaz of little commercial importance, see Leidy (1879), Giard (1897a,b, 1907). Pelseneer (1896, 1928), Chatton and Lwoff (1923), Cable (1956, 1963), Loesch (1957), Hopkins (1958) and Wade (1967).
W
Stage parasitic in mollusc
Parasite
Host Mactra veneriformis Wood Margaritif era vulgaris (Leach) . Mercenaria mercenaria (Say) *
Ancistrum japonica (Ciliatea)
.
Trophozoites
Tylocephalum spp. (Cestoda) . Echinocephalus uncinatus ( ? ) (Nematoda)
Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) . Himasthla muehlensi (Trematoda) (indirect evidence) Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda) (experimental) Odostomia bkutularw (Gastropoda) (experimental) Odostomia seminuda (Gastropoda) (experimental) . Mytilicola porrecta (Copepoda) Myocheres major (Copepoda) . Ostrincola gracilw (Copepoda) . Ancistrum mytili (Ciliatea) . Ancistrum isseli (Ciliatea)
.
Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn) .
Modiolus modiolus (d’OrbignY) f
M y a arenaria (Linn.)
Metacestodes Larvae
. . .
Modiola barbata (Lamarck)
.
.
Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) Mytilicola porrecta (Copepoda) Ostrincola gracilis (Copepoda) . Pseudomyicola glabra (Copepoda)
.
b P
0
.
Metacercariae Adults Adults Adults
.
Ancistrum isseli (Ciliatea) . Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) Pinnotheres maculatus (Malacostraca) Fabia subquadrata (Malacostraca) Ancistrocoma pelseneeri (Ciliatea) . Metacercaria I (Trematoda) Cercuria myae (Trematoda) . Himasthla leptosoma (Trematoda)
.
.
.
Metacercariae Metacercariae Larvae Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults Trophozoites Trophozoites
.
Trophozoites Metacercariae Post-planktonic larvae and adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults Trophozoites Metacercariae Sporocysts Metacercariae
E E 3
ls
0
F
2 G:
k
m
2 r
0
0
Gn
2E M
m
Mytilus culijornianus Conrad . .
Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) . Himasthla compacta (Trematoda) . Himasthla littorinae (Trematoda) . wiciostomia trifida (Gastropoda) . Myocheres major (Copepoda) . Myicola metisiensis (Copepoda) . Pinnotheres maculatus (Malacostraca) Pinniza faba (Malacostraca) . Pinniza littoralis (Malacostraca) . Huplosporidium tumefucientis (Sporozoa) Cercuria noblei (Trematoda) . Mytilicola orientalis (Copepoda)
Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae Adults Adults Adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults Immature adults Immature adults
. .
Plasmodia, sporocysts, spores Sporocysts Adults
.
Mytilus crassitesta (Reuss) Mytilus edulis Linn.
.
Mytilicola orientalis (Copepoda) . Chytridiopsis mytilovum (Cnidospora) Ancistrum mytili (Ciliatea) Conchophthirus mytili (Ciliatea) . Crebricoma kozlofi (Ciliatea) . Crebricomu carinuta (Ciliatea) . Raubella helensis (Ciliatea) . Isocomides mytili (Ciliatea) . Hypocomides mytili (Ciliatea) Gargarius gargarius (Ciliatea) . Bucephalus mytili (Trematoda) . . Gymnophallus margaritarum (Trematoda) Gymnophallus bursicola (Trematoda) Proctoeces rnaculatus (Trematoda) .
.
.
.
.
Hinzasthla leptosonaa (Trematoda) . Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) . Himasthla littorinae (Trematoda) . Parorchis acanthus (Trematoda) (on surface)
.
Adults Cysts enclosing spores Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Sporocysts Metacercariae Metacercariae Sporocysts, cercariae, metacercariae, adults Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae
W b P
c
w
. . .
Metacerearia mytili (Trematoda) Cercaria tenuans (Trematoda) . Odostomia scalaris (Gestropoda) Odostornia eulimoides (Gastropoda) Mytilicola intestinalis (Copepoda) . Mytilicola orientalis (Copepoda) . Pseudomyiwla glabra (Copepoda) . Tisbe celata (Copepoda) Pinnotheres ostreum (Malacostraca) Pinnothres maculatw, (Mdacostraca) Pinnotheres pholadis (Malacostraca) .
.
Mytilus galloprovincialis Lammck .
Nematopsk legeri (Sporozoa)
Mytilua minimus Schroeter .
Mytilus perna Dillwyn Ostrea demelamellosa Lischke . Ostreu edulis Linn.
.
.
.
Metacercariae Sporocysts Adults Adults Adults
.
.
Gymnophallua margaritarum (Trematoda) Gymnophallus perligem (Trematoda) Mytilicola intestinalis (Copepoda)
.
Nematopsk legeri (Sporozoa)
.
Porospora gigantea (Sporozoa)
.
rp t 9
Stuge parasitic in molluac
Parasite
Host
. .
z
Adults Adults Adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults Adults Gymnospores, spores Metacercariae Metacercariae Adults
sporozoites
Gymnospores, sporozoites spores Gymnospores, sporozoites
Modiolicola i n w i p e s (Copepoda)
.
