- Email: [email protected]
Arterial Stiffness Parameters in Patients With Vasovagal Syncope
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our study enrolled 149 patients undergoing onpump CABG. The primary endpoint was defined as postoperative new-onset inhospital AF. All patients underwent preoperative non-contrast tomography to measure pulmonary vein diameter. RESULTS: The study enrolled 149 patients undergoing CABG requiring CPB for the first times. The average patient age was 63.8 ± 9.4 (range 41–87) years; the average BMI was 28.3 ± 4.4 (range 17–48) kg/m2. The study population included 35 (23.5%) women. The average duration of ICU follow-up was 2.2 ± 1.7 (range 1–17) days, the average total hospitalization was 9.8 ± 3.3 (range 5–24) days, and the average cross-clamp duration was 55.9 ± 16.8 (range 22– 98) minutes. In our study population, AF developed in 35 (23%) patients and the remaining 114 (77%) patients remained in sinus rhythm. Baseline characteristics, operative and radiological variables stratified by the development of AF are summarized in Table I. The patients who developed AF had a significantly greater total pulmonary vein diameter (54.5 ± 6.5 vs. 49.9 ± 5.5 mm, p = 0.0001) and were older (69.2 ± 8.3 vs. 62.1 ± 9.1 years, p = 0.0001) than those who remained in sinus rhythm. Demographic variables such as diabetes and hypertension and procedural factors such as the cross-clamp time, pump time, number of bypass grafts, duration of hospitalization, and ICU stay were similar in both groups. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis revealed a cutoff of 51.15 mm (95% Confidence Interval 0.627–0.810, area under the curve 0.712, p = 0.0001) of the total pulmonary vein diameter for predicting the development of new-onset AF with 71% sensitivity and 61% specificity (Figure 2). A logistic multivariate regression analysis was performed on tomography variables, including the left atrial volume, left atrial horizontal diameter, and total pulmonary vein horizontal diameter. Only the total pulmonary vein diameter (OR 1.084, 95% CI 1.084–1.003; p = 0.042) was an independent predictor of the development of new-onset AF (Table 2). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of an association between total pulmonary vein diameter and the development postoperative AF. The identification of high-risk patients using pulmonary vein diameters should facilitate preventive measures.
3
11
41
4
6
19
5
2
10
54.5 ± 6.5
49.9 ± 5.5
<0.001
Radiologic Parameters Total Pulmonary Vein Diameter (mm) Left Atrial Diameter (mm)
47 ± 8.3
41 ± 6.2
0.001
Left Atrial volume (mm3)
72.9 ±27.2
56.8 ± 15.2
0.003
Bolded data are statistically significant
Table 2. Tomographic variables examined in the multivariate logistic regression analysis Variables
OR
95% CI
P value
Total Pulmonary vein diameter (mm)
1.084
1.003-1.171
0.042
Left atrium volume (mm3)
1.013
0.984-1.043
0.391
Left Atrium Diameter (mm)
1.061
0.978-1.151
0.153
OR: Odds Ratio, CI: Confidence Interval Bolded data are statistically significant
Arterial Stiffness Parameters in Patients With Vasovagal Syncope 1
1
2
3
1
Reşit Yiğit Yılancıoğlu , Neryan Özgül , Asım Oktay Ergene 1
Figure 2. ROC curve illustrating sensitivity and specificity rates at all possible cut-off levels to assess the performance of total pulmonary vein diameter to predict postoperative CABG AF.
