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Aquatic Toxicology
Toxkon, Vol . 23, No. 2, pp. 355-360, 1985. Printed in Great Brtuin .
0041-0101/BS 53 .00+ .00 Perasmoa Pros Ltd .
REVIEWS RAINSFORD, K. D. and VHLO, G. (Eds .) Side-Fjferts of Anti-igJTammatory/Analgesic Drugs. Advances in I~jlammation Research, Vol. 6, 306 pp . New York: Raven Press (1984) IN necEN~r years side effects of commonly used anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs have become an important issue, leading to the withdrawal of the drugs involved from the market . The present volume of the series Advances to IR/lammatlon Research contains the papers presented during an international meeting, held in September 1982 in Verona, Italy (the delay bttween presentation and publication of the papers is remarkable and is another argument against publishing proceedings volumes) . In the treatment of arthritis such drugs are used uncontrolled over a long period of time, which raises serious questions on their long-term safety . The nine chapters include 33 papers dealing with various aspects of such drug side-effects: epidemiology, drug distribution and post-marketing surveillance; gastrointestinal tract, renal, hepatic: clinical studies, studies in laboratory animals, asthma and hypersensitivity reactions, special cases: unique side-effects from certain drugs (such as o-pcnicillamine, gold-salts, pyrazolones). Clinicians and pharmacologiste involved in this kind of research will find this book informative. D. Mens GnEEFP, K. (Ed.) Cardiac Glyrnsides; Part ?: Pharmarnkinetics and Clinirnl Pharmacology, Handbook experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 56, 394 pp . Berlin: Springer Verlag (1981).
of
THOSE DEALING With cardiac glycosides will already know this book which appeared in 1981 (we have just received our review copy}. Like most volumes of the Handbook ofExperimental Pharmacology it is an excellent introduction, as well as review of the latest research in the respective field. Cardiac glycosides are plant toxins moat effectively used in clinical medicine, being indispensible in treating heart insufficiency . Whereas part 1 of this volume dealswlth the experimental pharmacology of these substances (it would have been more practical to review both parts in a close context), the second part contains pharmacokinetic end clinical data on various glycosides (beside digitoxin) and their applications in various clinical conditions. D. MESS GAEIM, H., JUNG, R., KRAI~R, M., MwxQuwanr, H. and OESCH, F. (Eds) Biochemical Basis Carcinogenesis, 13th Workshop Conference Hoechst, 325 pp. New York : Raven Press (1984) .
of
Chemkal
THE voLtn~ contains 26 papers presented during a workshop held in October 1982 in Grainau, Germany, dealing with aapats of chemical carcinogeniais, especially the biochemical processes leading to malignant cell growth . For those working with animal and plant toxins related to tumor promotion or growth inhibition this book has some value, giving an idea how toxic metabolites can act as mutagens, oncogens or carcinogens. Some of the moat advanced mC.hods used in this field, such as analysis of gene repair, etc., are outlined . The editors have the intention of providing toxicologists (and also toxinologiata) with the neaaaary background to estimate rationally the risk of the carcinogenetic potential of a substance. D. MESS WESEty L. J. (Bd.) Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 2, 240 pp . New York: Raven Press, (1984). CHANGES in the aquatic environment due to human influenaa are of great importance for all kinds of organisms, particularly fish . In the four chapters of this volume the effect of toxicants on flab organ systems are reviewed: respiratory toxicology of flshea(SArct~LL, G. H.) ; interactions of xenobiotica with teleoet renal function (ParrcHAitn, J. B. and RENPteo, J. L.) ; fish neurotoxicology (SMITH, J. R.); cyanides in water toxicohogical signiflcana (LEDUC, G.). 355
