- Email: [email protected]
Application of industry 4.0 on biomass liquefaction study: a case study
Available online Available at www.sciencedirect.com online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect Procedia Computer ScienceScienceDirect 00 (2019) 000–000
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Computer Procedia ScienceComputer 00 (2019)Science 000–00000 (2019) 000–000
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/proc
Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 401–406
3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (WOCTINE)
Application of industry 4.0 onand biomass liquefaction study: a(WOCTINE) case study 3rd World Conference 3rd World onConference Technology, onInnovation Technology, Innovation Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurship (WOCTINE) Application Application of industry 4.0 of industry on biomass on biomass liquefaction study: a casestudy: studya case study a,*4.0 liquefaction b
Cemil Koyunoğlu , Hüseyin Karaca
a
a
Cemil Koyunoğlu Cemil Koyunoğlu , Hüseyin Karaca , Hüseyin Karaca
a,* b b Energy Systems Engineering Department, Yalova University, Cinarcika,* Campus, Yalova and 77200, Turkey a Energy Systems Engineering Energy Systems Department, Engineering Yalova Department, University,Yalova Cinarcik University, Campus,Cinarcik Yalova and Campus, 77200,Yalova Turkeyand 77200, Turkey b Department of Chemical Engineering, Inonu University, Elazig Road 15. km, Malatya and 44100, Turkey b
b Department of Chemical Department Engineering, of Chemical Inonu Engineering, University, Elazig Inonu University, Road 15. km, Elazig Malatya Roadand 15.44100, km, Malatya Turkeyand 44100, Turkey
Abstract
Abstract Abstract Biomass crude oil generation technology is currently up-to-date in terms of reducing emissions. However, the studies are mostly considered as an alternative to aviation, sea and automative transportation vehicles added to the fuel mixture and are among the Biomass crude generation technology iswarming currently up-to-date inofterms of reducing emissions. However, the studies are m Biomass crude oil technology is such currently up-to-date in terms of reducing emissions. However, are mostly new technologies togeneration reduce CO emissions as global and reduction greenhouse gases. Thethe ratestudies of production of 2oil considered astobiomass, an alternative to aviation, seasource, and automative transportation vehicles to industry the and considered as an alternative aviation, and automative transportation vehicles addedsize to the fueladded mixture andfuel are mixture among crude biofuels obtained from a sea renewable energy according to a reactor determined by 4.0 willthe be are amon new technologies to CO2The new technologies to reduce CO2 emissions such as emissions global warming such program as global and reduction ofand greenhouse reduction gases. ofwith greenhouse The rate of gases. production Theofrate ofof producti determined using Ansys software in reduce this study. simulation towarming be used shall be made the mixer module the crude software. biofuels obtained crude biofuels from biomass, obtained afrom renewable biomass, energy a renewable source, according energy to literature, a reactor according size to determined a reactor size by industry determined 4.0 will by industry be 4.0 w ansys Our modeling study, which is based on the data obtained fromsource, the is about the verification of the reactions determined using determined AnsysThe software using Ansys in this software study.weThe in simulation thistostudy. The to be used program shall to bebe made used shall the bemixer made module with thefor ofmixer with simulation values. simulation values make ensureprogram the simulation correct solid distribution in thewith reactor are important the module o ansys software. ansys modeling software. study, Our modeling which isThe based study, on which the data isof based obtained onfuel the from data the obtained literature, from is about thego literature, the verification is about of thethe verification reactions formation of theOur correct reaction conditions. production liquid from biomass cannot beyond pilot scale trials. Apart of the reac with values. Theare simulation values. values The simulation wedue make to we the make correct to solidthe distribution correct solid in the distribution reactor important thedesign reactor for from simulation this, manywith fuel simulation tests expensive, mostly tovalues theensure withdrawal of ensure investors from feasibility studies.are Ininthe ofare theimportant fo formation of theformation correct reaction of the correct conditions. reaction conditions. production of The liquid production fuel of liquid biomass fuelcannot from biomass gocost beyond scale