1
1
Erkan Alpaslan , Ebru Özpelit , Emre Özpelit , Sedat Taş , Abdulla Arslan , 1
Department of Cardiology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
[email protected] 2
Department of Cardiology, İzmir University, İzmir, Turkey
3
Department of Cardiology, Soma State Hospital, Manisa; Turkey
INTRODUCTION: Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is by far the most common cause of syncope in people without structural heart disease, but the exact mechanisms for these neural pathways and their variations among individuals remain unclear. Fall in cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance with coincident vasodilatation occurs in the majority of cases. Whether any hemodynamic or structural background exists is not known exactly. In this study we aimed to evaluate the arterial stiffness parameters in patients with VVS MATERIALS-METHODS: 42 consecutive patients with recurrent VVS and a positive tilt table test were compared to 41 age- and sex-matched controls with a negative tilt table result and no history of syncope. Central aortic pressure parameters including augmentation index, central pulse pressure and carotid to radial pulse wave velocity as markers of aortic stiffness were generated noninvasively by applanation tonometry.
Table 1. Baseline Characteristic’s, operative and radiologic variables stratified by development of new onset Atrial Fibrillation
Variables Age (years) Age>70 years old Male / Female
Atrial Fibrillation (n=35)
Sinus Rhythm (n=114)
P value
69.2 ± 8.3
62.1 ± 9.1
0.001
17/42
18/107
RESULTS: Peripheral systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) were similar in VVS and control groups. Central systolic blood pressures and central augmentation pressures also did not significantly differ between groups. No difference in aortic augmentation index was observed between groups. However, in patients with vasovagal syncope the pulse wave velocity was significantly lower than the healthy controls. CONCLUSION: The findings of present study indicate the presence of less stiff arteries in patients with VVS compared to healthy controls. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding. Whether this lower arterial stiffness is a cause or consequence in these patients is another concern to be investigated.
26 / 19
30 / 16
0.46
28.4 ± 0.6
29.6 ±.9
0.46
Stiffness Parameters and Blood Pressure of Control group and Patients with Vasovagal Syncope
Cross Clamp Time (minutes)
69.7 ± 37.3
59.3 ± 24.3
0.35
Patient
Control
P value
Pump Time (minutes)
94.7 ± 47.4
84.5 ± 32
0.69
34.3±10.0
31,4±5.7
0,115
Stay in hospital (days)
11 ± 3.9
9.4 ± 3
0.003
Intensive Care Unit period (days)
3.3 ± 2.9
1.9 ± 0.8
<0.001
SBP (mmHg)
125 ±16,6
121,1 ± 14.9
0,318
DBP (mmHg)
79,6±8,9
7
10
77,7 ± 9,7
0,379
1 2
9
34
98 (13)
93 (14)
0,105
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) Operative and postoperative variables
Number of bypass grafts
Age (years)
Central BP (mmHg)
Augmentation pressure (mmHg)
8,5 ±10,1
6,2 ± 8,6
0,274
Augmentation Index (%)
21 (21,5)
14 (25,5)
0,225
Pulse Wave Velocity (m/s)
5,4 (1,4)
5,9 (1,8)
0,046
An Interesting and Unusual Clinical Scenario; Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Right Sinus of Valsalva with Interarterial Course, Presented as Acute Myocardial Infarction Caused by the RCA 1
2
3
Ersin Çağrı Şi̇mşek , Sadık Volkan Emren , Mehmet Erdinç Arıkan , Emre 3
Özdemir , Sedat Altay 1 2 3
3
Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir,Turkey Afyonkarahisar State Hospital, Afyon, Turkey [email protected] Katip Celebi University Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir,Turkey
INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery anomalies are potentially life-threatening anatomic variants that occur in approximately 1% of patients. Among all the congenital coronary anomalies, an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (LCA) from the right sinus of Valsalva is extremely rare approximate prevalence, 0.15%). CASE: A 53-year-old man with a history of smoking was admitted to the emergency department with severe chest pain which lasted for 1 hour. The initial ECG showed acute inferolateral and right myocardial infarction. The patient was referred for primary PCI. At first, temporary pacemaker was inserted from the femoral vein. Then, we tried to perform left coronary angiography, but we could not find the orifice of the left coronary artery(LCA).Right coronary artery was occluded from the proximal, two baremetal stents (5.0 mm×28 mm, 4.5mm×20 mm ) were implanted to the proximal and midportion of the RCA with an excellent result. As LCA could not be engaged with stand technique, a JR-4 right guiding catheter was used to seek the anomalous LCA. As