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Artificial manipulation of human motor memories using noninvasive brain stimulation
Abstracts / Brain Stimulation 8 (2015) 395e411
hand, showed that there was a significant elongation in sleep latency with disappearance of SOREMP in one patient. Conclusion: The effects of DBS on non-motor symptoms of PD still need to be proven. We believe that our study will provide substantial contributions to the literature as the participants completing the study will reach a satisfactory number.
311 HF-rTMS treatment ameliorates acute cuprizone- induced demyelination and behavioral deficits Shufang Feng a, Huaning Wang a, Adilijiang Abulimiti a, Kelly Hartle b, Yanbo Zhang c, Junhui Wang b, Qiangrong Tan a, Xin-Min Li b a Fourth Military Medical University, China b University of Alberta, Canada c University of Saskatchewan, Canada Schizophrenia is a complex and severe chronic brain disorder resulting in impaired social function and disruption of the perception of reality. Recent research found that using rTMS as a tool for the treatment of schizophrenia was effective in reducing auditory hallucinations, negative symptoms and working memory problems. The exact mechanism of rTMS remains unclear. Studies have reported abnormalities in the white matter of schizophrenic brains, suggesting the involvement of OL/myelin in the etiopathology of schizophrenia. Indirect evidence suggests rTMS treatment might influence the OL/myelin in brain; no direct research has reported direct effects of rTMS on OL/myelin in schizophrenia. To address this issue, we used animal models of “acute demyelination” and “chronic demyelination” by administration of CPZ. High frequency rTMS (HF-rTMS) was used to treat animals after CPZ exposure began. Behavioral tests, histological staining and western blotting were used to evaluate the efficacy of HF-rTMS. HF-rTMS was found to reverse CPZ-induced behavioral alterations in acute but not chronic demyelination. In acute demyelination, HF-rTMS alleviated CPZ-induced brain demyelination, increased oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in demyelinated sites and decreased astrogliosis in hippocampus. HF-rTMS had no effect on the accumulation of activated microglia in demyelinated sites.
312 Artificial manipulation of human motor memories using noninvasive brain stimulation Daichi Nozaki a,*, Atsushi Yokoi b, Takahiro Kimura c, Masaya Hirashima d, Jean-Jacques Orban de-Xivry e a Grad Edu, Univ Tokyo, Japan b ICN, UCL, UK c Res Inst, Kochi Univ Tech, Japan d CiNet, NICT, Japan e ICTEAM and IoNS, Univ catholique Louvain, Belgium *E-mail: [email protected]. Appropriate context enables the formation and retrieval of distinct motor memories in situations where, in the absence of contextual information, interference prevents their formation (Nozaki et al., Nat Neurosci 2006). Considering the significant role of primary motor cortex (M1) for creating motor memories (Kadota et al., JNS 2014), we hypothesized that different states of M1 are associated with different contexts, which yields the ability of forming context-dependent motor memories. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating the states of M1 using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Participants performed 12 blocks of 18 reaching movements during which their hand was perturbed by a velocity-dependent force-field (training period). From one block to another, the forcefield alternated between rightward and leftward directions. Critically, the tDCS polarity (i.e. the context, 2mA, bi-hemispheric
407
montage) changed congruently with the force-field direction. That is, anodal and cathodal tDCS of the left M1 were always associated with the rightward and leftward force-fields, respectively. After the training period, we found that, in no perturbation trials, reinstating the context (i.e. tDCS polarity) induced the retrieval of the motor memory. That is, participants behaved under anodal and cathodal stimulation as if respectively rightward and leftward force-fields were present. However, when the tDCS was provided only for the training or test period, this effect diminished. These results support our hypothesis that different M1 states created by tDCS act as a context for the formation and retrieval of distinct motor memories. Furthermore, this is the first demonstration that the human motor memories can be artificially manipulated. This use of the tDCS in order to tag motor memories fully departs from its conventional use, which is usually restricted to the modulation of motor performance, rehabilitation outcome, memory function etc. Therefore, the present study opens up new avenues for the application of tDCS in neuroscience research.
