- Email: [email protected]
Arteriosclerosis in Forestomach-Bypass Calves1
T E C H N I C A L NOTES
pressed also to the following companies for contributing various products used in some of the experimental diets: Foremost Dairies, Inc., San Francisco, California, lactose; Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, hydrogenated vegetable oil; Nopco Chemical Company, Newark, New Jersey, methionlne and vitamin mix; a~ld
273
American Cyanamid Company, New York, New York, chlortctraeycline. Reference
(1) Colvin, B. M., and tI. A. l~amsey. 1968. Soy flour in milk replacer for young calves. J. Dairy Sci., 51: 898.
Arteriosclerosis in Forestomach-Bypass Calves I Abstract
The occurrence of arteriosclerosis in two forestomach-bypass calves (esophagealabomasal anastomosis) of 8.5 and 11 months of age is reported. Lesions were seen on the endocardial surfaces of the atrial and ventricular walls of the heart and in the pulmonary artery. Of two surgically unaltered calves, '11 months old, one displayed slight arter[dsclerotic changes, located in the pulmonary artery. All calves were fed commercial milk replacer as their only feed. The fore-stomach-bypass calves had poor appetites for several months before death. The surgically unaltered calves appeared healthy, whereas the forestomach-bypass calves were underweight and appeared unthrifty. Numerous degenerative lesions were found in various organs of the forestomach-bypass calves. The original work on this project dealt with techniques for esophageal-abomasal anastomosis (forestomach-bypass surgery) and the nutrient needs of forestomach-bypass calves. The occurrence of arteriosclerosis in young ruminants, as found in these calves, is uncommon (1). Elucidation of the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis in experimental animals may lead to an understanding of this disorder in man. New ways to produce this disease in animals are of importance. The occurrence of arteriosclerosis in forestomach-bypass calves under one year of age is reported. F o u r Holstein calves were examined at postmortem. Data pertinent to these animals are as follows: A, female, 8.5 months old; B, male, 11 months old; C, male, 11 months old; D, male, 11 months old. Calves C and D were euthanatized by injecting saturated magnesium sulfate solution into the jugular vein; Calves A and B died from a p p a r e n t toxemia and were examined within one to three hours after death, l%restomach-bypass surgery (esophageal-abomasal anastomosis) had been
performed on Calves A and B at three months and three weeks of age, respectively (6). All calves were given milk replacer beginning at about three days of age as their only feed. The forestomach-bypass calves, A and B, appeared unthrifty and often had bloat, while the surgically unaltered calves, C and D, appeared healthy. Body weights of the calves at termination were A, 122 kg; B, 146 kg; C, 343 kg; D, 272 kg. During the last several months of life feed consumption of the forestomach-bypass calves was very poor. Arteriosclerotic lesions were noted in the forestomach-bypass calves, A and B, but not in the surgically unaltered calves, C and D, with the exception of an arterioseIerotic lesion in the pulmonary artery of Calf D. Irregular outlines of raised whitish material were seen on the endocardial surface of the left atrial and ventricular walls of Calf A. Calf B showed similar but more extensive lesions. Atrial lesions were seen. Prominent and rough plaques were seen on the medial and lateral walls of the left ventricle from the aortic valve to the apex. Plaques also occurred in the pulmonary arteries (Fig. 1). The myocardium was irregularly mottled. I n addition to arteriosclerosis, numerous gross pathologic changes were seen in the forestomach-bypass calves. The digestive tract in both animals was atonic, displayed little muscular development, and contained gravel, sawdust, and large amounts of gas and some hairballs. The ruminal and omasal mucosa of Calf A was yellow and easily peeled away and the abomasal mucosa was inflamed. These changes were absent in Calf B; however, the duodenum revealed inflammation of mueosal and serosal surfaces. The gall bladder in both calves was greatly distended, with pale yellow bile. The lungs from Calf A appeared mottled on the surface and areas of atelectasis were present. The lungs from Calf B displayed patchy reddening and small fibrotie nodules about 3 mm in diameter. On gross examination the adrenal glands from Calf A had pin-point red areas J. DAIRY SCIEI~'OE ~rOL. 52, NO. 2