beyond trials. pilot Apart scale trials. A factory, industry 4.0 applications provide a The solution that will provide thefrom cheapest installation of cannot allpilot fuelgo tests, as well as from this, many from fuel tests this, of many arethe expensive, fuel testsmostly are expensive, due to the mostly withdrawal duenot to of the withdrawal feasibility investors from studies. feasibility In the studies. ofIn the facilitating the repayment investment cost. Beyond that, it will beinvestors wrong to from sayofthat the actual data will givedesign direction tothe design o factory, industry factory, 4.0 conditions. applications industryAnsys 4.0 provide applications a solution provide that will a the solution provide will cheapest provide installation the cheapest installation of as allafuel cost ofasall well fuel astests, as w the correct operation software emphasizes use ofthat athe stirred tank reactor in thiscost study tool tests, for modeling an facilitating themethod repayment facilitating ofthe the investment ofcost. the investment Beyond that, cost. it will Beyond not be that, wrong it will to not say be thatwrong the actual to saydata thatwill the give actual direction data willtogive directi experimental as well asrepayment for pilot and industrial applications. the correct operation the correct conditions. operation Ansys conditions. software emphasizes Ansys software the use emphasizes of a stirred thetank use of reactor a stirred in this tankstudy reactor as aintool thisfor study modeling as a tool an for modeli experimental method experimental as well as method for pilot as well and industrial as for pilotapplications. and industrial applications. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review World Conference Conference on on Technology, Technology, Innovation Innovation and and Peer-review under under responsibility responsibilityof of the the scientific scientific committee committee of of the the 3rd 3rd World © 2019 The Author(s). © 2019Published The Author(s). by Elsevier Published B.V.by Elsevier B.V. Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Peer-review under Peer-review responsibility underofresponsibility the scientificofcommittee the scientific of the committee 3rd World of the Conference 3rd World on Conference Technology,onInnovation Technology, and Innovation Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Keywords: Biomass liquefaction; Industry 4.0; Computational Fluid Dynamics; Process optimization Keywords: Biomass Keywords: liquefaction; Biomass Industry liquefaction; 4.0; Computational Industry 4.0; Fluid Computational Dynamics; Process Fluid Dynamics; optimization Process optimization
1. Introduction
1. Introduction 1. Introduction The main elements of biomass are carbon and hydrogen; The biomass also contains oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, significantly. In the structure of biomass, aromatics and hydroaromatics are the basic building blocks and the aromatic The main elements The of biomass elements biomass and hydrogen; carbon and The hydrogen; biomassBecause also Thecontains biomass oxygen, also contains sulfuroxygen, and nitrogen, sulfur and nitro hydrogen/carbon ratiomain decreases asare theofcarbon degree of are carbonization increases. the (hydrogen/carbon) atomic ratio in significantly. In significantly. the structure In of the biomass, structure aromatics of biomass, and hydroaromatics aromatics and hydroaromatics are the basic building are the basic blocks building and the blocks aromatic and the arom the biomass is lower than in the petroleum, the conversion of biomass to liquid products can be achieved by adding ratio in atomic ra hydrogen/carbon hydrogen/carbon ratio decreases ratio as the decreases degree of as carbonization the degree of increases. carbonization Because increases. the (hydrogen/carbon) Because the (hydrogen/carbon) atomic significant hydrogen or removing excess carbon [1-3]. the biomass is the lower biomass than in is the lower petroleum, than in the thepetroleum, conversionthe of conversion biomass to liquid of biomass products to liquid can be products achieved canbybeadding achieved by ad significant hydrogen significant or removing hydrogenexcess or removing carbon excess [1-3]. carbon [1-3]. 1877-0509 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship 1877-0509 © 20191877-0509 The Author(s). © 2019Published The Author(s). by Elsevier Published B.V. by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review underPeer-review responsibility under of the responsibility scientific committee of the scientific of the 3rd committee World Conference of the 3rd World on Technology, ConferenceInnovation on Technology, and Entrepreneurship Innovation and Entrepreneurship