313 Anti-depressive mechanism of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in rat: The role of the endocannabinoid system Zheng-wu Peng , Hua-ning Wang , Rui-guo Zhang , Yun-chun Chen , Qingrong Tan Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to treat depression has been thoroughly investigated in recent years. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) paradigm was applied to male Sprague Dawley rats. Then rTMS was performed for 7 consecutive days, and the anti-depressive effects were evaluated by the sucrose preference test (SPT), the forced swimming test (FST), and the open-field test (OFT). Hippocampal cannabinoid type I receptor (CB1) expression was measured, and the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Bcl-2, and Bax and the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)positive cells were also investigated. These parameters were also observed after the selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 was used as a blocking agent. The results showed that CUMS induced a significant decrease in sucrose preference, a significant increase in immobility time in the FST, and a significantly decreased horizontal distance in the OFT. In addition, reduced hippocampal CB1 receptor, BDNF, and Bcl-2/Bax protein expression levels in CUMS rats, as well as decreased cell proliferation were also observed in the dentate gyrus. Meanwhile, rTMS treatment up-regulated cell proliferation; elevated CB1 receptor, BDNF, and Bcl-2/Bax expression levels in the hippocampus; and ameliorated depressive-like behaviors. All of these beneficial effects were abolished by AM251. These results indicate that rTMS increases BDNF production and hippocampal cell proliferation to protect against CUMS-induced changes through its effect on CB1 receptors.
314 A Model of TMS-induced I-waves in Motor Cortex C. Rusu a, M. Murakami b, U. Ziemann c, J. Triesch b,* a Babes-Bolyai University, Romania b Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Germany c Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany *E-mail: triesch@fias.uni-frankfurt.de. The use of Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is intensively explored in both clinical and basic research settings. However, the details of how TMS induces neural activity patterns in cortical circuits remain poorly understood. In a standard TMS paradigm,
hand, showed that there was a significant elongation in sleep latency with disappearance of SOREMP in one patient. Conclusion: The effects of DBS on non-motor symptoms of PD still need to be proven. We believe that our study will provide substantial contributions to the literature as the participants completing the study will reach a satisfactory number.
311 HF-rTMS treatment ameliorates acute cuprizone- induced demyelination and behavioral deficits Shufang Feng a, Huaning Wang a, Adilijiang Abulimiti a, Kelly Hartle b, Yanbo Zhang c, Junhui Wang b, Qiangrong Tan a, Xin-Min Li b a Fourth Military Medical University, China b University of Alberta, Canada c University of Saskatchewan, Canada Schizophrenia is a complex and severe chronic brain disorder resulting in impaired social function and disruption of the perception of reality. Recent research found that using rTMS as a tool for the treatment of schizophrenia was effective in reducing auditory hallucinations, negative symptoms and working memory problems. The exact mechanism of rTMS remains unclear. Studies have reported abnormalities in the white matter of schizophrenic brains, suggesting the involvement of OL/myelin in the etiopathology of schizophrenia. Indirect evidence suggests rTMS treatment might influence the OL/myelin in brain; no direct research has reported direct effects of rTMS on OL/myelin in schizophrenia. To address this issue, we used animal models of “acute demyelination” and “chronic demyelination” by administration of CPZ. High frequency rTMS (HF-rTMS) was used to treat animals after CPZ exposure began. Behavioral tests, histological staining and western blotting were used to evaluate the efficacy of HF-rTMS. HF-rTMS was found to reverse CPZ-induced behavioral alterations in acute but not chronic demyelination. In acute demyelination, HF-rTMS alleviated CPZ-induced brain demyelination, increased oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in demyelinated sites and decreased astrogliosis in hippocampus. HF-rTMS had no effect on the accumulation of activated microglia in demyelinated sites.
