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ARTIFICIAL COFFEE BERRIES.
1284 M. Jammes gives, however, minute details to facilitate the detection of this fraud. The slit in the false berry is neither so long nor so deep as in the real berry. The colour is well false so smooth; it is but the feel imitated, berry does not also much harder, cannot be so readily broken with the teeth, and is often hollow inside. A real coffee berry can be easily broken by introducing the nail in the slit, while the false coffee will resist very hard pressure. The false coffee has a somewhat faint and nauseating taste. It seems to be composed of vegetable glands and the flour of some cereal. A pagte is made with some such mixture, placed in a mould, and torrified. The fraud is therefore absolute ; the berry does not contain even the smallest percentage of coffee. It is to be hoped that these revelations will put an end to this fraudulent trade, otherwise the French will soon lose the reputation they have so justly won of being the best coffee-makers in the world.
sisting of a proliferation of the epithelium of irregular distribution giving the inner surface of theorgana papillary instead of a smooth appearance, psorosperms being found in the epithelial urinary casts in their two principal forms-that is to say, rounded bodies and spore-bearing cysts ; this peculiar affection he styled "vesicular psorospermosis," and compared it with vesical epithelioma containing psorosperms. Although the cultivation of these bodies has only been very imperfectly carried out, and no inoculation experiments have been made, Dr. Albarran considers that when we follow the change from Paget’s disease to true epithelioma, and compare vesical psorospermosis in the human subject and the disease molluscum contagiosum of birds, which is admittedly of psorospermic origin, with epithelioma containing psorosperms, there is a good deal of reason for regarding these organisms as the probable cause of cancer. He goes on to give fsome directions for finding them, which it is not always an easy task, as they do not readily take a distinct stain. If very small portions be hardened in osmic acid and alcohol, and the sections stained with
THE VENTILATION OF CHURCHES.
carmine combined with alum or with Ranvier’s picrocarmine, the psoroperms will be of a greenish yellow, which is distinguishable from the rose colour of the surrounding tissue. A search should be made with a power of 100 to 150 diameters in the epithelial masses for rounded cells, badly stained, larger and more refracting than the rest. These should then be examined with a power of 400 or 500 for the detailed structure-its intra-cellular encysted state, its rounded or elongated form, and the granulations of its protoplasm. Sometimes the membrane of the cyst can be seen to have a double contour, and between it and the retracted protoplasm a clear space can be detected. Sometimes also larger cysts may be seen containing a considerable number of spores in the form of elongated corpuscles. It is needless to say that the author of the paper referred to entirely disputes the claim of Scheuerlen’s bacillus to be the cause of cancer.
NOWHERE have the problems of ventilation been found to be more difficult of solution than in large public buildings. We might say in regard to many if not most of these that in this particular matter bad is the best result that has been attained. It must also be admitted that the state of churches generally proves the rule above stated, but not by way of exception. We may well ask, Why is this ? Sur. rounded with spacious windows, furnished with ventilating panes, with several doors, and with a high and arched roof, why is it that their atmosphere during times of worship is so often offensively close ? In different cases we should pro. bably find different structural deficiencies contributing to this result, with, however, the same consequence in all-defective aeration. One, if not the principal, fault in construction in many of the older buildings is the want of outlets, or of a sutlicient number of them. Such openings as do exist are better fitted to act as inlets than as exits. In buildings thus constructed a change for the better would be most the formation of two
inaugurated by large ITALIAN HONOURS TO GERMAN PHYSICIANS. fittingly roof outlets with revolving cowls. The allotment of floor AN Italian correspondent writes :-" At the meeting c space is also an important consideration. This, however, is or more