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship 10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.068
402 2
Cemil Koyunoğlu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 401–406 Cemil Koyunoğlu et all. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
This fossil fuel has played an important role in the development of humanity. Today, although other fuels partially replace biomass, biomass as an energy raw material with the most reserves will be in the service of humanity for many years. Energy consumption in the world is increasing rapidly as it enters a new century. Therefore, it is necessary to create new resources or to use existing resources more efficiently in order to meet the energy requirement. Currently, 80% of the world's energy needs are met by fossil fuels such as biomass, oil and natural gas. Today, petroleum and petroleum products are the most important energy sources. While there are alternative sources of energy to replace these products, they cannot compete with the current price of oil. However, when the consumption rate reaches the production rate, it may be inevitable that OPEC will increase oil prices and a new oil crisis such as 1973 crisis will occur. In this case, new energy technologies will be introduced. One of the most important of these is the liquefaction of biomass, which can be defined as the production of liquid fuels from solid biomass and has the technology to convert biomass into liquid products [1-3]. In the liquefaction studies with the effect of heat energy, various researches have been conducted for many years in order to find suitable catalysts especially for increasing the total liquid product and oil yield and it has been proved that the catalysts increase the liquid product conversion [4, 5]. 1.1. Computational Fluid Dynamics In engineering calculations, it is very important to determine the fluid behavior correctly. In complex models that cannot be calculated directly by analytical methods, the determination of data such as heat transfer, pressure losses, flow rates by numerical methods while the part is in the design stage provides significant advantages to the manufacturer in terms of time and cost [6, 7]. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a computer-based engineering method where detailed calculations can be made in the relevant field, flow area and other physical details can be displayed. The results of the CFD analysis provide significant benefits in simulating product operation in the Simulation Based Product Design process, simulating any problems in the computer environment and optimizing product performance [6, 7]. 1.2. Steps in Computational Fluid Dynamics 1.2.1. Primary Steps Solution Networks (Grids) • Turbulence • Computer Hardware • Solution Methodologies [6, 7]. 1.2.2. Secondary items Solution networks (Complex Geometry Definitions) • Pre- and Post- Processing (Pre- and Post- Tecplot, Fieldview, Ensight, ...) • Algorithms [6, 7]. 1.2.3. Where is computational fluid dynamics used and when is it preferred? • Calculation and design studies • Simulation based design • CFD is more cost-effective than experimental fluid dynamics and results faster • CFD provides data that can be examined and evaluated in more detail than the experimental in the flow zone of interest, and many data that cannot be measured or observed during the experiment can be accessed by computational fluid dynamics • Modeling of physical events in which it is difficult or impossible to conduct experiments
Cemil Koyunoğlu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 401–406 Cemil Koyunoğlu et all. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
403 3
• Full-scale simulations; for example, if it was necessary to examine the effect of the various tower positions on the actual submarine on the acoustic characteristics of the propeller, it would be almost impossible to obtain these data by experiment. • Environmental impacts; for example, the effect of a predicted hurricane on the superstructure of the ship, • Dangerous events; such as explosions, radiation, contamination • Physics; star development, black holes etc. • Developing new theories about fluid physics [6, 7]. 2. Materials and Methods This section will illustrate an exemplary application used in biotechnology and industrial processes, for example gas-liquid mixtures, by modeling a biodiesel production according to a proposed reactor design. The program to be used is ANSYS FLUENT. Eulerian multiphase model will be used. Multiple reference frame (MRF) functionality will be used to model a gas distribution system [8]. 2.1.Problem description The sample reactor is shown in Figure 1. The detailed dimensions of the geometry is shown in Table 1.
Fig. 1. Liquefaction reactor scheme [8].
