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Application of ultrasonic methods in asphalt concrete testing
elasticity, Poisson's ratio, thickness of concrete slabs, and estimating the strength of concrete test specimens as well as in-place concrete.
Sansalone, M.; Carino, N.J. Stress wave propagation methods 46437
C R C H a n d b o o k on Nondestructive Testing o f Concrete. Edited b y V.M. M a l h o t r a and N.J. Carino. pp. 275-304. C R C Press (1991) This chapter present a review of nondestructive testing methods based on the use of stress waves. The pulse-echo, impact-echo, impulse- response, and spectral analysis of surface waves techniques for evaluationof concrete are discussed. The principles, test procedures, signal processing, and representative applications of each method are presented. It is shown that the common feature of the methods is that inferences about internal conditions of concrete structures are made based on the effect that the structure has on the propagation of stress waves.
this review of possible nondestructive methods to measure the condition of these buildings and initiate repair. Methods described include ultrasonic and mechanical pulse techniques, hardness testing using the Schmidt Hammer method, neutron radiography, Flatjack in-situ stress and deformability measurements, and the in-place shear (shove) test. A brief review is offered of possible future developments for inspection of these structures.
Leshchinsky, A.M.; Leshchinsky, M.Y.; Goncharova, A.S. Within-test variability of some non-destructive methods for concrete strength determination 45821
M a g a z i n e o f Concrete Research, Vol. 42, No. 153, pp. 245-248 (Dec. 1990) Experimental investigations of within-test variability of non- destructive methods to determine concrete strength are reported. Rebound, indentation, ultrasonic (with direct and surface transmissions) and shearing rib methods were among those studied.
46355
Samarin, A. Combined methods
45606
C R C H a n d b o o k on Nondestructive Testing o f Concrete. Edited b y V.M. M a l h o t r a a n d N.J. Carino. pp. 189-201. C R C Press (1991) This chapter describes the theoretical and empirical based concepts as well as the history of development of combined nondestructive test methods for hardened concrete. Of a number of purely nondestructive tests, the rebound (Schmidt) hammer and the ultrasonic pulse velocity combinations are the most commonly used. By developing a prior correlation for a range of concrete grades and types, having only the source of coarse aggregate and broad age group in common, it is possible to obtain good indication of the in situ strength of concrete, expressed as the value of a test result of a standard laboratory compressive specimen. The quality of concrete, using combined nondestructive methods, is evaluated through the measurements and correlation of the surface hardness, density, elastic constants and the predicted compressive strength.
Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, B r u n s w i c k , Maine (United States), 23-28 Jul. 1989. Vol. 9B, pp. 1935- 1942. Edited by D.O. T h o m p s o n a n d D.E. Chimenti. Plenum Press (1990) This paper highlights the results of a recent investigation into the feasibility of using the impact-echo technique to detect voids in plates containing thin layers of materials having different acoustic impedances. Finite element studies have been metal or plastic thin layers and voids. The numerical studies provide an understanding of the propagation of stress waves in these layered systems and aide in the planning and interpretation of experimental work. A few key results from these analyses will be presented. Subsequently, experimental results from a study of one type of civil structure containing thin layers (post-tensioned concrete structures) will be discussed.
Sansalone, M.; Lin, Y.; Carino, N.J. Impact-echo response of plates containing thin layers and voids
46073
Rao, M. V.S.; Reddy, K.S.; Reddy, M. V. The influence of brand of cement upon the estimation of strength by the ultrasonic pulse method
Proceedings o f the 8th International Brick a n d B l o c k M a s o n r y Conference, Dublin (Ireland), 19-21 Sep. 1988. pp. 1693-1703. Edited b y J.W.D. Courcy. (1988) I S B N 1 8 5 1 6 6 2 6 5 0 A number of techniques for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of masonry structures are presented. While nondestructive techniques can not entirely eliminate the need to conduct destructive tests, they offer a means to supplement a minimum number of destructive tests with a comprehensive description of the properties and uniformity of an entire structure. To make the most efficient use of NDE, several complementary techniques should be used together.
Proceedings o f the National Seminar on Non-Destructive Testing Techniques in Civil Engineering, Madras, (India), 11-12 A u g . 1 9 8 9 . 9 pp. The Institution of Engineers (India) Tamilnadu State Centre. Ultrasonic pulse velocity method has an advantage over other methods as the pulse passes through the full thickness of the concrete, hence Ultrasonic method gives a more reliable over all estimate of the strength of concrete. Over the last few years more reliable, portable instruments such as ~9undit' are developed for the production, collection and timing of ultrasonic pulses. This has made the technique more suitable for the assessment of quality of in situ concrete. This paper investigates the influence of brand of cement upon strength estimation by the ultrasonic pulse method.