the Accademia Medica di Roma on the 7th inst. the PrE as a rule contrived with a reasonable regard for health coneident, Professor Guido Baccelli, forwarded to Dr. Koch th siderations. It is only in the event of overcrowding that following telegram, which had been voted with acclams all individual rights are overwhelmed in the common crush, tion :-‘ The Royal Medical Academy of Rome sends to it and wholesome breathing air becomes more scarce than illustrious Honorary Fellow, Robert Koch, its tribute < standing room. The gallery system, also, if adopted on applause and admiration for his profoundly scientific an any considerable scale, is open to adverse criticism. By humanitarian discovery.’ At the same meeting the Royal accommodating more sitters it necessarily increases what Medical Academy, again at the instance of its Presiden we may call the breathing surface, while at the same time seconded by the acclamation of the assembled associate it lessens the available air space. If constructed at all, the set aside ad hoc its formal regulations to nominate Rudo f gallery ought to be of the lightest description compatible ’Virchow aSocio d’Onore ’(Honorary Fellow), and resolv{ 1 with due stability. The correction of the evils we have to contribute 500 lire (£20) to the fund for the gold meda 1 thus briefly touched upon, and especially the formation of which is to be struck for thismaestro dei maestri’ (mast< r roof outlets to promote the escape of heated and impure of masters) on the approaching completion of his seventiei air, will go far to obviate such occurrences as that of ladies year." fainting in church, which under present conditions is only ’
-
ARTIFICIAL COFFEE BERRIES. THE art of adulteration has made further progress. Many persons buy coffee whole, thinking that by grinding the
too
common. ___
LEPROSY IN COLOMBIA. AN interesting report has been presented to the Central It is Board of Hygiene of Colombia on the subject of the distribu-
berries themselves they avoid all risk of adulteration. so ea?y to mix with ground coffee chicory or other less inoffensive ingredients. M. Ludovic Jammes, inspector, reports, however, in the last issue of the Revue d’Hygiène, that a number of commercial travellers are offering retail grocers coffee berries at a price which yields 60 to 100 per cent. more than the usual profit. Good coffee is at present very and when the tradesman dear, expresses his surprise, the commercial travellers, so as to cover their legal responsibility, explain that the berries are artificially manu factured; and to avoid detection should be mixed with real coffee.
tion of leprosy in the Republic. The Board of Hygiene some time ago issued a circular to the authorities of the towns in the State to the number of 920, requesting to be informed of the number of inhabitants affected with leprosy. Only 122 of their circulars were answered, but these revealed the existence of more than 1700 lepers. There appears to be little doubt that the disease is spreading somewhat rapidly. In one province, that of Santander, there are more lepers in twenty-six towns than in the remaining ninety-six in other provinces from which returns were made. An important
sisting of a proliferation of the epithelium of irregular distribution giving the inner surface of theorgana papillary instead of a smooth appearance, psorosperms being found in the epithelial urinary casts in their two principal forms-that is to say, rounded bodies and spore-bearing cysts ; this peculiar affection he styled "vesicular psorospermosis," and compared it with vesical epithelioma containing psorosperms. Although the cultivation of these bodies has only been very imperfectly carried out, and no inoculation experiments have been made, Dr. Albarran considers that when we follow the change from Paget’s disease to true epithelioma, and compare vesical psorospermosis in the human subject and the disease molluscum contagiosum of birds, which is admittedly of psorospermic origin, with epithelioma containing psorosperms, there is a good deal of reason for regarding these organisms as the probable cause of cancer. He goes on to give fsome directions for finding them, which it is not always an easy task, as they do not readily take a distinct stain. If very small portions be hardened in osmic acid and alcohol, and the sections stained with
THE VENTILATION OF CHURCHES.
carmine combined with alum or with Ranvier’s picrocarmine, the psoroperms will be of a greenish yellow, which is distinguishable from the rose colour of the surrounding tissue. A search should be made with a power of 100 to 150 diameters in the epithelial masses for rounded cells, badly stained, larger and more refracting than the rest. These should then be examined with a power of 400 or 500 for the detailed structure-its intra-cellular encysted state, its rounded or elongated form, and the granulations of its protoplasm. Sometimes the membrane of the cyst can be seen to have a double contour, and between it and the retracted protoplasm a clear space can be detected. Sometimes also larger cysts may be seen containing a considerable number of spores in the form of elongated corpuscles. It is needless to say that the author of the paper referred to entirely disputes the claim of Scheuerlen’s bacillus to be the cause of cancer.