Although the main aspects are toxicants from pollution, such as heavy metals, organic compounds, oil spills, etc., the chapters provide an excellent introduction to the physiology of the specific fish organs and their functional disturbance by various agents which might be easily applicable to toxins of natural sources, such as from red tide, algae, etc. D. Msas FIwet.~uv, J. M., Hwte~x, L. A., STRICHR, G. E. and Wawvsa, L. J. (Departments of Medidne and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98193, and Virginia Mason Research Foundation, Seattle, WA 98104, U.S .A .) Effects of lipoplysaccharide on human endothelial cells in culture. 77rromb . Res. 29 15 (1983) . LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS) in concentrations up to 10 pg/ml did not induce detectable direst cytotoxidty in human umbilical vein, pulmonary artery or pulmonary vein endothelial cells By contrast, significant cytotoxidty was observed in bovine aortic endothelial cells exposedto LPS at 0.01 pg/ml. Transmission electron microscopy of human umbilical vein cells exposed to 10 pg/ml LPS for 4 days revealed no significant ultraatructural abnormalities compared to control cells. Whereas human umbilical vein endothelial cell cytotoxidty was observed when neutrophils were stimulated with phorbol myriatate acetate, LPS-stimulated neutrophils did not induce significant cytotoxidty, even in the presence of freak human serum as a complement source . Moreover, human umbilical vein endothelial cell factor VIÜ-antigen and fibronectin release, angiotensin~onverting enzyme activity and PGI= release were unaffected by a 24 hr exposure to LPS. Cytotoxidty, however, was produced when human umbilical vein endothelial cells were oo-incubated with LPS and cycloheximide. The proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was also inhibited after prolonged, continuous exposure to 10 pg/ml LPS. We conclude that LPS, with or without complement or neutrophils, does not indus significant human endothelial cell lysis or detachment . Moreover, brief exposure to LPS has minimal direct effect on several functions of human endothelial cells in vitro. (Author's abstract) H. P. Korst HILL, R. A., BLANYBNSHIP, P. D., Core, R. J. and Setvnt:RS, T. H. (Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, and National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Servis, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Dawson, GA 31742, U.S .A.) Effects of soil moisture aced temperature on prcharvest invasion of peanuts by the Aspergillus flouas group and subsequent aflatoxin development . Appl. environ. Mlcrobiol. 45628 (1983) .
Foue soil temperature and moisture trcatmmt regimens were imposed on Florunner peanuts 94 days after planting in eaperimmtal plots in 1980 . At harvest (145 days after planting), the incidens of the Aspergillus ,flaws group and the aflatoxin concentration were greatest in damaged kernels. Extensive colonization of sound mature kernels (SMK) by the A. Jlavus group occurred with the drought stress treatment (36% kernels colonized) ; colonization was less in the irrigatedplot (7%) and the drought stress plot with cooled soil (11 %) and was intermediate in theirrigated plot with heated soil (26%). Aflatoxin was virtuallyabsent from SMK with the last three treatments, but it was found at an average concentration of 244 ppb (ng/g) in drought-stressed SMK. Colonization of SMK by the A. flaws group and aflatoxin production were greater with hot dry conditions. Neither elevated temperature alone nor drought stress alone caused aflatoxin contamination in SMK. When the ratio of SMK colonized by A. flaws compared with A. nlger was>19:1, there was aflatoxin contamination, but there was none if this ratiowas G9 :1 . Irrigation caused a higher inddens of A. nlgerthan drought did. This may have prevented the aflatoxin contamination of undamaged peanuts. (Author's abstract) H. P. Kotest Forrrero, P. A., Bm~~ Rn , J ., BuwNEte, D. L. and CHU, F. S. (Department of Early Diagnosis, Physical Sdenas Division, U.S . Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, and the Food Research Institute and Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 33706, U.S.A .) Detection of T-2 Toxin by an improved radioimmunoaaay. Appl. environ. Microbiol. 45, 640 (1983) .
T/2 ~roxnv in serum, urine and saline was analyzed by a modified radioitnmunosesay procedure. The spedmens were added directly to the assay tubes without extraction steps. The reaction between antibody and ligands was optimal at 1 hr . Albumin~oated duu~coal was used to separate bound from free radioactivity. Quenching, which occurred with hemolyzed specimens, was corrected by a wet oxidation prose with 60% perchloric add and 30% hydrogen peroxide . The shorter incubation times resulted in an assay that takes less than 6 hr to complete . The average affinity constant of the antibody (K,~ was 1.75 x 10'° liters/mole. The sensitivity wen 1 ng per assay or 10 ng/ml . Among the other trichotheaaes leafed, only H-T-2 crosrreaded significantly (10.3%) . (Author's abstract)
H. P. Kor~t
0041-0101/BS 53 .00+ .00 Perasmoa Pros Ltd .
