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Application of physical-chemical and biological-chemical methods for heavy metals removal from acid mine drainage
S252
Special Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 150S (2010) S1–S576
[P-E.108] Effectiveness and kinetics of ammonium removal from anaerobic sludge digester supernatant K. Bernat ∗ , M. Zielinska, D. Kulikowska, A. Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, I. Wojnowska-Baryla University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland Keywords: Ammonium removal; Kinetics; Anaerobic sludge digester supernatant The aim of the study was to determine the nitrification effectiveness and kinetics of ammonium removal from the mixture of wastewater and anaerobic sludge digester supernatant in SBR reactor. The supernatant from the sludge digester accounted for 30% of the mixture. The SBR were operated in a 24 h cycle mode. Each cycle consisted of 8 phases: filling phase (0.25 h), I aeration (7 h), I mixing (1 h), II aeration (7 h), II mixing (1 h), III aeration (7 h), settling (0.5 h) and decantation (0.25 h). In the aeration phases DO concentration did not exceed 0.7 mg O2 /L. Three experimental series were conducted. In series 1, 2 and 3 the volumetric exchange rate was 0.1 d-1 , 0.3 d-1 and 0.5 d-1 , respectively. The study showed that limited oxygen concentration during aeration phases did not inhibit ammonium oxidation. Independently on volumetric exchange rate and ammonium concentration at the beginning of the reactor cycle all ammonium was removed in the I aeration phase. In all series nitrification efficiency was on the level of 96-98% and ammonium concentration in the effluent was lower than 1 mg N-NH4 /L. Nitrates were the main reaction products. Moreover, Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants of ammonium removal were calculated. The average values of Km and Vmax were 43 mg N-NH4 /L and 15.64 mg N-NH4 /(L·h), respectively. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.130 [P-E.109] The biogas production during co-fermentation of sewage sludge and oil waste K. Bernat ∗ , A. Bialowiec, I. Wojnowska-Baryla University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland Keywords: Biogas production; Anaerobic fermentation; Methane content; Mesophilic conditions Anaerobic digestion can be considered the most promising way to reclaim the energy from materials of high organic matter concentration. Co-digestion can be an interesting option for improving yields of sewage sludge anaerobic digestion. The goal of the study was to determine the impact of oil waste on the biogas production in co-fermentation with sewage sludge. A mixture of thickened primary and biological sludge was used as co-feeding. Experiment at mesophilic (35o C) conditions was carried out in four flow reactors with working volume of 10 L. Reactors were equipped with stirrers, redox potential meters, pH meters and thermometers. The reactor R1 was supplied with the sewage sludge. In the reactors R2-R4 the mixture of sewage sludge and oil waste were digested. The oil waste accounted for 15, 30 and 45% of the mixture in R2, R3 and R4, respectively. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 20, 15 and 10 days. The results showed that the decrease of HRT from 20 to 10 days did not influence the reaction and redox potential during fermentation processes. The highest value of the reaction was noted in the reactors R2 and R3 in the range from 7.80 to 7.93 pH at all HRTs. The
redox potential (ORP) -466 to -506 mV indicated good anaerobic conditions for fermentation. The measurements of the biogas production rate showed that the highest production was achieved at HRT 10 days. The highest gas productivity was found for the reactors R3 and R4, and was at the level of 842 and 877 ml/h, respectively. Biogas composition indicated that the highest methane content was obtained at HLR 10 days for each fermentative mixture. In the reactors R3 and R4, operated at HLR 10 days, methane content was above 67% v/v. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.131 [P-E.110] Chemical and biological desulphurization of boiler coal Maria Kusnierova 1 , Maria Janakova 2
Prascakova 1,∗ , Peter
Fecko 2 , Iva
1
Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia VSB-TU Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Czech Republic Keywords: Coal; desulphurization; Bioleaching; Bioflotation 2
The content of sulphur in the combusted coal belongs to the greatest environmental risks of the energy production in thermal power plants. There are various possibilities of sulphur separation from the boiler coal. There were tested procedures of the chemical extraction by ferric sulphate with the biologicalchemical regeneration of the amortized leaching reagent using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in the BACFOX method as well as the direct biological-chemical leaching by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and as the mixed cultures exploitation. Obtained results confirmed the same efficiency of the sulphur chemical extraction using the biologically reclaimed reagent. Maximal desulphurisation degree 84.68% was achieved in the direct biological-chemical sulphur leaching by the mixed cultures Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans application. In the parallel were tested also methods of the boiler coal bioflotation using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans as a pyritic sulphur depressor. In this method was used the biocatalytic acceleration of the pyrite oxidation. Thereby we suppressed the flotation of pyrite and the coal cans flotate. The results follow that after one weak interaction between the bacteria and coal mass, bacteria suppressed pyrite and after flotation the content of the coal concentrate was higher. