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Application of optical instrumentation in medicine VII
type particles.using a holographic micro-velocimeter fmd their place in this session. There is also a description of a microprocessor-controlled instrument for measuring the transmittance and reflectance of ocean waters. A lengthy contribution is one on optical transfer measurements in the Sargasso sea. Session three deals with propagation. The main theme is the passage of a laser beam from the atmosphere into water. An analytic model is described, a matrix operator method is discussed, quantitative analytical procedures for relating selected water quality parameters to the characteristics of the backscattered signals are presented and the measurement of optical coherence loss in Atlantic waters described. An applications session covers the detection of shallow submerged obstacles by two-colour lidar, laser applications for near-shore nautical charting, an optical radar receiver using programmed sensitivity time control, and a real-time optical mapping system. The latter is an underwater optical flyingapot scanning sensor system designed to provide an optical map of the ocean floor. This volume gives an insight into work going on to gain a thorough understanding of basic underwater optical phenomena. It is both interesting and instructive. H. G. Jerrard
Laser printing Edited by S. T. Dunn Proceedings of the Society of PhotoQptical Engineers Volume 169,1979, pp 130 $34
Work by manufacturers of laser scanning equipment and suppliers of photosensitive materials has led to the development of new photomaterlals for laser imaging and more are continually appearing. Plate, film, dry silver and electrophotographic materials for exposure at HeNe and Argon, visible and uv wavelengths are described by several contributors. Dunn analyses the economics of various laserplatemaking techniques relative to conventional film and camera methods, concluding that laser exposure can be cost effective. The quality of some of the diagrams in the familiar cameraready copy is very poor, which is not encouraging given the topic being promoted, but many diagrams are of excellent quality. Some of the information presented has appeared in a slightly different form elsewhere, but, since the material is not too technical for the non-specialist, the gathering of these papers into one volume provides a helpful introduction for potential users to the technology and likely market penetration of lasers in printing. B.A. Bakewell
Instrumentation
The use of lasers in the graphic arts industry continues to grow and is in fact an area where the major laser suppliers themselves predict increasing activity during the next few years. These proceedings comprise the papers presented at a gathering of mainly manufacturers, a few users (in the newspaper industry) and some marketing specialists, who discussed present and future applications of lasers in printing in the American market. Three basic areas are covered, (i) the trends in the use of lasers, particularly regarding laser platemakers, (ii) present systems, particularly scanners and platemakers, and (iii) materials for laser imaging. Systems to produce printing plates by a scanning modulated laser beam have been on the market for some years. Several, including the LogE and EOCOM system, using YAG and Argon ion lasers respectively, are described. Each uses a HeNe laser to scan a paste-up in order to generate data to modulate the output laser. Text, line drawings and halftones can be used on the paste-up, so complete pages appear on plate. The input must be generated separately by photographic and phototypesetting techniques and this step generates additional production costs. Several contributors give some coverage to the next stage of manipulating digitized data and outputting directly to plate without the intermediate paste-up. The technical difficulties in achieving this are not fully explored, but it is certainly an area where great effort is being expended. Kessler, in his market review, even predicts the replacement of crt’s, currently the predominant light source in phototypesetters, with lasers by 1983, and the appearance of some form of laser technology in each American newspaper plant during the next decade. The Lincoln Laser and Coherent systems are also described, the former using an Argon laser for both reading and writing, the latter using HeNe for reading and COz for writing onto a rubber roller and producing a flexograpbic plate: two depth engra-
OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY.
ving, automatic joining, step-and-repeat on half-tone features are available for applications in packaging, textiles and wall coverings. Similar applications are discussed for the Sci-Tex system and also the use of laser scanners for colour separation and word processor printers.