REVIEWS RAINSFORD, K. D. and VHLO, G. (Eds .) Side-Fjferts of Anti-igJTammatory/Analgesic Drugs. Advances in I~jlammation Research, Vol. 6, 306 pp . New York: Raven Press (1984) IN necEN~r years side effects of commonly used anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs have become an important issue, leading to the withdrawal of the drugs involved from the market . The present volume of the series Advances to IR/lammatlon Research contains the papers presented during an international meeting, held in September 1982 in Verona, Italy (the delay bttween presentation and publication of the papers is remarkable and is another argument against publishing proceedings volumes) . In the treatment of arthritis such drugs are used uncontrolled over a long period of time, which raises serious questions on their long-term safety . The nine chapters include 33 papers dealing with various aspects of such drug side-effects: epidemiology, drug distribution and post-marketing surveillance; gastrointestinal tract, renal, hepatic: clinical studies, studies in laboratory animals, asthma and hypersensitivity reactions, special cases: unique side-effects from certain drugs (such as o-pcnicillamine, gold-salts, pyrazolones). Clinicians and pharmacologiste involved in this kind of research will find this book informative. D. Mens GnEEFP, K. (Ed.) Cardiac Glyrnsides; Part ?: Pharmarnkinetics and Clinirnl Pharmacology, Handbook experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 56, 394 pp . Berlin: Springer Verlag (1981).
of
THOSE DEALING With cardiac glycosides will already know this book which appeared in 1981 (we have just received our review copy}. Like most volumes of the Handbook ofExperimental Pharmacology it is an excellent introduction, as well as review of the latest research in the respective field. Cardiac glycosides are plant toxins moat effectively used in clinical medicine, being indispensible in treating heart insufficiency . Whereas part 1 of this volume dealswlth the experimental pharmacology of these substances (it would have been more practical to review both parts in a close context), the second part contains pharmacokinetic end clinical data on various glycosides (beside digitoxin) and their applications in various clinical conditions. D. MESS GAEIM, H., JUNG, R., KRAI~R, M., MwxQuwanr, H. and OESCH, F. (Eds) Biochemical Basis Carcinogenesis, 13th Workshop Conference Hoechst, 325 pp. New York : Raven Press (1984) .
of
Chemkal
THE voLtn~ contains 26 papers presented during a workshop held in October 1982 in Grainau, Germany, dealing with aapats of chemical carcinogeniais, especially the biochemical processes leading to malignant cell growth . For those working with animal and plant toxins related to tumor promotion or growth inhibition this book has some value, giving an idea how toxic metabolites can act as mutagens, oncogens or carcinogens. Some of the moat advanced mC.hods used in this field, such as analysis of gene repair, etc., are outlined . The editors have the intention of providing toxicologists (and also toxinologiata) with the neaaaary background to estimate rationally the risk of the carcinogenetic potential of a substance. D. MESS WESEty L. J. (Bd.) Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 2, 240 pp . New York: Raven Press, (1984). CHANGES in the aquatic environment due to human influenaa are of great importance for all kinds of organisms, particularly fish . In the four chapters of this volume the effect of toxicants on flab organ systems are reviewed: respiratory toxicology of flshea(SArct~LL, G. H.) ; interactions of xenobiotica with teleoet renal function (ParrcHAitn, J. B. and RENPteo, J. L.) ; fish neurotoxicology (SMITH, J. R.); cyanides in water toxicohogical signiflcana (LEDUC, G.). 355