274
JOURNAL
OF
in the cortices, and the medulla had a spongy appearance. The adrenal nledulla of Calf B contained small nodules. The kidneys of all calves displayed prominent cortical striations on cut surface. Mesenterie lymph nodes were enlarged twofold in Calf A and the spleen had an abundance of white pulp. The spleen hi Calf B was enlarged, lacked white pulp, and had a wrinkled surface. The skeletal muscles in Calves A and B were pale and flabby. Tissue samples taken at necropsy were fixed in 10% formalin. Prior to dehydration, tissues were cut into 3- to 4-ram-thick slices and placed in Zenker's fixative for 2 to 3 hours. Paraffin sections, cut at 5 t~, were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Yon Kossa's stain for calcium salts was also used (2). The histopathology of selected lesions was studied. The atrial endocardium from both forestomach-bypass calves, A and B, showed raised ridge-like areas with evaginations that contained strongly basophilic whorls of cellular debris. I n some areas the outer endoeardial
DAIRY
SCIENCE
layer was absent and only a few fibrobla~ts remained. Calcification of some elastic endocardial fibers occurred. The atrial myocardium showed disruption of normal structure. Some cardiac muscle fibers stained very faintly eosinophilic and displayed nuclear pyknosis and fragmentation. Other fibers stained basophilic and appeared calcified. Sarcolemmae without nuclei or sarcoplasm were also present. Considerable space existed between the muscle fibers, indicating edema. The pulmonary arteries from Calves B and D had calcified elastic fibers (Fig. 2) and necrosis of medial smooth muscle fibers. Raised calcified areas containing cellular debris were present. Use of yon Kossa's stain (2) confirmed the presence of calcification in the above tissues, ttistologic examination of the kidneys £rom all calves revealed scattered shrunken glomeruli, interstitial nephritis and fibrosis, granular casts in the convoluted tubules, and pyknotie nuclei in the tubular epithelium. The occurrence of spontaneous artcriosclero-
.... : :
::::::::::
, : ; : , : :/: : : ::
FIG. 1. Calf B. Hematoxylin and eosin stain, 150 X, showing plaque formation (arrows) involving subintimal elastic fibers of the pulmonary artery. J. DAIRYSOI~NCE VOL. 52, NO. 2
TECHNICAL
sis in cattle has been well established by several recent reports. Likar et al. (4) found gross aortic lesions in 53.5% of 200 healthy cows three to ten years old, whereas I~nieriem et al. (3) r e p o r t e d 20 lesions in the thoracic aortae of 14 dairy cows, with an average age of five years. I n another study the incidence a p p e a r s lower. Necropsy of 30 cattle in I o w a yielded no atherosclerotic plaques and only a few f a t t y streaks in the thoracic aorta of a ten-year-old cow (5). Bovine arteriosclerosis has also been seen in relatively y o u n g cattle with Johne's disease (1). Lesions occurred in the endocardiurn, aorta, and p u l m o n a r y and coronary arteries. Arteriosclerosis in our forestomach-bypass calves is significant, since reports of this disease in young calves are uncommon (1). A t present we are a t t e m p t i n g to dete~nine if these arteriosclerotic lesions are reproducible in forestomach-bypass calves.
NOTES
275
Acknowledgments The authors express their gratitude to Dr. W. E. Stewart, who performed the forestomach-bypass surgery and to Leon Nellenback and Ronald F. Miller for technical assistance. The financial assistance of the National Science Foundation Grant GB-5610 was appreciated. DONALD M. McKINSTRY, BERNARD SASS, JAMES L. CASON, and THOMAS F. ALBERT, Departments of Dairy Science and
Veterinary Science, and Livestock Sanitary Service, University of Maryland, College Park 1 Scientific Article no. A-1468. Contribution no. 4101 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Maryland. References (1) Alibasoglu, M., H. W. Dunne, and S. B. Guss. 1962. Naturally occurring arteriosclerosis in cattle infected with Johne's disease. Amer. J. Vet Res., 23:49. (2) Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 1960.