NOWHERE have the problems of ventilation been found to be more difficult of solution than in large public buildings. We might say in regard to many if not most of these that in this particular matter bad is the best result that has been attained. It must also be admitted that the state of churches generally proves the rule above stated, but not by way of exception. We may well ask, Why is this ? Sur. rounded with spacious windows, furnished with ventilating panes, with several doors, and with a high and arched roof, why is it that their atmosphere during times of worship is so often offensively close ? In different cases we should pro. bably find different structural deficiencies contributing to this result, with, however, the same consequence in all-defective aeration. One, if not the principal, fault in construction in many of the older buildings is the want of outlets, or of a sutlicient number of them. Such openings as do exist are better fitted to act as inlets than as exits. In buildings thus constructed a change for the better would be most the formation of two
inaugurated by large ITALIAN HONOURS TO GERMAN PHYSICIANS. fittingly roof outlets with revolving cowls. The allotment of floor AN Italian correspondent writes :-" At the meeting c space is also an important consideration. This, however, is or more
the Accademia Medica di Roma on the 7th inst. the PrE as a rule contrived with a reasonable regard for health coneident, Professor Guido Baccelli, forwarded to Dr. Koch th siderations. It is only in the event of overcrowding that following telegram, which had been voted with acclams all individual rights are overwhelmed in the common crush, tion :-‘ The Royal Medical Academy of Rome sends to it and wholesome breathing air becomes more scarce than illustrious Honorary Fellow, Robert Koch, its tribute < standing room. The gallery system, also, if adopted on applause and admiration for his profoundly scientific an any considerable scale, is open to adverse criticism. By humanitarian discovery.’ At the same meeting the Royal accommodating more sitters it necessarily increases what Medical Academy, again at the instance of its Presiden we may call the breathing surface, while at the same time seconded by the acclamation of the assembled associate it lessens the available air space. If constructed at all, the set aside ad hoc its formal regulations to nominate Rudo f gallery ought to be of the lightest description compatible ’Virchow aSocio d’Onore ’(Honorary Fellow), and resolv{ 1 with due stability. The correction of the evils we have to contribute 500 lire (£20) to the fund for the gold meda 1 thus briefly touched upon, and especially the formation of which is to be struck for thismaestro dei maestri’ (mast< r roof outlets to promote the escape of heated and impure of masters) on the approaching completion of his seventiei air, will go far to obviate such occurrences as that of ladies year." fainting in church, which under present conditions is only ’
-
ARTIFICIAL COFFEE BERRIES. THE art of adulteration has made further progress. Many persons buy coffee whole, thinking that by grinding the
too
common. ___
LEPROSY IN COLOMBIA. AN interesting report has been presented to the Central It is Board of Hygiene of Colombia on the subject of the distribu-
berries themselves they avoid all risk of adulteration. so ea?y to mix with ground coffee chicory or other less inoffensive ingredients. M. Ludovic Jammes, inspector, reports, however, in the last issue of the Revue d’Hygiène, that a number of commercial travellers are offering retail grocers coffee berries at a price which yields 60 to 100 per cent. more than the usual profit. Good coffee is at present very and when the tradesman dear, expresses his surprise, the commercial travellers, so as to cover their legal responsibility, explain that the berries are artificially manu factured; and to avoid detection should be mixed with real coffee.
tion of leprosy in the Republic. The Board of Hygiene some time ago issued a circular to the authorities of the towns in the State to the number of 920, requesting to be informed of the number of inhabitants affected with leprosy. Only 122 of their circulars were answered, but these revealed the existence of more than 1700 lepers. There appears to be little doubt that the disease is spreading somewhat rapidly. In one province, that of Santander, there are more lepers in twenty-six towns than in the remaining ninety-six in other provinces from which returns were made. An important