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Applied combustion diagnostics
Combustion and Flame 133 (2003) 507–508
Book Reviews Applied Combustion Diagnostics Katharina Kohse-Ho¨inghaus and Jay B. Jeffries, Taylor and Francis, London (2002).
The book Applied Combustion Diagnostics is a thorough and readable review of the present state-ofthe-art for laser-based combustion diagnostics, and is highly recommended as a companion volume to the 1996 second edition of the book Laser Diagnostics for Combustion Temperature and Species by Alan C. Eckbreth. Applied Combustion Diagnostics is a collection of 27 chapters divided into three parts: Techniques, Applications, and Perspectives. The first part of the book, Techniques, is focused on fundamental aspects of both emerging and established laser diagnostic techniques. Chapter 4 by Andrew McIlroy and Jay B. Jeffries entitled “Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy for Concentration Measurements” is a good example of the nature of the chapters in this section. The origins of this relatively new technique as a method of chemical analysis are discussed and the pertinent literature is reviewed. The fundamental physics of the technique is discussed briefly, and then fundamental issues associated with quantitative application of the technique for flame measurements are discussed in detail. Fundamental physical limitations and current instrumental limitations are assessed. Recent flame measurements are then described, organized in terms of the particular species that have been measured using cavity ring down spectroscopy. The authors then present their view of future directions for cavity ring down spectroscopy research and technique development and application. In other chapters in Part I the techniques of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and laser-induced incandescence (LII) are discussed in a similar fashion, and a chapter is devoted to the coherent techniques of degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM), polarization spectroscopy, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). Chapters on short-laser-pulse (less than a nanosecond) techniques and multidimensional instrumentation techniques are focused more on the capabilities and limitations of current laboratory equipment. A chapter is devoted to
temperature measurements using many of the techniques discussed in the other chapters, and measurements of velocity as well as scalar properties are discussed in a chapter on flow-field diagnostics. Overall Part I is an excellent introduction to current laser diagnostic techniques, with the exception of CARS, which receives fairly brief treatments in the coherent techniques and temperature measurement chapters. In Part II: Applications, each chapter is focused on a particular application of one or more laser diagnostic techniques. In each of these chapters the combustion research issues that are being explored and the unique capabilities that motivate the use of laser diagnostic techniques for exploring theses issues are discussed. The areas of application of laser diagnostics range from fundamental investigations of the structure and chemistry of laminar flames to measurements in practical combustors such as diesel engines. In the first two chapters in Part II, the application of laser diagnostics for investigating issues of flame chemistry are discussed, including rich flame chemistry and the chemistry of fire suppression. In the third chapter in this section the use of laser diagnostics for investigating surface chemistry issues in catalytic combustion is discussed. In the next three chapters laser diagnostic investigation of more complex flame systems are described; investigations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot formation, the interaction of turbulence and chemistry, and of liquid sprays are reviewed. Measurements in diesel and direct-injection gasoline internal combustion engines are described in the next two chapters. Part II concludes with an excellent discussion of the application of diode lasers for multiparameter measurements in practical combustion systems, and the prospects for eventual integration of diode laser sensors into combustion control systems. The book concludes with a sequence of nine chapters that comprise Part III: Perspectives. The first six chapters in Part III are written by combustion modelers or combustion experimentalists rather than by laser diagnostic technique specialists. The focus of the first of these chapters, “Diagnostics for Detailed Kinetics Modeling,” by
0010-2180/03/$ – see front matter © 2003 The Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
508
Book Review / Combustion and Flame 133 (2003) 507–508
Gregory P. Smith of SRI, is the need for particular diagnostic measurements for testing and validation of flame chemistry models. Both experimental and model uncertainties are discussed. As a particular example, the chemistry of low-pressure premixed methane/oxygen/nitrogen flames is discussed, and potential species measurements in these flames are ranked in a quantitative fashion in terms of their impact on testing kinetic aspects of the model that are uncertain. Issues associated with modeling of catalytic combustion are discussed in the next chapter. In the four subsequent chapters the diagnostic challenges and requirements for combustion control, for probing gas turbine combustion, for probing combustion synthesis processes, and for monitoring toxic emissions are described. The next two chapters, although interesting, seem somewhat out of place in Part III. Resonance enhanced laser ionization mass spectroscopy and diode laser measurement of pollutant species are discussed in these chapters. Part III concludes with a chapter by the
co-editors where recent diagnostic developments of note are briefly described. In general the publication quality of the book is very high; the chapters are well-organized and readable, the reference lists at the end of each chapter are extensive and up-to-date, and the quality of the figures is excellent throughout the book. There are many excellent three-dimensional diagrams of experimental systems throughout the book. A list of abbreviations at the end of the book is a nice feature, especially for readers who do not have extensive laser diagnostic experience. In conclusion, this will be a valuable book for both combustion researchers with little or no experience with laser diagnostics as well as for those who have extensive laser diagnostic experience. Robert P. Lucht Purdue University West Lafayette, IN E-mail address: [email protected] February 14, 2003
Book Reviews Applied Combustion Diagnostics Katharina Kohse-Ho¨inghaus and Jay B. Jeffries, Taylor and Francis, London (2002).