Adults
Pseudomyicola ostreue (Copepoda)
.
Adults
Hexamita in.& (Zoomastigophorea) Chytridwpsk ovicola (Cnidospora) . Bucephalua haimeanus (Trematoda) Odostomia eulimoides (Gastropoda)
. .
.
Trophozoites Cysts enclosing spores Sporocysts Adults
and
@
M F F
s 23 x
:e: ul
r
and
i3
2E z: M
ul
.
Ostreu lurida Solander Ostrea tulipa Lamarck Ostreu sp. Linn.
.
Pecten ( = Arctica) islandicus Linn.
..
. .
Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults
Odoatomia eulimoides (Gastropoda) . Odostomia bisutularis (Gastropoda) (experimental) Od08tw??& eulimoides (Gastropoda) Paeudoklossia pectinis (Sporozoa) Bweria aubcylindrica (Ciliatea) . Echinocephalus uncinatus (Nematoda) (?)
Adults Adults Adults Oocysts enclosing sporozoites Trophozoites Larvae
Odostomia seminuda (Gastropoda) (experimental) Odostomia bisutularis (Gastropoda) (experimental) P ~ n m t h e r e smaeulatus (Malacostraca) . Bacciger bacciger (Trematoda) . Cercaria ophicerca (Trematoda) . Lepocreadium album (Trematoda) . Bacciger bacciger (Trematoda) . A n c i s t m m cylidioides (Ciliatea) Ancistrum subtruncatum (Ciliatea) . Boveria wbcylindriua (Ciliatea) Gymnophauue margaritarum (Trematoda) . Gymmophallus megalocoela (Trematoda) Bacciger bacciger (Trematoda) . Himasthla ambigua (Trematoda) Cercaria ophicerca (Trematoda) . . Lepocreadium album (Trematoda) Metacercaria acherusiae (Trematoda)
Adults Adults Post-planktonic larvae and adults Sporocysts Sporocysts Metacercariae Sporocysts Trophozoites Trophozoites Trophozoites Sporocysts Metacercariae Sporocysts Metacercariae Sporocysts Metacercariae Metacercariae
. . . .
.
.
. .
Pectenjacobaeus (Link) Pecten mazimus (Link) Pinna nobilis Linn.. Pinna sp. Linn. Placopecten magellanicua (Bosc)
.
.
Tapes aureua Forbes and Hanley
.
Tapes candida Helbling Tapes d w s a t u a (Linn.)
Chrysallida obtusa (Gastropoda) Mytilicola intestinalis (Copepoda) Pinmtheres p i s u m (Malacostraca) Mytilicola orientalis (Copepoda) Lichomolgua arcanus (Copepoda) . Pseudomyicola mirabihs (Copepoda) Ostrincola clavator (Copepoda) . Ostrincola simplex (Copepode)
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
zw
P 2
e
W
Ip
0
Host
Stage parasitic in mollusc
Parasite
Tapes Jloridus (Lamarck) .
Pseudoklossia glomerata (Sporozoa)
Tapes japonica Deshayes Tapes pullastra (Montagu)
Pinnotheres pholadis (Malacostraca) . Gymnophallus scrivenensis (Trematoda) Himasthla leptosoma (Trematoda) . Ancistrum japonica (Ciliatea) . Bacciger bacciger (Trematoda) Himasthla quissetelzsis (Trematoda) Tylocephalum sp. (Cestoda) . Philoconcha amygdalae (Copepoda) Pinniza faba (Malacostraca) . Pinniza littoralis (Malacostraca) Pseudoklossia glomerata (Sporozoa)
Tapes semidecussata Reeve
Tapes wirgineus (Fleming) Tellina exigwl Sowerby
.
Tellina nitida Perry Tellina nymphalis Lamarck . Tellina planata Linn. Tellina tenuis Montagu %llina sp. Linn.
.
.
. .
Venerupis staminea (Conrad) . Venus fasciata Donovan . Venus gallina MacGillivray . Venus sp. Linn.
.
.
Oocysts enclosing sporozoites in spores Adults Metacercariae Metacercariae Trophozoites Sporocysts Metacercariae Metacestode Adults Immature adults Immature adults Oocysts enclosing sporozoites in spores Trophozoites Trophozoites Sporocysts Trophozoites
. . . .
. .
Ancistrum cyclidioides (Ciliatea) Boveria subcylindrica (Ciliatea) Bacciger bacciger (Trematoda) . Boveria subcylindrica (Ciliatea)
.
Myocheres scobina (Copepoda) . Boveria subcylindrica (Ciliatea) Cymnophallua strigata (Trematoda) Hyaloklosaia pelseneeri (Sporozoa)
. . .
Adults Trophozoites Metacercariae Oocysts enclosing sporozoites in spores
.
Plerocercoids Adults Trophozoites
Echeneibothrium sp. (Cestoda) . Mytilicola orientalis (Copepoda) Ancistrospira veneris (Ciliatea) .
Boveriu subcylindrica (Ciliatea) . Gymnophallus margaritarum (Trematoda)
.
Trophozoites Sporocysts