Cemil Koyunoğlu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 401–406 Cemil Koyunoğlu et all. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
404 4 Table 1. An example of a table [8]. Components
Length (m)
Speed (rpm)
Shaft diameter
0.045
84
Distance off bottom
0.6
-
Direction of rotation
5
Location
Number
Style
clockwise seen from top
Baffles Number of baffles
4
Baffle Width
0.1667
Distance off wall
0.0278
Distance off bottom
0.0833
CD-6
Impeller Number of blades
6
Blade diameter
0.8
Disc diameter
0.6
Blade height
0.16
Position of the blades
180 degrees arcs and concave face forward
Distance off bottom
0.6
Blade/disc thickness
0.005
Impeller 2
He-3 down pumping
Number of blades
3
Diameter
1.04
Blade width
0.1664
Blade angle at hub
30 degrees
Ring Sparger Diamater
0.56
Distance of bottom
0.44
Gas flow rate
0.1m3/s
This application is intended for maximum gas liquid contact. The mixer pumps the liquid down and in radial direction but forms a complex flow pattern. To do this, interact with the curtain and tank walls. The fluid flow pattern is characterized by recirculation vortices between the impellers and the chambers. When the gas is injected through the spreader, the gas bubbles come into contact with the liquid and are transported in a complex flow pattern. Because of the buoyancy forces, bubbles rise to the top and the gas escapes from the outlet. Therefore, the gas retention, which is the amount of gas remaining in the vessel in the steady state, is an important indicator of the effectiveness of the reactor. The purpose of CFD modeling is to determine flow patterns and their effects on
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Cemil Koyunoğlu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 401–406
405
gas-liquid mixture and gas retention. The impellers and ring spargers are clearly modeled. The impellers can also be modeled using the MRF technique [8]. 3. Results The key images showing the progressive contours of volume fraction of air are displayed in the following images from Fig. 2. and 3.
Fig. 2. Contours of Volume Fraction at Air at (a) 1.0 seconds; (b) 2.0 seconds.
Fig. 3. Air Velocity Vectors (a) at 4.0 seconds; (b) at 10.0 seconds.
1877-0509 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship
6 406
Cemil Koyunoğlu et all. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 Cemil Koyunoğlu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 401–406
Total volume calculated from the ANSYS Fluent as 8.3472 m3. Volume fraction of air also calculated as 1.3042672. Therefore, Gas holdup calculated below. Gas holdup = Volume fraction of air/Total volume = 1.3042672/8.347244 = 0.15625123 4. Discussions According to these results, it can be said that the contact of a gas-liquid reaction to each other at maximum values is realized only by determination of fluid properties. The movement of air in the reactor generally gives us the ideal gas inlet velocity value based on the geometry measurements. Gas holdup value is important for estimation of possible reaction time as well. As can be seen in Figure 1a and 1b, and Figure 2 that volume fraction of air at 10 sec is better option then 4 and 9 sec, because it seems more touching surface between gas and liquid phase both in top and bottom of the reactor. The stable line shows us better interaction between gas and liquid phase means higher conversion yield to oil production. Figure 3 shows the data, due to the fact that at 4 seconds air velocity better touching option between gas and liquid phase means than at 10 seconds, for higher reaction conversion rate. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
Dao H., Le, P. Hébert, Andre, Houle, and Mohammed Haniff. (1986) "Two-stage biomass liquefaction process." in E, Bilgen and K.G.T. Hollands (eds) Intersol Eighty Five, Oxford: Pergamon Elliott, Douglas C. (2016) "Production of biofuels via bio-oil upgrading and refining." in Rafael Luque, Carol Sze Ki Lin, Karen Wilson and James Clark (eds) Handbook of Biofuels Production, Woodhead Publishing Ge, Xumeng, Chang Chun, Lu Zhang, Shaoqing Cui, Xiaolan Luo, Shengjun Hu, Yusheng Qin and Yebo Li (2018) "Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass Into Platform Chemicals for Biobased Polyurethane Application." in Yebo Li and Xumeng Ge (eds) Advances in Bioenergy, Elsevier Gareth D, Mitchell. (2008) "Direct Coal Liquefaction." in Isabel Suárez-Ruiz and John C. Crelling (eds) Applied Coal Petrology, Burlington: Elsevier Martínez, M.T, I. Fernández, A. Benito, V. Ceboll, and J.L. Miranda. (1991) "Upgrading of liquids from direct coal liquefaction." in International Energy Agency Coal Research 1991 International Conference on Coal Science Proceedings, Butterworth-Heinemann Yasuki Nakayama. (2018) "Computational Fluid Dynamics." in Yasuki Nakayama (eds) Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, ButterworthHeinemann Van Tran, Bay, Ich Ngo, Son, Lim, Young-il, Kim, Woohyun, Go, Kang-Seok, Nho, Nam-Sun. (2018) "Computational fluid dynamics of gas-liquid bubble column with hydrocracking reactions." in Mario R. Eden, Marianthi G. Ierapetritou, Gavin P. Towler (eds) Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. Elsevier ANSYS-FLUENT. User's Guide. USA: ANSYS Inc.; 2014.