Sztukiewicz, R.J. Application of ultrasonic methods in asphalt concrete testing
45419
Noland, J.L.; Kingsley, G.R.; Atkinson, R.H. Utilization of nondestructive techniques into the evaluation of masonry
45420
45866
Ultrasonics, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 5-12 (Jan. 1991) The paper presents the possibilities of applying ultrasonic methods in asphalt concrete testing. The results of testing cylinder shaped samples are described. The ultrasonic methods were then used in testing a model of the surface layer of flexible pavement. The results of testing asphalt concrete, built into the pavement are also presented. Tests of the surface layer were repeated many times and established the usefulness of the ultrasonic methods in testing the structural changes taking place concrete, built into pavements.
Lin, Y.; Sansalone, M.; Carino, N.J. Finite element studies of the impact-echo response of plates containing thin layers and voids
45856
Journal o f Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 27-47 (Mar. 1990) In previous studies carried out by the authors, the finite element method has been shown to provide useful numerical solutions for a variety of cases involving bounded solids containing flaws. Currently the method is being used to establish the basis for a new nondestructive evaluation technique for civil engineering structures. This technique is called impact-echo, and it is based on the use of low frequency, transient stress waves generated by elastic point impact. In this paper, the impact-echo response of plates containing thin layers is studied using finite element models. The purpose of these studies was to determine the applicability of using the method for detecting voids in layered civil engineering structures. Results of the numerical studies show that it is feasible to use the impact-echo method for this application.
Berthaud, Y. Damage measurements in concrete via an ultrasonic technique. Part I Experiment 45847
C e m e n t a n d Concrete Research, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 7 3 - 8 2 (Jan. 1991) In this paper, the possible correlations between the mechanical and acoustical consequences of damage in concrete are investigated. Both the velocity and the amplitude of longitudinal or shear waves are measured on cubic specimens. In a first step, within the elastic domain, an acoustical anisotropy due to the porous nature of undamaged concrete is highlighted. Then, another form of anisotropy, induced by damage (i.e. microcracks) appears. These two phenomena may exist simultaneously in real concrete.
Atkinson, R.H.; Noland, J.L.; Kingsley, G.R. Application of NDE of masonry structures; current technology and future needs
Gopalan, V.S.; Thirumalakumar, C. A report on the increasing importance of the ultrasonic methods in the monitoring of cracks in concrete
Proceedings o f the National S e m i n a r on Non-Destructive Testing Techniques in Civil Engineering, Madras, (India), 11-12 Aug. 1989. 25 pp. The Institution of Engineers (India) Tamilnadu State Centre. In most cases non-destructive testing methods measure concrete properties indirectly. Therefore it is of fundamental importance to know the interdependencies between the values measured and the properties searched. However the importance of this method of testing is in view of its speed and economy without engineering substantial damage vis-a-vis other test methods which necessitate the extraction of sample for examination.
Kovalev, A. V.; Kozlov, V.N.; Samokrutov, A.A.; Shevaldykin, V.G.; Yakovlev, N.N, Pulse echo in concrete monitoring: interference and spectral selection
45400
Soviet Journal o f Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 110-118 (Oct. 1990) The physical basis is given for focusing aperture synthesis for spatial selection of reflectors in inhomogeneous materials in ultrasonic echo monitoring. The conclusions and recommendations are based on acoustic studies on concrete as the most characteristic representative of such materials. Estimates have been made on the signal/noise ratios for initial realizations in the presence of spatial correlation for the structural noise, simulation, and experiments on a visualisation system with a focusing synthetic aperture and combined probing.
Haicheng, W. Intelligence nitrasound-resilience combination instrument for the assessment of concrete (In Chinese: English Abstract)
45387
Atomic Energy Science and Technology, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 73-75 ( M a y 1990) This apparatus is developed by using microprocessor technique with chip microprocessor. It can be used directly to display compressive strength and wave shape parameters of reinforced concrete structure being measured. The statistical error of the device for measuring strength (Beijing area) is: less than 4% for special model; less than 14% for common model. The reading error of amplitude is less than 0.1 dB.
45828
Review o f Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, B r u n s w i c k , Maine (United States), 23-28 Jul. 1989. Vol. 9B, pp. 1927- 1934. Edited by D.O. T h o m p s o n a n d D.E. Chimenti. P l e n u m Press (1990) Safety concerns about the structural integrity unreinforced masonry buildings in the United States, especially in the light of possible seismic disturbances, has prompted
268
Muravin, G.B.; Simkin, Y.V.; Rozumovich, E.E.; Merman, A.L Acoustic-dynamic inspection of the stress state of concrete 45311
Soviet Journal o f Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 25, No. 12, pp. 851-858 (Aug. 1990) Investigations were carried out into the possibilities of evaluating the stress state of concrete by localized calibrated dynamic loading of concrete and measurement of acoustic emission parameters. The results show that the median frequency, emission
NDT& E International October 1991
Sansalone, M.; Carino, N.J. Stress wave propagation methods 46437
C R C H a n d b o o k on Nondestructive Testing o f Concrete. Edited b y V.M. M a l h o t r a and N.J. Carino. pp. 275-304. C R C Press (1991) This chapter present a review of nondestructive testing methods based on the use of stress waves. The pulse-echo, impact-echo, impulse- response, and spectral analysis of surface waves techniques for evaluationof concrete are discussed. The principles, test procedures, signal processing, and representative applications of each method are presented. It is shown that the common feature of the methods is that inferences about internal conditions of concrete structures are made based on the effect that the structure has on the propagation of stress waves.