FIG. 2. Calf ]3. Von Kossa stain, 150 X, showing calcified elastic fibers (arrows) in the media of the pulmonary artery. ~', DAIRY SCIENCE -~OL. 52, NO. 2
276
J O U R N A L OF D A I R Y S C I E N C E
Manual of Histologic and Special Staining Technics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
(3) I
ASSOCIATION I~OIkDYCE tlLY 1898-1968 Dr. Fordyee Ely, 3440 Olentangy River Rd., Columbus, Ohio, passed away November 21 following a brief illness. Professor Ely was Chairman of the Dairy Science Department at The Ohio State University and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center from 1948 to his retirement in 1963. Fordyce Ely was born J a n u a r y 25, 1898, at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, and married Dikka IIillestad on August 11, 1923. He attended Central High School in St. Paul, Minnesota, and Dr. Fordyce ~ly entered the University of Minnesota in 1915 where he received the Bachelor of Science degree in 1919. After experience on dairy farms and as fieldman for the Twin Cities Milk Producers Association, he enrolled at Iowa State College where he received the Master of Science degree in 192]. From 1921 to 1928 he remained on the faculty at Iowa State College where he attained the rank of Associate Professor. I n 1928 he became Professor in charge of the Dairy Section at the University of Kentucky. On a leave of absence from the University of Kentucky, Fordyce Ely received the Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Minnesota in 1939, specializing in the physiology of milk secretion, l i e returned to the University of Kentucky and continued teaching and serving as head of the Dairy Section until joining the Ohio State faculty in 1948. From J a n u a r y 1, 1948, to his retirement in ~963 Dr. Ely served as Professor and Chairman of the Department of Dairy J. D A I R Y SCIENCE ~OL. 52~ NO. 2
lipids in the abdominal aorta in relation to bovine atherosclerosis. Arch. Pathol., 82 : 555. (5) Skold, B. H., N. L. Jacobson, and 1%. Getty. 1967. Spontaneous atherosclerosis of bovine. J-. Dairy Sci., 50: 1712. (6) Stewart, W. E., G. E. Henning, and J. H. Nicolai. 1966. Forestomach-bypass surgery procedure. J. Dairy Sci., 49: 1543.
AFFAIRS Science where his consecration and enthusiasm were immeasurably responsible for the development and reputation of the Department. He spoke frequently before Ohio dairy farmer audiences and coauthored numerous scientific papers. Professor Ely was widely known among the purebred dairy cattle breeders throughout the United States for his ability as a dairy cattle judge and a type classification inspector. I n his years of dedicated teaching a~d personal counseling, he touched the hearts of his students and stimulated them to establish goals worthy of their ability. Many distinguished graduates attribute their success directly to Dr. Ely's influence. I n 1966 Dr. Ely organized and conducted a six-week People to People tour of Russia and other European countries for a group of 40 Ohio dairy leaders. Dr. Ely's ability and accomplishments were recognized throughout his career. I n 1937 he was an official delegate to the World's Dairy Congress in Berlin and in 1946 he was elected President of the American Dairy Science Association. The University of Minnesota honored him in 1960 by selecting him as the recipient of the Outstanding Achievement Award. I n addition to his membership in the American Dairy Science Association, he was a member of the honor societies: Sigma Xi, Gamma Sigma Delta, Alpha Zeta and Gamma Alpha. Dr. Ely was a member of the Broad Street Presbyterian Church, the Dairy Shrine Club and the Ohio State University Faculty Club. I n addition to his widow, he is survived by a daughter, Mrs. Charles Wells and two grandsons, Mathew and Peter of Cleveland. Dr. Fordyce Ely was held in high regard by his fellow faculty members and the leaders of the dairy cattle industry throughout the United States. I-Iis contributions to dairying both within Ohio and elsewhere will long be appreciated and remembered.
pressed also to the following companies for contributing various products used in some of the experimental diets: Foremost Dairies, Inc., San Francisco, California, lactose; Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, hydrogenated vegetable oil; Nopco Chemical Company, Newark, New Jersey, methionlne and vitamin mix; a~ld
273
American Cyanamid Company, New York, New York, chlortctraeycline. Reference
(1) Colvin, B. M., and tI. A. l~amsey. 1968. Soy flour in milk replacer for young calves. J. Dairy Sci., 51: 898.