JUNE 1960
Optics in quality assurance I I Edited by H. L. Kasdan Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Volume 1970,1979, pp 116 $36.00 These proceedings relate to a two day seminar held in Los Angeles in January 1979. Users and suppliers of automatic inspection equipment heard papers in the following areas: optical based production inspection techniques, optical and electrooptical components for automaticinspection systems, quality assurance requirements, and needs and requisites for automatic inspection equipment. The 19 papers cover a wide range and include optics in food analysis, lasers in the industrial environment, the use of robots in inspection, the Ford Motor Company’s advanced gauging program, colour measurement for sorting, grading and quality assurance and automated inspection using electro*ptics. Taken as a whole this volume gives readers, not involved in quality assurance measurements, a glimpse of the influence of optical methods in this expanding field. H. G. Jerrard
Application of optical instrumentation in medicine VII Edited by J. Gre y Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers,Volume 173,1979, pp 398, $42.00 A seminar with the above title was held in March 1979 in Toronto. In this volume are published the 55 papers which were presented in nine sessions. Three sessions deal with imaging systems and cover their physical evaluation, perception evaluation and special topics such as laser readout of electrostatic images, automated screening of chest x-rays and
163
computer electronic radiography for early detection of vascular disease. The field of mammography has changed dramatically over the last ten years and the session on this subject gives the results of recent studies. The increased use and importance of tomography are emphasized in two sessions, one dealing with practical considerations and the second with theory. X-ray imaging research in Toronto is adequately covered in eight papers and to round off the seminar there are papers from a joint session with the American Roentgen ray society. During the last few years the effects of x-ray diagnostic techniques where images are obtained have come under critical examination. The current aim is to maintain or even improve image quality while reducing the radiation dosage. This trend is the dominant feature of the papers presented and in general the aim is being realized. To those working in the field the papers should prove useful as up-to-date accounts of recent work. Others will be interested in the variety of optical techniques which are being used. H. G. Jerrard
Guided wave optical systems and devices I I Edited by E. Garmire Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Volume 176,1979, pp 182 $38.00 This volume is the result of a seminar covering integrated optics and fibre optics systems, devices and components at Washington DC in April 1979. This was the second such seminar, the first being held a year previously also in Washington. As is usual with such publications there is a lack of general review material through which one might view the overall field. The only possible exception is the introductory paper ‘Integrated optics the second decade’ by J.H. Harris, the rest of the book being a collection of detailed papers on specific aspects of guided wave optics. The sections cover: (1) active integrated optics devices, (2) components for data processing, (3) sources and detectors and (4) integrated optics/fibre optics component interface. Integrated optics has been slow in finding application compared with its partner fibre optics, but the groundwork laid over the past few years will prove invaluable as future coherent optical systems are developed. In these proceedings one can begin to see the vast potential for integrated optics in analogue and digital signal processing, and as single mode optical transmission is developed, more of the devices described should find practical application. The volume is 182 pages in length, contains 26 pages of high standard and has a somewhat brief subject index. The text and figures are of a high quality and are consistent throughout, an advantage of proceedings which are published after a conference rather than before. This book can be recommended to those working in the field. R. E. Ep worth
Optical information storage Edited by KG. Leib Proceedings of the Society of PhotoOptical Instrumentation Engineers, Volume 177,1979, pp 150, $38.00 In four sessions, 19 papers were presented in Washington, USA in April 1979 and these are published in this volume.
164
The papers are short and they highlight recent progress on storage media; analogue, digital and hybrid processing techniques; conceptual systems utilizing optical memories and operational systems. The first two sessions, entitled correlators and correlation techniques start with a review of coherent optical correlator architectures, techniques and pattern recognition applications. Paper titles include a computer image generation system with efficient image storage, multiplex holography for space-variant optical computing and optical matched filter correlator memory techniques and storage capacity. A session on optical storage materials starts with a review with that title and then papers follow which deal with such storage media as a microchannel spatial light modulator, dichromated gelatin, electrooptic crystals and thermoplastic tape. The operational systems session has papers on wideband optical storage, optical principles of information retrieval from optical and non optical recordings, archival storage requirements, information storage and retrieval with microfiche with application to fingerprint records. The papers all originate from United States laboratories and give an interesting, clear and up-to-date picture of the subject. H. G. Jerrard
Contemporary optical systems and components specifications Edited by R. E. Fischer Proceedings of the Society of PhotoOptical Instrumentation Engineers, Volume 181, 1979, pp 174, $38.00 This volume gives the proceedings of a seminar on system and component specifications held during April 1979 in Washington DC. 29 papers were presented divided into four sessions entitled ‘System specification and tolerances’, ‘Optical component specification’, ‘Specification of scattering, materials, and coatings’, and ‘Optical standards’. The quoted purpose of the seminar was ‘to evaluate critically the present methods of assigning specifications and to propose, if appropriate, more useful and meaningful forms of specifications’. Like all printed proceedings the contents are somewhat variable and a number are more suitable for speech than text. It was somewhat difficult to assess what level of reader is anticipated. As an example the first session offered eight papers, ranging from good basic ideas (Ginsberg, Shannon and Walker); to test techniques (Efkeman et al) and the more exotic applications illustrated by the Eikonix representatives. My personal impression is that the basic approach is well known to people working in the field, test techniques are interesting but not strictly relevant, and the exotic appeals only to the specialized few. The second session seemed rather better with, for example, contributions on specifications for metal optics (W.J. Brady); specifications for diamond turned surfaces (E.R. Freniere, and J. Zimmerman); metal mirror selection (C. Denny, W.J. Spawr, and R.L. Pierce) and an interesting review article on plastic optics (J.D. Lytle). The third session tackled the emotive area of cosmetic and scattering problems with five papers, followed by some useful data papers on germanium, Raytran material and MIL-specifications. The fourth session contained the keynote address (W.J. Smith); American National Standards Institute report (Kohlenberg); and a paper on US National standards and drawing practice.
OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY.
JUNE 1980
Laser printing Edited by S. T. Dunn Proceedings of the Society of PhotoQptical Engineers Volume 169,1979, pp 130 $34
Work by manufacturers of laser scanning equipment and suppliers of photosensitive materials has led to the development of new photomaterlals for laser imaging and more are continually appearing. Plate, film, dry silver and electrophotographic materials for exposure at HeNe and Argon, visible and uv wavelengths are described by several contributors. Dunn analyses the economics of various laserplatemaking techniques relative to conventional film and camera methods, concluding that laser exposure can be cost effective. The quality of some of the diagrams in the familiar cameraready copy is very poor, which is not encouraging given the topic being promoted, but many diagrams are of excellent quality. Some of the information presented has appeared in a slightly different form elsewhere, but, since the material is not too technical for the non-specialist, the gathering of these papers into one volume provides a helpful introduction for potential users to the technology and likely market penetration of lasers in printing. B.A. Bakewell
Instrumentation
The use of lasers in the graphic arts industry continues to grow and is in fact an area where the major laser suppliers themselves predict increasing activity during the next few years. These proceedings comprise the papers presented at a gathering of mainly manufacturers, a few users (in the newspaper industry) and some marketing specialists, who discussed present and future applications of lasers in printing in the American market. Three basic areas are covered, (i) the trends in the use of lasers, particularly regarding laser platemakers, (ii) present systems, particularly scanners and platemakers, and (iii) materials for laser imaging. Systems to produce printing plates by a scanning modulated laser beam have been on the market for some years. Several, including the LogE and EOCOM system, using YAG and Argon ion lasers respectively, are described. Each uses a HeNe laser to scan a paste-up in order to generate data to modulate the output laser. Text, line drawings and halftones can be used on the paste-up, so complete pages appear on plate. The input must be generated separately by photographic and phototypesetting techniques and this step generates additional production costs. Several contributors give some coverage to the next stage of manipulating digitized data and outputting directly to plate without the intermediate paste-up. The technical difficulties in achieving this are not fully explored, but it is certainly an area where great effort is being expended. Kessler, in his market review, even predicts the replacement of crt’s, currently the predominant light source in phototypesetters, with lasers by 1983, and the appearance of some form of laser technology in each American newspaper plant during the next decade. The Lincoln Laser and Coherent systems are also described, the former using an Argon laser for both reading and writing, the latter using HeNe for reading and COz for writing onto a rubber roller and producing a flexograpbic plate: two depth engra-
OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY.
ving, automatic joining, step-and-repeat on half-tone features are available for applications in packaging, textiles and wall coverings. Similar applications are discussed for the Sci-Tex system and also the use of laser scanners for colour separation and word processor printers.
JUNE 1960
Optics in quality assurance I I Edited by H. L. Kasdan Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Volume 1970,1979, pp 116 $36.00 These proceedings relate to a two day seminar held in Los Angeles in January 1979. Users and suppliers of automatic inspection equipment heard papers in the following areas: optical based production inspection techniques, optical and electrooptical components for automaticinspection systems, quality assurance requirements, and needs and requisites for automatic inspection equipment. The 19 papers cover a wide range and include optics in food analysis, lasers in the industrial environment, the use of robots in inspection, the Ford Motor Company’s advanced gauging program, colour measurement for sorting, grading and quality assurance and automated inspection using electro*ptics. Taken as a whole this volume gives readers, not involved in quality assurance measurements, a glimpse of the influence of optical methods in this expanding field. H. G. Jerrard
Application of optical instrumentation in medicine VII Edited by J. Gre y Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers,Volume 173,1979, pp 398, $42.00 A seminar with the above title was held in March 1979 in Toronto. In this volume are published the 55 papers which were presented in nine sessions. Three sessions deal with imaging systems and cover their physical evaluation, perception evaluation and special topics such as laser readout of electrostatic images, automated screening of chest x-rays and
163
computer electronic radiography for early detection of vascular disease. The field of mammography has changed dramatically over the last ten years and the session on this subject gives the results of recent studies. The increased use and importance of tomography are emphasized in two sessions, one dealing with practical considerations and the second with theory. X-ray imaging research in Toronto is adequately covered in eight papers and to round off the seminar there are papers from a joint session with the American Roentgen ray society. During the last few years the effects of x-ray diagnostic techniques where images are obtained have come under critical examination. The current aim is to maintain or even improve image quality while reducing the radiation dosage. This trend is the dominant feature of the papers presented and in general the aim is being realized. To those working in the field the papers should prove useful as up-to-date accounts of recent work. Others will be interested in the variety of optical techniques which are being used. H. G. Jerrard