this review of possible nondestructive methods to measure the condition of these buildings and initiate repair. Methods described include ultrasonic and mechanical pulse techniques, hardness testing using the Schmidt Hammer method, neutron radiography, Flatjack in-situ stress and deformability measurements, and the in-place shear (shove) test. A brief review is offered of possible future developments for inspection of these structures.
Leshchinsky, A.M.; Leshchinsky, M.Y.; Goncharova, A.S. Within-test variability of some non-destructive methods for concrete strength determination 45821
M a g a z i n e o f Concrete Research, Vol. 42, No. 153, pp. 245-248 (Dec. 1990) Experimental investigations of within-test variability of non- destructive methods to determine concrete strength are reported. Rebound, indentation, ultrasonic (with direct and surface transmissions) and shearing rib methods were among those studied.
46355
Samarin, A. Combined methods
45606
C R C H a n d b o o k on Nondestructive Testing o f Concrete. Edited b y V.M. M a l h o t r a a n d N.J. Carino. pp. 189-201. C R C Press (1991) This chapter describes the theoretical and empirical based concepts as well as the history of development of combined nondestructive test methods for hardened concrete. Of a number of purely nondestructive tests, the rebound (Schmidt) hammer and the ultrasonic pulse velocity combinations are the most commonly used. By developing a prior correlation for a range of concrete grades and types, having only the source of coarse aggregate and broad age group in common, it is possible to obtain good indication of the in situ strength of concrete, expressed as the value of a test result of a standard laboratory compressive specimen. The quality of concrete, using combined nondestructive methods, is evaluated through the measurements and correlation of the surface hardness, density, elastic constants and the predicted compressive strength.
Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, B r u n s w i c k , Maine (United States), 23-28 Jul. 1989. Vol. 9B, pp. 1935- 1942. Edited by D.O. T h o m p s o n a n d D.E. Chimenti. Plenum Press (1990) This paper highlights the results of a recent investigation into the feasibility of using the impact-echo technique to detect voids in plates containing thin layers of materials having different acoustic impedances. Finite element studies have been metal or plastic thin layers and voids. The numerical studies provide an understanding of the propagation of stress waves in these layered systems and aide in the planning and interpretation of experimental work. A few key results from these analyses will be presented. Subsequently, experimental results from a study of one type of civil structure containing thin layers (post-tensioned concrete structures) will be discussed.
Sansalone, M.; Lin, Y.; Carino, N.J. Impact-echo response of plates containing thin layers and voids
46073
Rao, M. V.S.; Reddy, K.S.; Reddy, M. V. The influence of brand of cement upon the estimation of strength by the ultrasonic pulse method
Proceedings o f the 8th International Brick a n d B l o c k M a s o n r y Conference, Dublin (Ireland), 19-21 Sep. 1988. pp. 1693-1703. Edited b y J.W.D. Courcy. (1988) I S B N 1 8 5 1 6 6 2 6 5 0 A number of techniques for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of masonry structures are presented. While nondestructive techniques can not entirely eliminate the need to conduct destructive tests, they offer a means to supplement a minimum number of destructive tests with a comprehensive description of the properties and uniformity of an entire structure. To make the most efficient use of NDE, several complementary techniques should be used together.
Proceedings o f the National Seminar on Non-Destructive Testing Techniques in Civil Engineering, Madras, (India), 11-12 A u g . 1 9 8 9 . 9 pp. The Institution of Engineers (India) Tamilnadu State Centre. Ultrasonic pulse velocity method has an advantage over other methods as the pulse passes through the full thickness of the concrete, hence Ultrasonic method gives a more reliable over all estimate of the strength of concrete. Over the last few years more reliable, portable instruments such as ~9undit' are developed for the production, collection and timing of ultrasonic pulses. This has made the technique more suitable for the assessment of quality of in situ concrete. This paper investigates the influence of brand of cement upon strength estimation by the ultrasonic pulse method.