The book Applied Combustion Diagnostics is a thorough and readable review of the present state-ofthe-art for laser-based combustion diagnostics, and is highly recommended as a companion volume to the 1996 second edition of the book Laser Diagnostics for Combustion Temperature and Species by Alan C. Eckbreth. Applied Combustion Diagnostics is a collection of 27 chapters divided into three parts: Techniques, Applications, and Perspectives. The first part of the book, Techniques, is focused on fundamental aspects of both emerging and established laser diagnostic techniques. Chapter 4 by Andrew McIlroy and Jay B. Jeffries entitled “Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy for Concentration Measurements” is a good example of the nature of the chapters in this section. The origins of this relatively new technique as a method of chemical analysis are discussed and the pertinent literature is reviewed. The fundamental physics of the technique is discussed briefly, and then fundamental issues associated with quantitative application of the technique for flame measurements are discussed in detail. Fundamental physical limitations and current instrumental limitations are assessed. Recent flame measurements are then described, organized in terms of the particular species that have been measured using cavity ring down spectroscopy. The authors then present their view of future directions for cavity ring down spectroscopy research and technique development and application. In other chapters in Part I the techniques of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and laser-induced incandescence (LII) are discussed in a similar fashion, and a chapter is devoted to the coherent techniques of degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM), polarization spectroscopy, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). Chapters on short-laser-pulse (less than a nanosecond) techniques and multidimensional instrumentation techniques are focused more on the capabilities and limitations of current laboratory equipment. A chapter is devoted to
temperature measurements using many of the techniques discussed in the other chapters, and measurements of velocity as well as scalar properties are discussed in a chapter on flow-field diagnostics. Overall Part I is an excellent introduction to current laser diagnostic techniques, with the exception of CARS, which receives fairly brief treatments in the coherent techniques and temperature measurement chapters. In Part II: Applications, each chapter is focused on a particular application of one or more laser diagnostic techniques. In each of these chapters the combustion research issues that are being explored and the unique capabilities that motivate the use of laser diagnostic techniques for exploring theses issues are discussed. The areas of application of laser diagnostics range from fundamental investigations of the structure and chemistry of laminar flames to measurements in practical combustors such as diesel engines. In the first two chapters in Part II, the application of laser diagnostics for investigating issues of flame chemistry are discussed, including rich flame chemistry and the chemistry of fire suppression. In the third chapter in this section the use of laser diagnostics for investigating surface chemistry issues in catalytic combustion is discussed. In the next three chapters laser diagnostic investigation of more complex flame systems are described; investigations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot formation, the interaction of turbulence and chemistry, and of liquid sprays are reviewed. Measurements in diesel and direct-injection gasoline internal combustion engines are described in the next two chapters. Part II concludes with an excellent discussion of the application of diode lasers for multiparameter measurements in practical combustion systems, and the prospects for eventual integration of diode laser sensors into combustion control systems. The book concludes with a sequence of nine chapters that comprise Part III: Perspectives. The first six chapters in Part III are written by combustion modelers or combustion experimentalists rather than by laser diagnostic technique specialists. The focus of the first of these chapters, “Diagnostics for Detailed Kinetics Modeling,” by
0010-2180/03/$ – see front matter © 2003 The Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
508
Book Review / Combustion and Flame 133 (2003) 507–508
Gregory P. Smith of SRI, is the need for particular diagnostic measurements for testing and validation of flame chemistry models. Both experimental and model uncertainties are discussed. As a particular example, the chemistry of low-pressure premixed methane/oxygen/nitrogen flames is discussed, and potential species measurements in these flames are ranked in a quantitative fashion in terms of their impact on testing kinetic aspects of the model that are uncertain. Issues associated with modeling of catalytic combustion are discussed in the next chapter. In the four subsequent chapters the diagnostic challenges and requirements for combustion control, for probing gas turbine combustion, for probing combustion synthesis processes, and for monitoring toxic emissions are described. The next two chapters, although interesting, seem somewhat out of place in Part III. Resonance enhanced laser ionization mass spectroscopy and diode laser measurement of pollutant species are discussed in these chapters. Part III concludes with a chapter by the
co-editors where recent diagnostic developments of note are briefly described. In general the publication quality of the book is very high; the chapters are well-organized and readable, the reference lists at the end of each chapter are extensive and up-to-date, and the quality of the figures is excellent throughout the book. There are many excellent three-dimensional diagrams of experimental systems throughout the book. A list of abbreviations at the end of the book is a nice feature, especially for readers who do not have extensive laser diagnostic experience. In conclusion, this will be a valuable book for both combustion researchers with little or no experience with laser diagnostics as well as for those who have extensive laser diagnostic experience. Robert P. Lucht Purdue University West Lafayette, IN E-mail address: [email protected] February 14, 2003