Arteriosclerosis in Forestomach-Bypass Calves I Abstract
The occurrence of arteriosclerosis in two forestomach-bypass calves (esophagealabomasal anastomosis) of 8.5 and 11 months of age is reported. Lesions were seen on the endocardial surfaces of the atrial and ventricular walls of the heart and in the pulmonary artery. Of two surgically unaltered calves, '11 months old, one displayed slight arter[dsclerotic changes, located in the pulmonary artery. All calves were fed commercial milk replacer as their only feed. The fore-stomach-bypass calves had poor appetites for several months before death. The surgically unaltered calves appeared healthy, whereas the forestomach-bypass calves were underweight and appeared unthrifty. Numerous degenerative lesions were found in various organs of the forestomach-bypass calves. The original work on this project dealt with techniques for esophageal-abomasal anastomosis (forestomach-bypass surgery) and the nutrient needs of forestomach-bypass calves. The occurrence of arteriosclerosis in young ruminants, as found in these calves, is uncommon (1). Elucidation of the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis in experimental animals may lead to an understanding of this disorder in man. New ways to produce this disease in animals are of importance. The occurrence of arteriosclerosis in forestomach-bypass calves under one year of age is reported. F o u r Holstein calves were examined at postmortem. Data pertinent to these animals are as follows: A, female, 8.5 months old; B, male, 11 months old; C, male, 11 months old; D, male, 11 months old. Calves C and D were euthanatized by injecting saturated magnesium sulfate solution into the jugular vein; Calves A and B died from a p p a r e n t toxemia and were examined within one to three hours after death, l%restomach-bypass surgery (esophageal-abomasal anastomosis) had been
performed on Calves A and B at three months and three weeks of age, respectively (6). All calves were given milk replacer beginning at about three days of age as their only feed. The forestomach-bypass calves, A and B, appeared unthrifty and often had bloat, while the surgically unaltered calves, C and D, appeared healthy. Body weights of the calves at termination were A, 122 kg; B, 146 kg; C, 343 kg; D, 272 kg. During the last several months of life feed consumption of the forestomach-bypass calves was very poor. Arteriosclerotic lesions were noted in the forestomach-bypass calves, A and B, but not in the surgically unaltered calves, C and D, with the exception of an arterioseIerotic lesion in the pulmonary artery of Calf D. Irregular outlines of raised whitish material were seen on the endocardial surface of the left atrial and ventricular walls of Calf A. Calf B showed similar but more extensive lesions. Atrial lesions were seen. Prominent and rough plaques were seen on the medial and lateral walls of the left ventricle from the aortic valve to the apex. Plaques also occurred in the pulmonary arteries (Fig. 1). The myocardium was irregularly mottled. I n addition to arteriosclerosis, numerous gross pathologic changes were seen in the forestomach-bypass calves. The digestive tract in both animals was atonic, displayed little muscular development, and contained gravel, sawdust, and large amounts of gas and some hairballs. The ruminal and omasal mucosa of Calf A was yellow and easily peeled away and the abomasal mucosa was inflamed. These changes were absent in Calf B; however, the duodenum revealed inflammation of mueosal and serosal surfaces. The gall bladder in both calves was greatly distended, with pale yellow bile. The lungs from Calf A appeared mottled on the surface and areas of atelectasis were present. The lungs from Calf B displayed patchy reddening and small fibrotie nodules about 3 mm in diameter. On gross examination the adrenal glands from Calf A had pin-point red areas J. DAIRY SCIEI~'OE ~rOL. 52, NO. 2
274
JOURNAL
OF