Guided wave optical systems and devices I I Edited by E. Garmire Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Volume 176,1979, pp 182 $38.00 This volume is the result of a seminar covering integrated optics and fibre optics systems, devices and components at Washington DC in April 1979. This was the second such seminar, the first being held a year previously also in Washington. As is usual with such publications there is a lack of general review material through which one might view the overall field. The only possible exception is the introductory paper ‘Integrated optics the second decade’ by J.H. Harris, the rest of the book being a collection of detailed papers on specific aspects of guided wave optics. The sections cover: (1) active integrated optics devices, (2) components for data processing, (3) sources and detectors and (4) integrated optics/fibre optics component interface. Integrated optics has been slow in finding application compared with its partner fibre optics, but the groundwork laid over the past few years will prove invaluable as future coherent optical systems are developed. In these proceedings one can begin to see the vast potential for integrated optics in analogue and digital signal processing, and as single mode optical transmission is developed, more of the devices described should find practical application. The volume is 182 pages in length, contains 26 pages of high standard and has a somewhat brief subject index. The text and figures are of a high quality and are consistent throughout, an advantage of proceedings which are published after a conference rather than before. This book can be recommended to those working in the field. R. E. Ep worth
Optical information storage Edited by KG. Leib Proceedings of the Society of PhotoOptical Instrumentation Engineers, Volume 177,1979, pp 150, $38.00 In four sessions, 19 papers were presented in Washington, USA in April 1979 and these are published in this volume.
164
The papers are short and they highlight recent progress on storage media; analogue, digital and hybrid processing techniques; conceptual systems utilizing optical memories and operational systems. The first two sessions, entitled correlators and correlation techniques start with a review of coherent optical correlator architectures, techniques and pattern recognition applications. Paper titles include a computer image generation system with efficient image storage, multiplex holography for space-variant optical computing and optical matched filter correlator memory techniques and storage capacity. A session on optical storage materials starts with a review with that title and then papers follow which deal with such storage media as a microchannel spatial light modulator, dichromated gelatin, electrooptic crystals and thermoplastic tape. The operational systems session has papers on wideband optical storage, optical principles of information retrieval from optical and non optical recordings, archival storage requirements, information storage and retrieval with microfiche with application to fingerprint records. The papers all originate from United States laboratories and give an interesting, clear and up-to-date picture of the subject. H. G. Jerrard
Contemporary optical systems and components specifications Edited by R. E. Fischer Proceedings of the Society of PhotoOptical Instrumentation Engineers, Volume 181, 1979, pp 174, $38.00 This volume gives the proceedings of a seminar on system and component specifications held during April 1979 in Washington DC. 29 papers were presented divided into four sessions entitled ‘System specification and tolerances’, ‘Optical component specification’, ‘Specification of scattering, materials, and coatings’, and ‘Optical standards’. The quoted purpose of the seminar was ‘to evaluate critically the present methods of assigning specifications and to propose, if appropriate, more useful and meaningful forms of specifications’. Like all printed proceedings the contents are somewhat variable and a number are more suitable for speech than text. It was somewhat difficult to assess what level of reader is anticipated. As an example the first session offered eight papers, ranging from good basic ideas (Ginsberg, Shannon and Walker); to test techniques (Efkeman et al) and the more exotic applications illustrated by the Eikonix representatives. My personal impression is that the basic approach is well known to people working in the field, test techniques are interesting but not strictly relevant, and the exotic appeals only to the specialized few. The second session seemed rather better with, for example, contributions on specifications for metal optics (W.J. Brady); specifications for diamond turned surfaces (E.R. Freniere, and J. Zimmerman); metal mirror selection (C. Denny, W.J. Spawr, and R.L. Pierce) and an interesting review article on plastic optics (J.D. Lytle). The third session tackled the emotive area of cosmetic and scattering problems with five papers, followed by some useful data papers on germanium, Raytran material and MIL-specifications. The fourth session contained the keynote address (W.J. Smith); American National Standards Institute report (Kohlenberg); and a paper on US National standards and drawing practice.
OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY.
JUNE 1980