expected LCA took origin from the right and showed a critical stenosis on the proximal LCX. Multislice CT revealed an interarterial course between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. After a consensus with the surgeons, the patient was scheduled for CABG one month later. DISCUSSION: Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery in the right sinus of Valsalva is an uncommon malformation. The anomalous artery can have various courses; however, the interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery is the one most frequently associated with sudden death, particularly during or immediately after strenuous physical exercise.The outward expansion of the aortic root and pulmonary trunk during exertion in addition to the external compression of the vessel, also increases the angulation at the LMCA ostium can result in acute myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death. When the anomaly is associated with obstructive coronary lesions, treatment planning in these cases may be complex. Guidelines recommends surgical coronary revascularization in patients with anomalous left coronary artery arising from the right sinus of Valsalva and coursing between the aorta and pulmonary artery. About half of the patients with anomalous LCA arising from the right coronary sinus die before the age of 20 years, and usually during or shortly after vigorous exertion. However, this patient did not have any cardiac symptoms until the age 53 years eventhough there was a significant atherosclerotic change in the LCx. Culprit lesion was RCA and the cause of AMI might be related to coronary artery risk factors such as smoking. Suprisingly, in this case; cause of MI was an atherosclerotic lesion of RCA which had a normal course, instead of the anomalous coronary artery. figure-1
Evaluation of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio changes between pre- and post-menopausal life for cardiovascular risk prediction 1 2 Ahmet Karakurt , Cennet Yıldız 1 Department of Cardiology, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey [email protected] 2 Department of Cardiology, Tekden Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey AIM: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has demonstrated in various clinical studies to identify the increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk. However, the prognostic value of NLR is unknown in healthy postmenopausal women. The aim of this study to evaluate the relationship between and premenopausal and postmenopausal healthy women regarding the NLR. METHOD: The study population included 295 premenopausal (median age 37 years, range 33-42 years) and 153 postmenopausal (median age 56 years, range 52-62 years) healthy women who have admitted cardiology clinic between March-2013 and May-2014. The complete blood count was obtained from all patients. Total leukocytes were counted and differential count obtained for neutrophil, lymphocyte and NLR were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal healthy women regarding NLR [median: 1.77, (interquartile range (IQR): 1.38 - 2.25) and 1.68 (IQR: 1.24 - 2.07), p=0.240, respectively]. Similarly, there were no significant differences between two groups in terms of neutrophil and lymphocyte counts [median: 3,7x103/mm3 (IQR: 3.04 - 4.50) vs. 3.63x103/mm3 (IQR: 2.79 - 4.33), p=0.393 and 2.12 x103/mm3 (IQR: 1.79-2.52) vs. 2.10 x103/mm3 (IQR: 1.70-2.60), p=0.624, respectively]. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that there is no difference regarding NLR between the premenopausal and healthy postmenopausal women. These findings have also revealed that the NLR, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts do not change in menopausal life, and thus can not be used as a marker for atherosclerosis in these groups. Table 1. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and other circulatory blood cells count of two groups are given.
Parameters
Premenopausal (n=295)
Postmenopausal (n=153)
p
WBC (103/mm3) 6.58 (5.63-7.84)
6.23 (5.47-7.51)
0.075
Nc (103/mm3)
3.70 (3.04-4.50)
3.63 (2.79-4.33)
0.393
Lc (103/mm3)
2.12 (1.79-2.52)
2.10 (1.70-2.60)
0.624
NLR
1.77 (1.38-2.25)
1.68 (1.24-2.07)
0.240
Pc (103/mm3)
261 (220-306.75) 257 (225.50-288)
0.508
MPV (μm3)
10.36 ± 1.20
10.39 ± 0.92
0.781
RDW (%)
14.02 ± 2.08
13.80 ± 1.78
0.284
WBC: White blood cell count; Nc: Neutrophil count; Lc: Lymphocyte count; NLR: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; Pc, Platelets count; MPV: Main platelet volume. RDW: Erythrocyte distribution width; Data are expressed as mean ± SD or median [interquartile range (IQR) (25th-75th)]. P value is significant less than at the 0.05 level in the between groups.