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect Procedia Computer ScienceScienceDirect 00 (2019) 000–000
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Computer Procedia ScienceComputer 00 (2019)Science 000–00000 (2019) 000–000
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/proc
Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 401–406
3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (WOCTINE)
Application of industry 4.0 onand biomass liquefaction study: a(WOCTINE) case study 3rd World Conference 3rd World onConference Technology, onInnovation Technology, Innovation Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurship (WOCTINE) Application Application of industry 4.0 of industry on biomass on biomass liquefaction study: a casestudy: studya case study a,*4.0 liquefaction b
Cemil Koyunoğlu , Hüseyin Karaca
a
a
Cemil Koyunoğlu Cemil Koyunoğlu , Hüseyin Karaca , Hüseyin Karaca
a,* b b Energy Systems Engineering Department, Yalova University, Cinarcika,* Campus, Yalova and 77200, Turkey a Energy Systems Engineering Energy Systems Department, Engineering Yalova Department, University,Yalova Cinarcik University, Campus,Cinarcik Yalova and Campus, 77200,Yalova Turkeyand 77200, Turkey b Department of Chemical Engineering, Inonu University, Elazig Road 15. km, Malatya and 44100, Turkey b
b Department of Chemical Department Engineering, of Chemical Inonu Engineering, University, Elazig Inonu University, Road 15. km, Elazig Malatya Roadand 15.44100, km, Malatya Turkeyand 44100, Turkey
Abstract
Abstract Abstract Biomass crude oil generation technology is currently up-to-date in terms of reducing emissions. However, the studies are mostly considered as an alternative to aviation, sea and automative transportation vehicles added to the fuel mixture and are among the Biomass crude generation technology iswarming currently up-to-date inofterms of reducing emissions. However, the studies are m Biomass crude oil technology is such currently up-to-date in terms of reducing emissions. However, are mostly new technologies togeneration reduce CO emissions as global and reduction greenhouse gases. Thethe ratestudies of production of 2oil considered astobiomass, an alternative to aviation, seasource, and automative transportation vehicles to industry the and considered as an alternative aviation, and automative transportation vehicles addedsize to the fueladded mixture andfuel are mixture among crude biofuels obtained from a sea renewable energy according to a reactor determined by 4.0 willthe be are amon new technologies to CO2The new technologies to reduce CO2 emissions such as emissions global warming such program as global and reduction ofand greenhouse reduction gases. ofwith greenhouse The rate of gases. production Theofrate ofof producti determined using Ansys software in reduce this study. simulation towarming be used shall be made the mixer module the crude software. biofuels obtained crude biofuels from biomass, obtained afrom renewable biomass, energy a renewable source, according energy to literature, a reactor according size to determined a reactor size by industry determined 4.0 will by industry be 4.0 w ansys Our modeling study, which is based on the data obtained fromsource, the is about the verification of the reactions determined using determined AnsysThe software using Ansys in this software study.weThe in simulation thistostudy. The to be used program shall to bebe made used shall the bemixer made module with thefor ofmixer with simulation values. simulation values make ensureprogram the simulation correct solid distribution in thewith reactor are important the module o ansys software. ansys modeling software. study, Our modeling which isThe based study, on which the data isof based obtained onfuel the from data the obtained literature, from is about thego literature, the verification is about of thethe verification reactions formation of theOur correct reaction conditions. production liquid from biomass cannot beyond pilot scale trials. Apart of the reac with values. Theare simulation values. values The simulation wedue make to we the make correct to solidthe distribution correct solid in the distribution reactor important thedesign reactor for from simulation this, manywith fuel simulation tests expensive, mostly tovalues theensure withdrawal of ensure investors from feasibility studies.are Ininthe ofare theimportant fo formation of theformation correct reaction of the correct conditions. reaction conditions. production of The liquid production fuel of liquid biomass fuelcannot from biomass gocost beyond scale beyond trials. pilot Apart scale trials. A factory, industry 4.0 applications provide a The solution that will provide thefrom cheapest installation of cannot allpilot fuelgo tests, as well as from this, many from fuel tests this, of many arethe expensive, fuel testsmostly are expensive, due to the mostly withdrawal duenot to of the withdrawal feasibility investors from studies. feasibility In the studies. ofIn the facilitating the repayment investment cost. Beyond that, it will beinvestors wrong to from sayofthat the actual data will givedesign direction tothe design o factory, industry factory, 4.0 conditions. applications industryAnsys 4.0 provide applications a solution provide that will a the solution provide will cheapest provide installation the cheapest installation of as