in the cortices, and the medulla had a spongy appearance. The adrenal nledulla of Calf B contained small nodules. The kidneys of all calves displayed prominent cortical striations on cut surface. Mesenterie lymph nodes were enlarged twofold in Calf A and the spleen had an abundance of white pulp. The spleen hi Calf B was enlarged, lacked white pulp, and had a wrinkled surface. The skeletal muscles in Calves A and B were pale and flabby. Tissue samples taken at necropsy were fixed in 10% formalin. Prior to dehydration, tissues were cut into 3- to 4-ram-thick slices and placed in Zenker's fixative for 2 to 3 hours. Paraffin sections, cut at 5 t~, were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Yon Kossa's stain for calcium salts was also used (2). The histopathology of selected lesions was studied. The atrial endocardium from both forestomach-bypass calves, A and B, showed raised ridge-like areas with evaginations that contained strongly basophilic whorls of cellular debris. I n some areas the outer endoeardial
DAIRY
SCIENCE
layer was absent and only a few fibrobla~ts remained. Calcification of some elastic endocardial fibers occurred. The atrial myocardium showed disruption of normal structure. Some cardiac muscle fibers stained very faintly eosinophilic and displayed nuclear pyknosis and fragmentation. Other fibers stained basophilic and appeared calcified. Sarcolemmae without nuclei or sarcoplasm were also present. Considerable space existed between the muscle fibers, indicating edema. The pulmonary arteries from Calves B and D had calcified elastic fibers (Fig. 2) and necrosis of medial smooth muscle fibers. Raised calcified areas containing cellular debris were present. Use of yon Kossa's stain (2) confirmed the presence of calcification in the above tissues, ttistologic examination of the kidneys £rom all calves revealed scattered shrunken glomeruli, interstitial nephritis and fibrosis, granular casts in the convoluted tubules, and pyknotie nuclei in the tubular epithelium. The occurrence of spontaneous artcriosclero-
.... : :
::::::::::
, : ; : , : :/: : : ::
FIG. 1. Calf B. Hematoxylin and eosin stain, 150 X, showing plaque formation (arrows) involving subintimal elastic fibers of the pulmonary artery. J. DAIRYSOI~NCE VOL. 52, NO. 2
TECHNICAL
sis in cattle has been well established by several recent reports. Likar et al. (4) found gross aortic lesions in 53.5% of 200 healthy cows three to ten years old, whereas I~nieriem et al. (3) r e p o r t e d 20 lesions in the thoracic aortae of 14 dairy cows, with an average age of five years. I n another study the incidence a p p e a r s lower. Necropsy of 30 cattle in I o w a yielded no atherosclerotic plaques and only a few f a t t y streaks in the thoracic aorta of a ten-year-old cow (5). Bovine arteriosclerosis has also been seen in relatively y o u n g cattle with Johne's disease (1). Lesions occurred in the endocardiurn, aorta, and p u l m o n a r y and coronary arteries. Arteriosclerosis in our forestomach-bypass calves is significant, since reports of this disease in young calves are uncommon (1). A t present we are a t t e m p t i n g to dete~nine if these arteriosclerotic lesions are reproducible in forestomach-bypass calves.
NOTES
275
Acknowledgments The authors express their gratitude to Dr. W. E. Stewart, who performed the forestomach-bypass surgery and to Leon Nellenback and Ronald F. Miller for technical assistance. The financial assistance of the National Science Foundation Grant GB-5610 was appreciated. DONALD M. McKINSTRY, BERNARD SASS, JAMES L. CASON, and THOMAS F. ALBERT, Departments of Dairy Science and
Veterinary Science, and Livestock Sanitary Service, University of Maryland, College Park 1 Scientific Article no. A-1468. Contribution no. 4101 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Maryland. References (1) Alibasoglu, M., H. W. Dunne, and S. B. Guss. 1962. Naturally occurring arteriosclerosis in cattle infected with Johne's disease. Amer. J. Vet Res., 23:49. (2) Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 1960.