Table 2. A linear relationship between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and the other continuous variables. Parameters
r
p
FBG (mg/dL) -0.114
0.016
Hb (g/dL)
-0.100
0.035
MCHC (g/dL)
-0.120
0.011
RDW (%)
-0.094
0.021
TC (mg/dL)
-0.109
0.021
LDL(mg/dL)
-0.093
0.049
TG (mg/dL)
-0.109
0.021
LDL/HDL
-0.105
0.026
TC/HDL
-0.122
0.010
FBG: Fasting blood glucose; Hb: Hemoglobin; MCHC: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW: Erythrocyte distribution width; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; TG: Triglyceride; HDL: High density lipoprotein.
ECG, Coronary Anjiyogram and Multislice CT
3
11
41
4
6
19
5
2
10
54.5 ± 6.5
49.9 ± 5.5
<0.001
Radiologic Parameters Total Pulmonary Vein Diameter (mm) Left Atrial Diameter (mm)
47 ± 8.3
41 ± 6.2
0.001
Left Atrial volume (mm3)
72.9 ±27.2
56.8 ± 15.2
0.003
Bolded data are statistically significant
Table 2. Tomographic variables examined in the multivariate logistic regression analysis Variables
OR
95% CI
P value
Total Pulmonary vein diameter (mm)
1.084
1.003-1.171
0.042
Left atrium volume (mm3)
1.013
0.984-1.043
0.391
Left Atrium Diameter (mm)
1.061
0.978-1.151
0.153
OR: Odds Ratio, CI: Confidence Interval Bolded data are statistically significant
Arterial Stiffness Parameters in Patients With Vasovagal Syncope 1
1
2
3
1
Reşit Yiğit Yılancıoğlu , Neryan Özgül , Asım Oktay Ergene 1
Figure 2. ROC curve illustrating sensitivity and specificity rates at all possible cut-off levels to assess the performance of total pulmonary vein diameter to predict postoperative CABG AF.
1
1
Erkan Alpaslan , Ebru Özpelit , Emre Özpelit , Sedat Taş , Abdulla Arslan , 1
Department of Cardiology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
[email protected] 2
Department of Cardiology, İzmir University, İzmir, Turkey
3
Department of Cardiology, Soma State Hospital, Manisa; Turkey
INTRODUCTION: Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is by far the most common cause of syncope in people without structural heart disease, but the exact mechanisms for these neural pathways and their variations among individuals remain unclear. Fall in cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance with coincident vasodilatation occurs in the majority of cases. Whether any hemodynamic or structural background exists is not known exactly. In this study we aimed to evaluate the arterial stiffness parameters in patients with VVS MATERIALS-METHODS: 42 consecutive patients with recurrent VVS and a positive tilt table test were compared to 41 age- and sex-matched controls with a negative tilt table result and no history of syncope. Central aortic pressure parameters including augmentation index, central pulse pressure and carotid to radial pulse wave velocity as markers of aortic stiffness were generated noninvasively by applanation tonometry.
Table 1. Baseline Characteristic’s, operative and radiologic variables stratified by development of new onset Atrial Fibrillation
Variables Age (years) Age>70 years old Male / Female
Atrial Fibrillation (n=35)
Sinus Rhythm (n=114)
P value
69.2 ± 8.3
62.1 ± 9.1
0.001
17/42
18/107
RESULTS: Peripheral systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) were similar in VVS and control groups. Central systolic blood pressures and central augmentation pressures also did not significantly differ between groups. No difference in aortic augmentation index was observed between groups. However, in patients with vasovagal syncope the pulse wave velocity was significantly lower than the healthy controls. CONCLUSION: The findings of present study indicate the presence of less stiff arteries in patients with VVS compared to healthy controls. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding. Whether this lower arterial stiffness is a cause or consequence in these patients is another concern to be investigated.