312 Artificial manipulation of human motor memories using noninvasive brain stimulation Daichi Nozaki a,*, Atsushi Yokoi b, Takahiro Kimura c, Masaya Hirashima d, Jean-Jacques Orban de-Xivry e a Grad Edu, Univ Tokyo, Japan b ICN, UCL, UK c Res Inst, Kochi Univ Tech, Japan d CiNet, NICT, Japan e ICTEAM and IoNS, Univ catholique Louvain, Belgium *E-mail: [email protected]. Appropriate context enables the formation and retrieval of distinct motor memories in situations where, in the absence of contextual information, interference prevents their formation (Nozaki et al., Nat Neurosci 2006). Considering the significant role of primary motor cortex (M1) for creating motor memories (Kadota et al., JNS 2014), we hypothesized that different states of M1 are associated with different contexts, which yields the ability of forming context-dependent motor memories. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating the states of M1 using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Participants performed 12 blocks of 18 reaching movements during which their hand was perturbed by a velocity-dependent force-field (training period). From one block to another, the forcefield alternated between rightward and leftward directions. Critically, the tDCS polarity (i.e. the context, 2mA, bi-hemispheric
407
montage) changed congruently with the force-field direction. That is, anodal and cathodal tDCS of the left M1 were always associated with the rightward and leftward force-fields, respectively. After the training period, we found that, in no perturbation trials, reinstating the context (i.e. tDCS polarity) induced the retrieval of the motor memory. That is, participants behaved under anodal and cathodal stimulation as if respectively rightward and leftward force-fields were present. However, when the tDCS was provided only for the training or test period, this effect diminished. These results support our hypothesis that different M1 states created by tDCS act as a context for the formation and retrieval of distinct motor memories. Furthermore, this is the first demonstration that the human motor memories can be artificially manipulated. This use of the tDCS in order to tag motor memories fully departs from its conventional use, which is usually restricted to the modulation of motor performance, rehabilitation outcome, memory function etc. Therefore, the present study opens up new avenues for the application of tDCS in neuroscience research.
313 Anti-depressive mechanism of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in rat: The role of the endocannabinoid system Zheng-wu Peng , Hua-ning Wang , Rui-guo Zhang , Yun-chun Chen , Qingrong Tan Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to treat depression has been thoroughly investigated in recent years. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) paradigm was applied to male Sprague Dawley rats. Then rTMS was performed for 7 consecutive days, and the anti-depressive effects were evaluated by the sucrose preference test (SPT), the forced swimming test (FST), and the open-field test (OFT). Hippocampal cannabinoid type I receptor (CB1) expression was measured, and the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Bcl-2, and Bax and the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)positive cells were also investigated. These parameters were also observed after the selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 was used as a blocking agent. The results showed that CUMS induced a significant decrease in sucrose preference, a significant increase in immobility time in the FST, and a significantly decreased horizontal distance in the OFT. In addition, reduced hippocampal CB1 receptor, BDNF, and Bcl-2/Bax protein expression levels in CUMS rats, as well as decreased cell proliferation were also observed in the dentate gyrus. Meanwhile, rTMS treatment up-regulated cell proliferation; elevated CB1 receptor, BDNF, and Bcl-2/Bax expression levels in the hippocampus; and ameliorated depressive-like behaviors. All of these beneficial effects were abolished by AM251. These results indicate that rTMS increases BDNF production and hippocampal cell proliferation to protect against CUMS-induced changes through its effect on CB1 receptors.
314 A Model of TMS-induced I-waves in Motor Cortex C. Rusu a, M. Murakami b, U. Ziemann c, J. Triesch b,* a Babes-Bolyai University, Romania b Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Germany c Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany *E-mail: triesch@fias.uni-frankfurt.de. The use of Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is intensively explored in both clinical and basic research settings. However, the details of how TMS induces neural activity patterns in cortical circuits remain poorly understood. In a standard TMS paradigm,