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.132 [P-E.111] Application of physical-chemical and biological-chemical methods for heavy metals removal from acid mine drainage Alena Luptakova 1,∗ , Stefano Ubaldini 2 , Eva Macingova 1 , Pietro Fornari 2 , Veronica Giuliano 2 1
Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia Instituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, CNR, Italy Keywords: Heavy metals; Acid mine drainage; Bioremediation; Electrowinning 2
The formation of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) represent the most severe environmental problem created by mining industry. The high acidity and the presence of toxic metals in AMD waters degrade soil and water quality, and detrimentally impact vegeta-
Special Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 150S (2010) S1–S576
tion and aquatic life. Consequently, mine waste waters, prior to being released into the environment, must be treated to meet government standards for the amount of metal and non-metal ions contained in the water. The stratiform deposit Smolník belongs to the historical best-known and richest Cu – Fe ore deposits in Slovakia. In 1990 the mining activity at the locality was stopped. The mine-system represents partly opened geochemical system into which rain and surface water drain. The continuation of AMD generation at the locality of Smolník is no chance for situation self-improvement. It is necessary to develop methods for their treatment. Therefore the main aim of the present work was to demonstrate the technical feasibility of chosen physical-chemical and biological-chemical methods for remediation of aforementioned AMD. The base of the physical-chemical method was electrowinning. Electrowinning tests have been carried out after chemical iron-aluminum precipitation that permitted a complete Fe-Al removal. The principle of the biological-chemical method was the application of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Investigated was the process of the heavy metals precipitation by bacterially produced hydrogen sulphide with the combination of the metals precipitation by sodium hydroxide at the various values of pH AMD that is the process of the selective sequential precipitation. Bioprecipitation tests have been carried out after chemical ferrous precipitation by H2 O2 that permitted a complete Fe removal. Both the electrowinning and bioprecipitation processes have been demonstrated the technical feasibility to decrease the heavy metals concentration. By electrochemical experiments, high metals removal, with a low energetic consumption, has been achieved: in particular, by Zn electrodeposition, it was possible to achieve 99% Zn removal, with an energetic consumption of 25 kWh/kg. Achieved results of the bioprecipitation processes demonstrate the selective 98-99% precipitation of Cu, Zn, Al and Mn. These results can be used for suggestion of technology for selective metal recovery from acid mine drainage from Smolník. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.133 [P-E.112] Modeling the process of hybrid system to treat malodorous waste-air containing ammonia E.J. Lee 1 , K.-H. Lim 2,∗ 1
Kyungpook National University, Korea, Republic of Daegu University, Korea, Republic of Keywords: Hybrid system; Aerobic reactor; Anaerobic reactor; Waste-air treatment 2
The process modeling was performed in order to predict the operation of a hybrid system composed of aerobic and anaerobic reactor to remove mainly ammonia from waste-air stream. The top of the lower-positioned anaerobic reactor is directly connected to the bottom of the upper-positioned aerobic reactor. Waste-air enters the aerobic reactor, where it turns into bubbles and rises through the aqueous phase containing fluidized media attached by immobilized microbes. While the bubbles containing ammonia rises through the aerobic reactor, such water-soluble pollutant as ammonia, is continuously absorbed to the aqueous phase by mass-transfer and oxidized. Moreover the aqueous phase containing the oxidized ammonia is continuously transferred from aerobic reactor to the anaerobic reactor, where de-nitrification occurs. In the process-modeling of this hybrid system, the aerobic reactor is identical to a three-phase fluidized-biofilm reactor whereas the anaerobic reactor is a two-phase biofilm reactor. The process model
S253
was constructed based upon the typical processes of biochemical engineering and biotechnology such as mass transfer and biochemical reaction. According to the process modeling of the hybrid system, the value of removal efficiency is continuously decreased during the start-up period of the performance and maintains at ca. 80% when it reaches the steady state of operation. The model prediction was well-fitted to the experimental data, showing the relevant correlation between them. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.134 [P-E.113] Biogenic catalysis in sulphide minerals weathering processes and acid mine drainage genesis Maria Kusnierova 1 , Maria Prascakova 2,∗ 1
Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia VSB-TU Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Czech Republic Keywords: Sulphide minerals; Weathering; Acid mine drainage 2
From a great group of environmental processes participating on the natural material circle is possible to use mainly the processes of bioleaching and biogenesis in raw materials processing. The biooxidation reactions are the main basis for bioleaching procedures often parallel participating in the leaching processes. During leaching processes of the polycomponent sulphide substrates also the factor of processes selection plays an important role being in a direct relation to the electric properties and galvanic effect occurring between the individual components of the leaching substrate. This work gives summary of results from research focused on possibilities of using biotechnological procedures for Slovak sulphide ores treatment. The object of the research is an extraction of valuable metals, undesirable admixtures and degradation of crystal lattice of sulphides for subsequent chemical leaching processing of precious metals. Further, the results of experiments on existence of biogenic processes in situ on waste dumps from exploitation containing residual sulphides are presented. Outcome of this processes is acid mine drainage waters generation. These waters are strongly mineralised and of low pH that’s why they are very aggressive. The heavy and toxic metals contents as well as Cu, Zn, Fe, As, Cd etc. in out flowed waters from old mines loadings are high over the lawful limits. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.135 [P-E.114] Biocorrosion of concrete catch basins and pillars in old mining loads Alena Luptakova 1,∗ , Vlasta Harbulakova 2 , Nadezda Stevulova 2 , Adriana Estokova 2 , Milan Labas 1 1
Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University in Kosice, Slovakia Keywords: Biocorrosion; Concrete; Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans; Sulphate-reducing bacteria 2
Pillars and the lining of mine shafts, collecting channels and catch basins which served for the collecting and transport of the acid mine drainage are best made from concrete. In addition the environment heavy metals contamination the acid mine drainage inducts the damage of concrete too. On the point of view the concrete corrosion the activities of sulphuretum have the important role. The sulphate-reducing bacteria and the sulphur-oxidising
Special Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 150S (2010) S1–S576
[P-E.108] Effectiveness and kinetics of ammonium removal from anaerobic sludge digester supernatant K. Bernat ∗ , M. Zielinska, D. Kulikowska, A. Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, I. Wojnowska-Baryla University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland Keywords: Ammonium removal; Kinetics; Anaerobic sludge digester supernatant The aim of the study was to determine the nitrification effectiveness and kinetics of ammonium removal from the mixture of wastewater and anaerobic sludge digester supernatant in SBR reactor. The supernatant from the sludge digester accounted for 30% of the mixture. The SBR were operated in a 24 h cycle mode. Each cycle consisted of 8 phases: filling phase (0.25 h), I aeration (7 h), I mixing (1 h), II aeration (7 h), II mixing (1 h), III aeration (7 h), settling (0.5 h) and decantation (0.25 h). In the aeration phases DO concentration did not exceed 0.7 mg O2 /L. Three experimental series were conducted. In series 1, 2 and 3 the volumetric exchange rate was 0.1 d-1 , 0.3 d-1 and 0.5 d-1 , respectively. The study showed that limited oxygen concentration during aeration phases did not inhibit ammonium oxidation. Independently on volumetric exchange rate and ammonium concentration at the beginning of the reactor cycle all ammonium was removed in the I aeration phase. In all series nitrification efficiency was on the level of 96-98% and ammonium concentration in the effluent was lower than 1 mg N-NH4 /L. Nitrates were the main reaction products. Moreover, Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants of ammonium removal were calculated. The average values of Km and Vmax were 43 mg N-NH4 /L and 15.64 mg N-NH4 /(L·h), respectively. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.130 [P-E.109] The biogas production during co-fermentation of sewage sludge and oil waste K. Bernat ∗ , A. Bialowiec, I. Wojnowska-Baryla University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland Keywords: Biogas production; Anaerobic fermentation; Methane content; Mesophilic conditions Anaerobic digestion can be considered the most promising way to reclaim the energy from materials of high organic matter concentration. Co-digestion can be an interesting option for improving yields of sewage sludge anaerobic digestion. The goal of the study was to determine the impact of oil waste on the biogas production in co-fermentation with sewage sludge. A mixture of thickened primary and biological sludge was used as co-feeding. Experiment at mesophilic (35o C) conditions was carried out in four flow reactors with working volume of 10 L. Reactors were equipped with stirrers, redox potential meters, pH meters and thermometers. The reactor R1 was supplied with the sewage sludge. In the reactors R2-R4 the mixture of sewage sludge and oil waste were digested. The oil waste accounted for 15, 30 and 45% of the mixture in R2, R3 and R4, respectively. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 20, 15 and 10 days. The results showed that the decrease of HRT from 20 to 10 days did not influence the reaction and redox potential during fermentation processes. The highest value of the reaction was noted in the reactors R2 and R3 in the range from 7.80 to 7.93 pH at all HRTs. The