FIG. 2. Calf ]3. Von Kossa stain, 150 X, showing calcified elastic fibers (arrows) in the media of the pulmonary artery. ~', DAIRY SCIENCE -~OL. 52, NO. 2
276
J O U R N A L OF D A I R Y S C I E N C E
Manual of Histologic and Special Staining Technics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
(3) I
ASSOCIATION I~OIkDYCE tlLY 1898-1968 Dr. Fordyee Ely, 3440 Olentangy River Rd., Columbus, Ohio, passed away November 21 following a brief illness. Professor Ely was Chairman of the Dairy Science Department at The Ohio State University and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center from 1948 to his retirement in 1963. Fordyce Ely was born J a n u a r y 25, 1898, at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, and married Dikka IIillestad on August 11, 1923. He attended Central High School in St. Paul, Minnesota, and Dr. Fordyce ~ly entered the University of Minnesota in 1915 where he received the Bachelor of Science degree in 1919. After experience on dairy farms and as fieldman for the Twin Cities Milk Producers Association, he enrolled at Iowa State College where he received the Master of Science degree in 192]. From 1921 to 1928 he remained on the faculty at Iowa State College where he attained the rank of Associate Professor. I n 1928 he became Professor in charge of the Dairy Section at the University of Kentucky. On a leave of absence from the University of Kentucky, Fordyce Ely received the Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Minnesota in 1939, specializing in the physiology of milk secretion, l i e returned to the University of Kentucky and continued teaching and serving as head of the Dairy Section until joining the Ohio State faculty in 1948. From J a n u a r y 1, 1948, to his retirement in ~963 Dr. Ely served as Professor and Chairman of the Department of Dairy J. D A I R Y SCIENCE ~OL. 52~ NO. 2
lipids in the abdominal aorta in relation to bovine atherosclerosis. Arch. Pathol., 82 : 555. (5) Skold, B. H., N. L. Jacobson, and 1%. Getty. 1967. Spontaneous atherosclerosis of bovine. J-. Dairy Sci., 50: 1712. (6) Stewart, W. E., G. E. Henning, and J. H. Nicolai. 1966. Forestomach-bypass surgery procedure. J. Dairy Sci., 49: 1543.
AFFAIRS Science where his consecration and enthusiasm were immeasurably responsible for the development and reputation of the Department. He spoke frequently before Ohio dairy farmer audiences and coauthored numerous scientific papers. Professor Ely was widely known among the purebred dairy cattle breeders throughout the United States for his ability as a dairy cattle judge and a type classification inspector. I n his years of dedicated teaching a~d personal counseling, he touched the hearts of his students and stimulated them to establish goals worthy of their ability. Many distinguished graduates attribute their success directly to Dr. Ely's influence. I n 1966 Dr. Ely organized and conducted a six-week People to People tour of Russia and other European countries for a group of 40 Ohio dairy leaders. Dr. Ely's ability and accomplishments were recognized throughout his career. I n 1937 he was an official delegate to the World's Dairy Congress in Berlin and in 1946 he was elected President of the American Dairy Science Association. The University of Minnesota honored him in 1960 by selecting him as the recipient of the Outstanding Achievement Award. I n addition to his membership in the American Dairy Science Association, he was a member of the honor societies: Sigma Xi, Gamma Sigma Delta, Alpha Zeta and Gamma Alpha. Dr. Ely was a member of the Broad Street Presbyterian Church, the Dairy Shrine Club and the Ohio State University Faculty Club. I n addition to his widow, he is survived by a daughter, Mrs. Charles Wells and two grandsons, Mathew and Peter of Cleveland. Dr. Fordyce Ely was held in high regard by his fellow faculty members and the leaders of the dairy cattle industry throughout the United States. I-Iis contributions to dairying both within Ohio and elsewhere will long be appreciated and remembered.