26 / 19
30 / 16
0.46
28.4 ± 0.6
29.6 ±.9
0.46
Stiffness Parameters and Blood Pressure of Control group and Patients with Vasovagal Syncope
Cross Clamp Time (minutes)
69.7 ± 37.3
59.3 ± 24.3
0.35
Patient
Control
P value
Pump Time (minutes)
94.7 ± 47.4
84.5 ± 32
0.69
34.3±10.0
31,4±5.7
0,115
Stay in hospital (days)
11 ± 3.9
9.4 ± 3
0.003
Intensive Care Unit period (days)
3.3 ± 2.9
1.9 ± 0.8
<0.001
SBP (mmHg)
125 ±16,6
121,1 ± 14.9
0,318
DBP (mmHg)
79,6±8,9
7
10
77,7 ± 9,7
0,379
1 2
9
34
98 (13)
93 (14)
0,105
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) Operative and postoperative variables
Number of bypass grafts
Age (years)
Central BP (mmHg)
Augmentation pressure (mmHg)
8,5 ±10,1
6,2 ± 8,6
0,274
Augmentation Index (%)
21 (21,5)
14 (25,5)
0,225
Pulse Wave Velocity (m/s)
5,4 (1,4)
5,9 (1,8)
0,046
An Interesting and Unusual Clinical Scenario; Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Right Sinus of Valsalva with Interarterial Course, Presented as Acute Myocardial Infarction Caused by the RCA 1
2
3
Ersin Çağrı Şi̇mşek , Sadık Volkan Emren , Mehmet Erdinç Arıkan , Emre 3
Özdemir , Sedat Altay 1 2 3
3
Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir,Turkey Afyonkarahisar State Hospital, Afyon, Turkey [email protected] Katip Celebi University Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir,Turkey
INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery anomalies are potentially life-threatening anatomic variants that occur in approximately 1% of patients. Among all the congenital coronary anomalies, an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (LCA) from the right sinus of Valsalva is extremely rare approximate prevalence, 0.15%). CASE: A 53-year-old man with a history of smoking was admitted to the emergency department with severe chest pain which lasted for 1 hour. The initial ECG showed acute inferolateral and right myocardial infarction. The patient was referred for primary PCI. At first, temporary pacemaker was inserted from the femoral vein. Then, we tried to perform left coronary angiography, but we could not find the orifice of the left coronary artery(LCA).Right coronary artery was occluded from the proximal, two baremetal stents (5.0 mm×28 mm, 4.5mm×20 mm ) were implanted to the proximal and midportion of the RCA with an excellent result. As LCA could not be engaged with stand technique, a JR-4 right guiding catheter was used to seek the anomalous LCA. As expected LCA took origin from the right and showed a critical stenosis on the proximal LCX. Multislice CT revealed an interarterial course between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. After a consensus with the surgeons, the patient was scheduled for CABG one month later. DISCUSSION: Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery in the right sinus of Valsalva is an uncommon malformation. The anomalous artery can have various courses; however, the interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery is the one most frequently associated with sudden death, particularly during or immediately after strenuous physical exercise.The outward expansion of the aortic root and pulmonary trunk during exertion in addition to the external compression of the vessel, also increases the angulation at the LMCA ostium can result in acute myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death. When the anomaly is associated with obstructive coronary lesions, treatment planning in these cases may be complex. Guidelines recommends surgical coronary revascularization in patients with anomalous left coronary artery arising from the right sinus of Valsalva and coursing between the aorta and pulmonary artery. About half of the patients with anomalous LCA arising from the right coronary sinus die before the age of 20 years, and usually during or shortly after vigorous exertion. However, this patient did not have any cardiac symptoms until the age 53 years eventhough there was a significant atherosclerotic change in the LCx. Culprit lesion was RCA and the cause of AMI might be related to coronary artery risk factors such as smoking. Suprisingly, in this case; cause of MI was an atherosclerotic lesion of RCA which had a normal course, instead of the anomalous coronary artery. figure-1