allafuel cost ofasall well fuel astests, as w the correct operation software emphasizes use ofthat athe stirred tank reactor in thiscost study tool tests, for modeling an facilitating themethod repayment facilitating ofthe the investment ofcost. the investment Beyond that, cost. it will Beyond not be that, wrong it will to not say be thatwrong the actual to saydata thatwill the give actual direction data willtogive directi experimental as well asrepayment for pilot and industrial applications. the correct operation the correct conditions. operation Ansys conditions. software emphasizes Ansys software the use emphasizes of a stirred thetank use of reactor a stirred in this tankstudy reactor as aintool thisfor study modeling as a tool an for modeli experimental method experimental as well as method for pilot as well and industrial as for pilotapplications. and industrial applications. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review World Conference Conference on on Technology, Technology, Innovation Innovation and and Peer-review under under responsibility responsibilityof of the the scientific scientific committee committee of of the the 3rd 3rd World © 2019 The Author(s). © 2019Published The Author(s). by Elsevier Published B.V.by Elsevier B.V. Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Peer-review under Peer-review responsibility underofresponsibility the scientificofcommittee the scientific of the committee 3rd World of the Conference 3rd World on Conference Technology,onInnovation Technology, and Innovation Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Keywords: Biomass liquefaction; Industry 4.0; Computational Fluid Dynamics; Process optimization Keywords: Biomass Keywords: liquefaction; Biomass Industry liquefaction; 4.0; Computational Industry 4.0; Fluid Computational Dynamics; Process Fluid Dynamics; optimization Process optimization
1. Introduction
1. Introduction 1. Introduction The main elements of biomass are carbon and hydrogen; The biomass also contains oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, significantly. In the structure of biomass, aromatics and hydroaromatics are the basic building blocks and the aromatic The main elements The of biomass elements biomass and hydrogen; carbon and The hydrogen; biomassBecause also Thecontains biomass oxygen, also contains sulfuroxygen, and nitrogen, sulfur and nitro hydrogen/carbon ratiomain decreases asare theofcarbon degree of are carbonization increases. the (hydrogen/carbon) atomic ratio in significantly. In significantly. the structure In of the biomass, structure aromatics of biomass, and hydroaromatics aromatics and hydroaromatics are the basic building are the basic blocks building and the blocks aromatic and the arom the biomass is lower than in the petroleum, the conversion of biomass to liquid products can be achieved by adding ratio in atomic ra hydrogen/carbon hydrogen/carbon ratio decreases ratio as the decreases degree of as carbonization the degree of increases. carbonization Because increases. the (hydrogen/carbon) Because the (hydrogen/carbon) atomic significant hydrogen or removing excess carbon [1-3]. the biomass is the lower biomass than in is the lower petroleum, than in the thepetroleum, conversionthe of conversion biomass to liquid of biomass products to liquid can be products achieved canbybeadding achieved by ad significant hydrogen significant or removing hydrogenexcess or removing carbon excess [1-3]. carbon [1-3]. 1877-0509 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship 1877-0509 © 20191877-0509 The Author(s). © 2019Published The Author(s). by Elsevier Published B.V. by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review underPeer-review responsibility under of the responsibility scientific committee of the scientific of the 3rd committee World Conference of the 3rd World on Technology, ConferenceInnovation on Technology, and Entrepreneurship Innovation and Entrepreneurship
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship 10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.068
402 2
Cemil Koyunoğlu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 401–406 Cemil Koyunoğlu et all. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
This fossil fuel has played an important role in the development of humanity. Today, although other fuels partially replace biomass, biomass as an energy raw material with the most reserves will be in the service of humanity for many years. Energy consumption in the world is increasing rapidly as it enters a new century. Therefore, it is necessary to create new resources or to use existing resources more efficiently in order to meet the energy requirement. Currently, 80% of the world's energy needs are met by fossil fuels such as biomass, oil and natural gas. Today, petroleum and petroleum products are the most important energy sources. While there are alternative sources of energy to replace these products, they cannot compete with the current price of oil. However, when the consumption rate reaches the production rate, it may be inevitable that OPEC will increase oil prices and a new oil crisis such as 1973 crisis will occur. In this case, new energy technologies will be introduced. One of the most important of these is the liquefaction of biomass, which can be defined as the production of liquid fuels from solid biomass and has the technology to convert biomass into liquid products [1-3]. In the liquefaction studies with the effect of heat energy, various researches have been conducted for many years in order to find suitable catalysts especially for increasing the total liquid product and oil yield and it has been proved that the catalysts increase the liquid product conversion [4, 5]. 