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Artificial graphite
Aug., ‘903. I
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Covzwze?zts.
141
to furnaces or tubes have been necessary after seven months. There is a considerable difference in the price of oil, depending on the distance it has to be carried, and while the price may be prohibitive where the distance is great, the fact remains that oil is largkly superseding coal as a fuel, and when the economy of operation where oil is used has been continued for a sufficiently long time to have the results studied and diffused, there is no question but that oil will be still more generally used as a fuel.
ELECTRICITY
ON THE
ELEVATED
RAILWAYS
OF NEW
YORK.
The substitution of electricity for steam upon the elevated railways of New York has proved a great success, not only in the direction of economy but in accelerating the speed, which on a railway of the kind in question is a matter of the greatest importance. The .Scie@/ic American asserts that the electrical horse-power employed amounts to 45,000, which is far above the average steam-power in use formerly. The average speed is not only increased, but more cars can be hauled by 25 per cent. and the average number of passengers carried daily is 800,000. The greatest tractive effort exerted upon a train is now 20,000 pounds, where the motors are distributed throughout the train, each car being available for adhesion; but when locomotives were employed the utmost traction on the draw bar was only 7,000 pounds. The service has been so improved that the time between terminals has b&en reduced 25 per cent., so that with the same headway it is possibIe to ruu 25 per cent. more In the matter of cleaner service, absence trains than with the steam service. of noise, abolishment of dripping oil and hot water, there is no comparison between the steam and the electric systems. ,
ARTIFICIAL
GRAPHITE.
The manufacture of artificial graphite has assumed a very prominent position in the graphite industry in recent years, the production in 1902 amounting to 2,358,828 pounds, as compared with 2,500,ooo in 1901 and 860,750 pounds in 1900. The. production of both the crystalline and amorphous variety has been steadily developed by the sole producers, the International Acheson Graphite Company, at Niagara Falls, N. Y., who began their operations in 1897 with a product of 162,382 pounds. The decrease in unit value of the total production from S cents per pound in 1899 and 1930 to 4.75 cents per pound in 1931 and 4.69 cents per pound in 1902 was largely due to the increased proportion of the amorphous variety produced. The output of 1902 consisted of 885,59r pounds of graphitized electrodes and 1,475,237 pounds of artificial graphite in the granular or powdered form. The electrodes were used in electrolytic processes for the production of caustic soda and of chlorine and metals in
Notes
‘42
ad
Conzvzeilts.
1J. F. 1..
chloride solution; also in electro-metallurgical processes, such as the production of calcium carbide, the electric smelting of copper and iron ores and the manufacture of various iron alloys. The artificial graphite in the form of grains and powders was used chiefly in the manufacture of paint, dry batteries and commutator brushes, although a considerable quantity was used in the manufacture of lubricants, in electroplating work, and in certain chemical: processes requiring a carbon of exceptional purity.--/ran (3gc. MACARONI
WHEAT.
The success of macaroni wheat in this country is a matter of great importance to grain growers. It has been demonstrated that not only is the yield greater than common wheat, but it brings a much higher price and thrives in localities where ordinary wheat fails or gives but a scant yield. In South Dakota, where the experiments were carried on, from 60 to 120 per cent. more macaroni wheat was grown than that giveu by the blue stem or Fife wheat, and where 150,000 acres were sown with it last year, 300,oco are under cultivation this year. Last year was an unfavorable one for this variety, much of the crop being injured by rain and sleet. In spite of this the yield was so per cent. greater than the regular crop. Macaroni mills abound in Minnesota, Dakota, Pennsylvania, and New York. To keep them going, thousands of bushels of macaroni wheat were imported; even with this they were compelled to use bread wheat to some extent, which results in a lower grade of goods. This high-grade wheat makes far better and more palatable bread than that generally used, so it will be in demand for that class of work. It is stated by Professor Carleton, the macaroni expert in this country, that the wheat crop can he increased 50,000,000 bushels readily by more attention to the subject.-1von Age. LARGEST
BLOWN
GLASS
BOTTLES.
On May 9th the largest glass bottles ever blown were made at the plant of the Illinois Glass Company for exhibition at the World’s Fair. The capacity of each bottle is 45 gallons. It was not until after many unsuccessful attempts that the bottles were made. Four perfect bottles were produced. Each stands near 6 feet high and measures about 16 inches across the bottom. The men who blew the bottles each supplied about II,OOO cubic inches of air. --Iron Age. SALAMANDERITE-A
NEW
PRODUCT
FROM
ASBESTOS.
One of the latest of the asbestos discoveries has received the name of “ Salamanderite.” Besides being thoroughly fire-proof, it can be made to duplicate any decorative effect obtainable by the finest cabinet work in the costliest woods, or by tiling, and at a small percentage of the cost of the genIt may be finished in exact facsimile of quartered oak, mahoguine article. any, maple or any fancy cabinet woods, either plain or in the finest marquetry or bas-relief effects, indistinguishable from the most costly work, so says a recent prospectus. Its value for churches, theatres, steamships, residences and other structures is obvious.--Iroft Age.