redox potential (ORP) -466 to -506 mV indicated good anaerobic conditions for fermentation. The measurements of the biogas production rate showed that the highest production was achieved at HRT 10 days. The highest gas productivity was found for the reactors R3 and R4, and was at the level of 842 and 877 ml/h, respectively. Biogas composition indicated that the highest methane content was obtained at HLR 10 days for each fermentative mixture. In the reactors R3 and R4, operated at HLR 10 days, methane content was above 67% v/v. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.131 [P-E.110] Chemical and biological desulphurization of boiler coal Maria Kusnierova 1 , Maria Janakova 2
Prascakova 1,∗ , Peter
Fecko 2 , Iva
1
Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia VSB-TU Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Czech Republic Keywords: Coal; desulphurization; Bioleaching; Bioflotation 2
The content of sulphur in the combusted coal belongs to the greatest environmental risks of the energy production in thermal power plants. There are various possibilities of sulphur separation from the boiler coal. There were tested procedures of the chemical extraction by ferric sulphate with the biologicalchemical regeneration of the amortized leaching reagent using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in the BACFOX method as well as the direct biological-chemical leaching by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and as the mixed cultures exploitation. Obtained results confirmed the same efficiency of the sulphur chemical extraction using the biologically reclaimed reagent. Maximal desulphurisation degree 84.68% was achieved in the direct biological-chemical sulphur leaching by the mixed cultures Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans application. In the parallel were tested also methods of the boiler coal bioflotation using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans as a pyritic sulphur depressor. In this method was used the biocatalytic acceleration of the pyrite oxidation. Thereby we suppressed the flotation of pyrite and the coal cans flotate. The results follow that after one weak interaction between the bacteria and coal mass, bacteria suppressed pyrite and after flotation the content of the coal concentrate was higher. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.132 [P-E.111] Application of physical-chemical and biological-chemical methods for heavy metals removal from acid mine drainage Alena Luptakova 1,∗ , Stefano Ubaldini 2 , Eva Macingova 1 , Pietro Fornari 2 , Veronica Giuliano 2 1
Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia Instituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, CNR, Italy Keywords: Heavy metals; Acid mine drainage; Bioremediation; Electrowinning 2
The formation of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) represent the most severe environmental problem created by mining industry. The high acidity and the presence of toxic metals in AMD waters degrade soil and water quality, and detrimentally impact vegeta-
Special Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 150S (2010) S1–S576
tion and aquatic life. Consequently, mine waste waters, prior to being released into the environment, must be treated to meet government standards for the amount of metal and non-metal ions contained in the water. The stratiform deposit Smolník belongs to the historical best-known and richest Cu – Fe ore deposits in Slovakia. In 1990 the mining activity at the locality was stopped. The mine-system represents partly opened geochemical system into which rain and surface water drain. The continuation of AMD generation at the locality of Smolník is no chance for situation self-improvement. It is necessary to develop methods for their treatment. Therefore the main aim of the present work was to demonstrate the technical feasibility of chosen physical-chemical and biological-chemical methods for remediation of aforementioned AMD. The base of the physical-chemical method was electrowinning. Electrowinning tests have been carried out after chemical iron-aluminum precipitation that permitted a complete Fe-Al removal. The principle of the biological-chemical method was the application of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Investigated was the process of the heavy metals precipitation by bacterially produced hydrogen sulphide with the combination of the metals precipitation by sodium hydroxide at the various values of pH AMD that is the process of the selective sequential precipitation. Bioprecipitation tests have been carried out after chemical ferrous precipitation by H2 O2 that permitted a complete Fe removal. Both the electrowinning and bioprecipitation processes have been demonstrated the technical feasibility to decrease the heavy metals concentration. By electrochemical experiments, high metals removal, with a low energetic consumption, has been achieved: in particular, by Zn electrodeposition, it was possible to achieve 99% Zn removal, with an energetic consumption of 25 kWh/kg. Achieved results of the bioprecipitation processes demonstrate the selective 98-99% precipitation of Cu, Zn, Al and Mn. These results can be used for suggestion of technology for selective metal recovery from acid mine drainage from Smolník. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.133 [P-E.112] Modeling the process of hybrid system to treat malodorous waste-air containing ammonia E.J. Lee 1 , K.-H. Lim 2,∗ 1
Kyungpook National University, Korea, Republic of Daegu University, Korea, Republic of Keywords: Hybrid system; Aerobic reactor; Anaerobic reactor; Waste-air treatment 2
The process modeling was performed in order to predict the operation of a hybrid system composed of aerobic and anaerobic reactor to remove mainly ammonia from waste-air stream. The top of the lower-positioned anaerobic reactor is directly connected to the bottom of the upper-positioned aerobic reactor. Waste-air enters the aerobic reactor, where it turns into bubbles and rises through the aqueous phase containing fluidized media attached by immobilized microbes. While the bubbles containing ammonia rises through the aerobic reactor, such water-soluble pollutant as ammonia, is continuously absorbed to the aqueous phase by mass-transfer and oxidized. Moreover the aqueous phase containing the oxidized ammonia is continuously transferred from aerobic reactor to the anaerobic reactor, where de-nitrification occurs. In the process-modeling of this hybrid system, the aerobic reactor is identical to a three-phase fluidized-biofilm reactor whereas the anaerobic reactor is a two-phase biofilm reactor. The process model
S253
was constructed based upon the typical processes of biochemical engineering and biotechnology such as mass transfer and biochemical reaction. According to the process modeling of the hybrid system, the value of removal efficiency is continuously decreased during the start-up period of the performance and maintains at ca. 80% when it reaches the steady state of operation. The model prediction was well-fitted to the experimental data, showing the relevant correlation between them. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.134 [P-E.113] Biogenic catalysis in sulphide minerals weathering processes and acid mine drainage genesis Maria Kusnierova 1 , Maria Prascakova 2,∗ 1
Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia VSB-TU Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Czech Republic Keywords: Sulphide minerals; Weathering; Acid mine drainage 2
From a great group of environmental processes participating on the natural material circle is possible to use mainly the processes of bioleaching and biogenesis in raw materials processing. The biooxidation reactions are the main basis for bioleaching procedures often parallel participating in the leaching processes. During leaching processes of the polycomponent sulphide substrates also the factor of processes selection plays an important role being in a direct relation to the electric properties and galvanic effect occurring between the individual components of the leaching substrate. This work gives summary of results from research focused on possibilities of using biotechnological procedures for Slovak sulphide ores treatment. The object of the research is an extraction of valuable metals, undesirable admixtures and degradation of crystal lattice of sulphides for subsequent chemical leaching processing of precious metals. Further, the results of experiments on existence of biogenic processes in situ on waste dumps from exploitation containing residual sulphides are presented. Outcome of this processes is acid mine drainage waters generation. These waters are strongly mineralised and of low pH that’s why they are very aggressive. The heavy and toxic metals contents as well as Cu, Zn, Fe, As, Cd etc. in out flowed waters from old mines loadings are high over the lawful limits. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.135 [P-E.114] Biocorrosion of concrete catch basins and pillars in old mining loads Alena Luptakova 1,∗ , Vlasta Harbulakova 2 , Nadezda Stevulova 2 , Adriana Estokova 2 , Milan Labas 1 1
Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University in Kosice, Slovakia Keywords: Biocorrosion; Concrete; Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans; Sulphate-reducing bacteria 2
Pillars and the lining of mine shafts, collecting channels and catch basins which served for the collecting and transport of the acid mine drainage are best made from concrete. In addition the environment heavy metals contamination the acid mine drainage inducts the damage of concrete too. On the point of view the concrete corrosion the activities of sulphuretum have the important role. The sulphate-reducing bacteria and the sulphur-oxidising