1.1. Computational Fluid Dynamics In engineering calculations, it is very important to determine the fluid behavior correctly. In complex models that cannot be calculated directly by analytical methods, the determination of data such as heat transfer, pressure losses, flow rates by numerical methods while the part is in the design stage provides significant advantages to the manufacturer in terms of time and cost [6, 7]. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a computer-based engineering method where detailed calculations can be made in the relevant field, flow area and other physical details can be displayed. The results of the CFD analysis provide significant benefits in simulating product operation in the Simulation Based Product Design process, simulating any problems in the computer environment and optimizing product performance [6, 7]. 1.2. Steps in Computational Fluid Dynamics 1.2.1. Primary Steps Solution Networks (Grids) • Turbulence • Computer Hardware • Solution Methodologies [6, 7]. 1.2.2. Secondary items Solution networks (Complex Geometry Definitions) • Pre- and Post- Processing (Pre- and Post- Tecplot, Fieldview, Ensight, ...) • Algorithms [6, 7]. 1.2.3. Where is computational fluid dynamics used and when is it preferred? • Calculation and design studies • Simulation based design • CFD is more cost-effective than experimental fluid dynamics and results faster • CFD provides data that can be examined and evaluated in more detail than the experimental in the flow zone of interest, and many data that cannot be measured or observed during the experiment can be accessed by computational fluid dynamics • Modeling of physical events in which it is difficult or impossible to conduct experiments
Cemil Koyunoğlu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 401–406 Cemil Koyunoğlu et all. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
403 3
• Full-scale simulations; for example, if it was necessary to examine the effect of the various tower positions on the actual submarine on the acoustic characteristics of the propeller, it would be almost impossible to obtain these data by experiment. • Environmental impacts; for example, the effect of a predicted hurricane on the superstructure of the ship, • Dangerous events; such as explosions, radiation, contamination • Physics; star development, black holes etc. • Developing new theories about fluid physics [6, 7]. 2. Materials and Methods This section will illustrate an exemplary application used in biotechnology and industrial processes, for example gas-liquid mixtures, by modeling a biodiesel production according to a proposed reactor design. The program to be used is ANSYS FLUENT. Eulerian multiphase model will be used. Multiple reference frame (MRF) functionality will be used to model a gas distribution system [8]. 2.1.Problem description The sample reactor is shown in Figure 1. The detailed dimensions of the geometry is shown in Table 1.
Fig. 1. Liquefaction reactor scheme [8].
Cemil Koyunoğlu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 401–406 Cemil Koyunoğlu et all. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
404 4 Table 1. An example of a table [8]. Components
Length (m)
Speed (rpm)
Shaft diameter
0.045
84
Distance off bottom
0.6
-
Direction of rotation
5
Location
Number
Style
clockwise seen from top
Baffles Number of baffles
4
Baffle Width
0.1667
Distance off wall
0.0278
Distance off bottom
0.0833
CD-6
Impeller Number of blades
6
Blade diameter
0.8
Disc diameter
0.6
Blade height
0.16
Position of the blades
180 degrees arcs and concave face forward
Distance off bottom
0.6
Blade/disc thickness
0.005
Impeller 2
He-3 down pumping
Number of blades
3
Diameter
1.04
Blade width
0.1664
Blade angle at hub
30 degrees
Ring Sparger Diamater
0.56
Distance of bottom
0.44
Gas flow rate
0.1m3/s
This application is intended for maximum gas liquid contact. The mixer pumps the liquid down and in radial direction but forms a complex flow pattern. To do this, interact with the curtain and tank walls. The fluid flow pattern is characterized by recirculation vortices between the impellers and the chambers. When the gas is injected through the spreader, the gas bubbles come into contact with the liquid and are transported in a complex flow pattern. Because of the buoyancy forces, bubbles rise to the top and the gas escapes from the outlet. Therefore, the gas retention, which is the amount of gas remaining in the vessel in the steady state, is an important indicator of the effectiveness of the reactor. The purpose of CFD modeling is to determine flow patterns and their effects on
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Cemil Koyunoğlu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 401–406
405
gas-liquid mixture and gas retention. The impellers and ring spargers are clearly modeled. The impellers can also be modeled using the MRF technique [8]. 3. Results The key images showing the progressive contours of volume fraction of air are displayed in the following images from Fig. 2. and 3.