Evaluation of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio changes between pre- and post-menopausal life for cardiovascular risk prediction 1 2 Ahmet Karakurt , Cennet Yıldız 1 Department of Cardiology, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey [email protected] 2 Department of Cardiology, Tekden Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey AIM: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has demonstrated in various clinical studies to identify the increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk. However, the prognostic value of NLR is unknown in healthy postmenopausal women. The aim of this study to evaluate the relationship between and premenopausal and postmenopausal healthy women regarding the NLR. METHOD: The study population included 295 premenopausal (median age 37 years, range 33-42 years) and 153 postmenopausal (median age 56 years, range 52-62 years) healthy women who have admitted cardiology clinic between March-2013 and May-2014. The complete blood count was obtained from all patients. Total leukocytes were counted and differential count obtained for neutrophil, lymphocyte and NLR were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal healthy women regarding NLR [median: 1.77, (interquartile range (IQR): 1.38 - 2.25) and 1.68 (IQR: 1.24 - 2.07), p=0.240, respectively]. Similarly, there were no significant differences between two groups in terms of neutrophil and lymphocyte counts [median: 3,7x103/mm3 (IQR: 3.04 - 4.50) vs. 3.63x103/mm3 (IQR: 2.79 - 4.33), p=0.393 and 2.12 x103/mm3 (IQR: 1.79-2.52) vs. 2.10 x103/mm3 (IQR: 1.70-2.60), p=0.624, respectively]. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that there is no difference regarding NLR between the premenopausal and healthy postmenopausal women. These findings have also revealed that the NLR, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts do not change in menopausal life, and thus can not be used as a marker for atherosclerosis in these groups. Table 1. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and other circulatory blood cells count of two groups are given.
Parameters
Premenopausal (n=295)
Postmenopausal (n=153)
p
WBC (103/mm3) 6.58 (5.63-7.84)
6.23 (5.47-7.51)
0.075
Nc (103/mm3)
3.70 (3.04-4.50)
3.63 (2.79-4.33)
0.393
Lc (103/mm3)
2.12 (1.79-2.52)
2.10 (1.70-2.60)
0.624
NLR
1.77 (1.38-2.25)
1.68 (1.24-2.07)
0.240
Pc (103/mm3)
261 (220-306.75) 257 (225.50-288)
0.508
MPV (μm3)
10.36 ± 1.20
10.39 ± 0.92
0.781
RDW (%)
14.02 ± 2.08
13.80 ± 1.78
0.284
WBC: White blood cell count; Nc: Neutrophil count; Lc: Lymphocyte count; NLR: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; Pc, Platelets count; MPV: Main platelet volume. RDW: Erythrocyte distribution width; Data are expressed as mean ± SD or median [interquartile range (IQR) (25th-75th)]. P value is significant less than at the 0.05 level in the between groups.
Table 2. A linear relationship between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and the other continuous variables. Parameters
r
p
FBG (mg/dL) -0.114
0.016
Hb (g/dL)
-0.100
0.035
MCHC (g/dL)
-0.120
0.011
RDW (%)
-0.094
0.021
TC (mg/dL)
-0.109
0.021
LDL(mg/dL)
-0.093
0.049
TG (mg/dL)
-0.109
0.021
LDL/HDL
-0.105
0.026
TC/HDL
-0.122
0.010
FBG: Fasting blood glucose; Hb: Hemoglobin; MCHC: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW: Erythrocyte distribution width; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; TG: Triglyceride; HDL: High density lipoprotein.
ECG, Coronary Anjiyogram and Multislice CT