AJotes ad
Covzwze?zts.
141
to furnaces or tubes have been necessary after seven months. There is a considerable difference in the price of oil, depending on the distance it has to be carried, and while the price may be prohibitive where the distance is great, the fact remains that oil is largkly superseding coal as a fuel, and when the economy of operation where oil is used has been continued for a sufficiently long time to have the results studied and diffused, there is no question but that oil will be still more generally used as a fuel.
ELECTRICITY
ON THE
ELEVATED
RAILWAYS
OF NEW
YORK.
The substitution of electricity for steam upon the elevated railways of New York has proved a great success, not only in the direction of economy but in accelerating the speed, which on a railway of the kind in question is a matter of the greatest importance. The .Scie@/ic American asserts that the electrical horse-power employed amounts to 45,000, which is far above the average steam-power in use formerly. The average speed is not only increased, but more cars can be hauled by 25 per cent. and the average number of passengers carried daily is 800,000. The greatest tractive effort exerted upon a train is now 20,000 pounds, where the motors are distributed throughout the train, each car being available for adhesion; but when locomotives were employed the utmost traction on the draw bar was only 7,000 pounds. The service has been so improved that the time between terminals has b&en reduced 25 per cent., so that with the same headway it is possibIe to ruu 25 per cent. more In the matter of cleaner service, absence trains than with the steam service. of noise, abolishment of dripping oil and hot water, there is no comparison between the steam and the electric systems. ,
ARTIFICIAL
GRAPHITE.
The manufacture of artificial graphite has assumed a very prominent position in the graphite industry in recent years, the production in 1902 amounting to 2,358,828 pounds, as compared with 2,500,ooo in 1901 and 860,750 pounds in 1900. The. production of both the crystalline and amorphous variety has been steadily developed by the sole producers, the International Acheson Graphite Company, at Niagara Falls, N. Y., who began their operations in 1897 with a product of 162,382 pounds. The decrease in unit value of the total production from S cents per pound in 1899 and 1930 to 4.75 cents per pound in 1931 and 4.69 cents per pound in 1902 was largely due to the increased proportion of the amorphous variety produced. The output of 1902 consisted of 885,59r pounds of graphitized electrodes and 1,475,237 pounds of artificial graphite in the granular or powdered form. The electrodes were used in electrolytic processes for the production of caustic soda and of chlorine and metals in
Notes
‘42
ad
Conzvzeilts.
1J. F. 1..
chloride solution; also in electro-metallurgical processes, such as the production of calcium carbide, the electric smelting of copper and iron ores and the manufacture of various iron alloys. The artificial graphite in the form of grains and powders was used chiefly in the manufacture of paint, dry batteries and commutator brushes, although a considerable quantity was used in the manufacture of lubricants, in electroplating work, and in certain chemical: processes requiring a carbon of exceptional purity.--/ran (3gc. MACARONI
WHEAT.
The success of macaroni wheat in this country is a matter of great importance to grain growers. It has been demonstrated that not only is the yield greater than common wheat, but it brings a much higher price and thrives in localities where ordinary wheat fails or gives but a scant yield. In South Dakota, where the experiments were carried on, from 60 to 120 per cent. more macaroni wheat was grown than that giveu by the blue stem or Fife wheat, and where 150,000 acres were sown with it last year, 300,oco are under cultivation this year. Last year was an unfavorable one for this variety, much of the crop being injured by rain and sleet. In spite of this the yield was so per cent. greater than the regular crop. Macaroni mills abound in Minnesota, Dakota, Pennsylvania, and New York. To keep them going, thousands of bushels of macaroni wheat were imported; even with this they were compelled to use bread wheat to some extent, which results in a lower grade of goods. This high-grade wheat makes far better and more palatable bread than that generally used, so it will be in demand for that class of work. It is stated by Professor Carleton, the macaroni expert in this country, that the wheat crop can he increased 50,000,000 bushels readily by more attention to the subject.-1von Age. LARGEST
BLOWN
GLASS
BOTTLES.
On May 9th the largest glass bottles ever blown were made at the plant of the Illinois Glass Company for exhibition at the World’s Fair. The capacity of each bottle is 45 gallons. It was not until after many unsuccessful attempts that the bottles were made. Four perfect bottles were produced. Each stands near 6 feet high and measures about 16 inches across the bottom. The men who blew the bottles each supplied about II,OOO cubic inches of air. --Iron Age. SALAMANDERITE-A
NEW
PRODUCT
FROM
ASBESTOS.
One of the latest of the asbestos discoveries has received the name of “ Salamanderite.” Besides being thoroughly fire-proof, it can be made to duplicate any decorative effect obtainable by the finest cabinet work in the costliest woods, or by tiling, and at a small percentage of the cost of the genIt may be finished in exact facsimile of quartered oak, mahoguine article. any, maple or any fancy cabinet woods, either plain or in the finest marquetry or bas-relief effects, indistinguishable from the most costly work, so says a recent prospectus. Its value for churches, theatres, steamships, residences and other structures is obvious.--Iroft Age.