Fig. 2. Contours of Volume Fraction at Air at (a) 1.0 seconds; (b) 2.0 seconds.
Fig. 3. Air Velocity Vectors (a) at 4.0 seconds; (b) at 10.0 seconds.
1877-0509 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship
6 406
Cemil Koyunoğlu et all. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 Cemil Koyunoğlu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 401–406
Total volume calculated from the ANSYS Fluent as 8.3472 m3. Volume fraction of air also calculated as 1.3042672. Therefore, Gas holdup calculated below. Gas holdup = Volume fraction of air/Total volume = 1.3042672/8.347244 = 0.15625123 4. Discussions According to these results, it can be said that the contact of a gas-liquid reaction to each other at maximum values is realized only by determination of fluid properties. The movement of air in the reactor generally gives us the ideal gas inlet velocity value based on the geometry measurements. Gas holdup value is important for estimation of possible reaction time as well. As can be seen in Figure 1a and 1b, and Figure 2 that volume fraction of air at 10 sec is better option then 4 and 9 sec, because it seems more touching surface between gas and liquid phase both in top and bottom of the reactor. The stable line shows us better interaction between gas and liquid phase means higher conversion yield to oil production. Figure 3 shows the data, due to the fact that at 4 seconds air velocity better touching option between gas and liquid phase means than at 10 seconds, for higher reaction conversion rate. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
Dao H., Le, P. Hébert, Andre, Houle, and Mohammed Haniff. (1986) "Two-stage biomass liquefaction process." in E, Bilgen and K.G.T. Hollands (eds) Intersol Eighty Five, Oxford: Pergamon Elliott, Douglas C. (2016) "Production of biofuels via bio-oil upgrading and refining." in Rafael Luque, Carol Sze Ki Lin, Karen Wilson and James Clark (eds) Handbook of Biofuels Production, Woodhead Publishing Ge, Xumeng, Chang Chun, Lu Zhang, Shaoqing Cui, Xiaolan Luo, Shengjun Hu, Yusheng Qin and Yebo Li (2018) "Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass Into Platform Chemicals for Biobased Polyurethane Application." in Yebo Li and Xumeng Ge (eds) Advances in Bioenergy, Elsevier Gareth D, Mitchell. (2008) "Direct Coal Liquefaction." in Isabel Suárez-Ruiz and John C. Crelling (eds) Applied Coal Petrology, Burlington: Elsevier Martínez, M.T, I. Fernández, A. Benito, V. Ceboll, and J.L. Miranda. (1991) "Upgrading of liquids from direct coal liquefaction." in International Energy Agency Coal Research 1991 International Conference on Coal Science Proceedings, Butterworth-Heinemann Yasuki Nakayama. (2018) "Computational Fluid Dynamics." in Yasuki Nakayama (eds) Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, ButterworthHeinemann Van Tran, Bay, Ich Ngo, Son, Lim, Young-il, Kim, Woohyun, Go, Kang-Seok, Nho, Nam-Sun. (2018) "Computational fluid dynamics of gas-liquid bubble column with hydrocracking reactions." in Mario R. Eden, Marianthi G. Ierapetritou, Gavin P. Towler (eds) Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. Elsevier ANSYS-FLUENT. User's Guide. USA: ANSYS Inc.; 2014.