Although the main aspects are toxicants from pollution, such as heavy metals, organic compounds, oil spills, etc., the chapters provide an excellent introduction to the physiology of the specific fish organs and their functional disturbance by various agents which might be easily applicable to toxins of natural sources, such as from red tide, algae, etc. D. Msas FIwet.~uv, J. M., Hwte~x, L. A., STRICHR, G. E. and Wawvsa, L. J. (Departments of Medidne and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98193, and Virginia Mason Research Foundation, Seattle, WA 98104, U.S .A .) Effects of lipoplysaccharide on human endothelial cells in culture. 77rromb . Res. 29 15 (1983) . LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS) in concentrations up to 10 pg/ml did not induce detectable direst cytotoxidty in human umbilical vein, pulmonary artery or pulmonary vein endothelial cells By contrast, significant cytotoxidty was observed in bovine aortic endothelial cells exposedto LPS at 0.01 pg/ml. Transmission electron microscopy of human umbilical vein cells exposed to 10 pg/ml LPS for 4 days revealed no significant ultraatructural abnormalities compared to control cells. Whereas human umbilical vein endothelial cell cytotoxidty was observed when neutrophils were stimulated with phorbol myriatate acetate, LPS-stimulated neutrophils did not induce significant cytotoxidty, even in the presence of freak human serum as a complement source . Moreover, human umbilical vein endothelial cell factor VIÜ-antigen and fibronectin release, angiotensin~onverting enzyme activity and PGI= release were unaffected by a 24 hr exposure to LPS. Cytotoxidty, however, was produced when human umbilical vein endothelial cells were oo-incubated with LPS and cycloheximide. The proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was also inhibited after prolonged, continuous exposure to 10 pg/ml LPS. We conclude that LPS, with or without complement or neutrophils, does not indus significant human endothelial cell lysis or detachment . Moreover, brief exposure to LPS has minimal direct effect on several functions of human endothelial cells in vitro. (Author's abstract) H. P. Korst HILL, R. A., BLANYBNSHIP, P. D., Core, R. J. and Setvnt:RS, T. H. (Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, and National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Servis, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Dawson, GA 31742, U.S .A.) Effects of soil moisture aced temperature on prcharvest invasion of peanuts by the Aspergillus flouas group and subsequent aflatoxin development . Appl. environ. Mlcrobiol. 45628 (1983) .
Foue soil temperature and moisture trcatmmt regimens were imposed on Florunner peanuts 94 days after planting in eaperimmtal plots in 1980 . At harvest (145 days after planting), the incidens of the Aspergillus ,flaws group and the aflatoxin concentration were greatest in damaged kernels. Extensive colonization of sound mature kernels (SMK) by the A. Jlavus group occurred with the drought stress treatment (36% kernels colonized) ; colonization was less in the irrigatedplot (7%) and the drought stress plot with cooled soil (11 %) and was intermediate in theirrigated plot with heated soil (26%). Aflatoxin was virtuallyabsent from SMK with the last three treatments, but it was found at an average concentration of 244 ppb (ng/g) in drought-stressed SMK. Colonization of SMK by the A. flaws group and aflatoxin production were greater with hot dry conditions. Neither elevated temperature alone nor drought stress alone caused aflatoxin contamination in SMK. When the ratio of SMK colonized by A. flaws compared with A. nlger was>19:1, there was aflatoxin contamination, but there was none if this ratiowas G9 :1 . Irrigation caused a higher inddens of A. nlgerthan drought did. This may have prevented the aflatoxin contamination of undamaged peanuts. (Author's abstract) H. P. Kotest Forrrero, P. A., Bm~~ Rn , J ., BuwNEte, D. L. and CHU, F. S. (Department of Early Diagnosis, Physical Sdenas Division, U.S . Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, and the Food Research Institute and Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 33706, U.S.A .) Detection of T-2 Toxin by an improved radioimmunoaaay. Appl. environ. Microbiol. 45, 640 (1983) .
T/2 ~roxnv in serum, urine and saline was analyzed by a modified radioitnmunosesay procedure. The spedmens were added directly to the assay tubes without extraction steps. The reaction between antibody and ligands was optimal at 1 hr . Albumin~oated duu~coal was used to separate bound from free radioactivity. Quenching, which occurred with hemolyzed specimens, was corrected by a wet oxidation prose with 60% perchloric add and 30% hydrogen peroxide . The shorter incubation times resulted in an assay that takes less than 6 hr to complete . The average affinity constant of the antibody (K,~ was 1.75 x 10'° liters/mole. The sensitivity wen 1 ng per assay or 10 ng/ml . Among the other trichotheaaes leafed, only H-T-2 crosrreaded significantly (10.3%) . (Author's abstract)
H. P. Kor~t