Sztukiewicz, R.J. Application of ultrasonic methods in asphalt concrete testing
45419
Noland, J.L.; Kingsley, G.R.; Atkinson, R.H. Utilization of nondestructive techniques into the evaluation of masonry
45420
45866
Ultrasonics, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 5-12 (Jan. 1991) The paper presents the possibilities of applying ultrasonic methods in asphalt concrete testing. The results of testing cylinder shaped samples are described. The ultrasonic methods were then used in testing a model of the surface layer of flexible pavement. The results of testing asphalt concrete, built into the pavement are also presented. Tests of the surface layer were repeated many times and established the usefulness of the ultrasonic methods in testing the structural changes taking place concrete, built into pavements.
Lin, Y.; Sansalone, M.; Carino, N.J. Finite element studies of the impact-echo response of plates containing thin layers and voids
45856
Journal o f Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 27-47 (Mar. 1990) In previous studies carried out by the authors, the finite element method has been shown to provide useful numerical solutions for a variety of cases involving bounded solids containing flaws. Currently the method is being used to establish the basis for a new nondestructive evaluation technique for civil engineering structures. This technique is called impact-echo, and it is based on the use of low frequency, transient stress waves generated by elastic point impact. In this paper, the impact-echo response of plates containing thin layers is studied using finite element models. The purpose of these studies was to determine the applicability of using the method for detecting voids in layered civil engineering structures. Results of the numerical studies show that it is feasible to use the impact-echo method for this application.
Berthaud, Y. Damage measurements in concrete via an ultrasonic technique. Part I Experiment 45847
C e m e n t a n d Concrete Research, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 7 3 - 8 2 (Jan. 1991) In this paper, the possible correlations between the mechanical and acoustical consequences of damage in concrete are investigated. Both the velocity and the amplitude of longitudinal or shear waves are measured on cubic specimens. In a first step, within the elastic domain, an acoustical anisotropy due to the porous nature of undamaged concrete is highlighted. Then, another form of anisotropy, induced by damage (i.e. microcracks) appears. These two phenomena may exist simultaneously in real concrete.
Atkinson, R.H.; Noland, J.L.; Kingsley, G.R. Application of NDE of masonry structures; current technology and future needs
Gopalan, V.S.; Thirumalakumar, C. A report on the increasing importance of the ultrasonic methods in the monitoring of cracks in concrete
Proceedings o f the National S e m i n a r on Non-Destructive Testing Techniques in Civil Engineering, Madras, (India), 11-12 Aug. 1989. 25 pp. The Institution of Engineers (India) Tamilnadu State Centre. In most cases non-destructive testing methods measure concrete properties indirectly. Therefore it is of fundamental importance to know the interdependencies between the values measured and the properties searched. However the importance of this method of testing is in view of its speed and economy without engineering substantial damage vis-a-vis other test methods which necessitate the extraction of sample for examination.
Kovalev, A. V.; Kozlov, V.N.; Samokrutov, A.A.; Shevaldykin, V.G.; Yakovlev, N.N, Pulse echo in concrete monitoring: interference and spectral selection
45400
Soviet Journal o f Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 110-118 (Oct. 1990) The physical basis is given for focusing aperture synthesis for spatial selection of reflectors in inhomogeneous materials in ultrasonic echo monitoring. The conclusions and recommendations are based on acoustic studies on concrete as the most characteristic representative of such materials. Estimates have been made on the signal/noise ratios for initial realizations in the presence of spatial correlation for the structural noise, simulation, and experiments on a visualisation system with a focusing synthetic aperture and combined probing.
Haicheng, W. Intelligence nitrasound-resilience combination instrument for the assessment of concrete (In Chinese: English Abstract)
45387
Atomic Energy Science and Technology, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 73-75 ( M a y 1990) This apparatus is developed by using microprocessor technique with chip microprocessor. It can be used directly to display compressive strength and wave shape parameters of reinforced concrete structure being measured. The statistical error of the device for measuring strength (Beijing area) is: less than 4% for special model; less than 14% for common model. The reading error of amplitude is less than 0.1 dB.
45828
Review o f Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, B r u n s w i c k , Maine (United States), 23-28 Jul. 1989. Vol. 9B, pp. 1927- 1934. Edited by D.O. T h o m p s o n a n d D.E. Chimenti. P l e n u m Press (1990) Safety concerns about the structural integrity unreinforced masonry buildings in the United States, especially in the light of possible seismic disturbances, has prompted
268
Muravin, G.B.; Simkin, Y.V.; Rozumovich, E.E.; Merman, A.L Acoustic-dynamic inspection of the stress state of concrete 45311
Soviet Journal o f Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 25, No. 12, pp. 851-858 (Aug. 1990) Investigations were carried out into the possibilities of evaluating the stress state of concrete by localized calibrated dynamic loading of concrete and measurement of acoustic emission parameters. The results show that the median frequency, emission
NDT& E International October 1991