- Email: [email protected]
Athletic injury prevention: Determinants of sprint performance
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SOFMER 2016 / Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 59S (2016) e15–e23
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Muscle injuries and hamstring muscle injuries during the international athletics championships between 2007 and 2015
Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in high-level athletics athletes
Pascal Edouard 3,∗ , Pedro Branco 1 , Juan-Manuel Alonso 2 European Athletics Association (EAA), European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, Lausanne, Switzerland 2 International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), Medical and Anti-doping Commission, Monaco, Monaco 3 CHU de Saint-Étienne, Université Jean-Monnet, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l’Exercice, Unité de médecine du sport et Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Saint-Étienne, France ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Edouard)
1
Objective The purpose of this study was to analyse the incidence and characteristics of muscle injuries and hamstring muscle injuries occurred during the international athletics championships from 2007 to 2015. Patients and methods National medical teams and local organizing committee physicians have collected every day all newly occurred injury whenever international championship from 2007 to 2015. Only the muscle injuries and hamstring muscle injuries, whatever gravity (cramp, contracture, rupture, avulsion), were analysed. Results A total of 720 muscle injuries have been reported on the total of 1762 recorded injuries, 40.9% of injuries; 57.5% (n = 414) have resulted in time loss of sport. The overall incidence of muscle injuries was significantly higher among male athletes than female athletes (49.1 ± 4.4 vs. 28.7 ± 3.7 injuries per 1000 registered athletes, respectively; RR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.46 to 2.00). A total of 185 hamstring muscle injuries were reported on the total of 1082 recorded injuries (9 championships included). This represented 17.1% of total injuries; 61.1% lead to time loss of sport. Hamstring muscle injuries represented 39.8% of all muscle damage, and 74.6% of all thigh muscle injuries. The overall incidence of hamstring muscle injuries was significantly higher in athletes than female athletes men (22.4 ± 3.4 vs. 11.5 ± 2.6 injuries per 1000 registered athletes, respectively; RR = 1 94; 95% CI: 1.42 to 2.66). The impacts of hamstring muscle injuries were significantly higher in male than female athletes for the sprints, hurdles and jumps. There was no difference between male and female athletes in the frequency of hamstring muscle injuries between outdoor and indoor championships, the type, cause, severity, discipline and age categories. Discussion/Conclusion During international athletics championships, muscle injury is the principal type of injury, and among those, the hamstring is the most commonly affected, with a two times higher risk in male than female athletes. Athletes in explosive power events, male athletes and older male athletes, in specific were more at risk of muscle injuries and hamstring injuries. Injury prevention strategies should be sex-specific. Keywords Hamstring; Muscle; Athletics; Epidemiology; Sports injury prevention Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest. Further reading Edouard P, Branco P, Alonso JM. Br J Sports Med 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.052
Pascal Edouard 3,∗ , Jean-Michel Serra 2 , Marie Lafleur 1 , Frédéric Depiesse 2 1 CHU de Saint-Étienne, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l’Exercice, Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France 2 Fédération Franc¸aise d’Athlétisme, Commission Médicale, Paris, France 3 CHU de Saint-Étienne, Université Jean-Monnet, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l’Exercice, Unité de médecine du sport et Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Saint-Étienne, France ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Edouard) Objective Vitamin D works on many biological parameters, functions and pathophysiological phenomena, such as bone metabolism but also extra-osseous metabolism (muscular role immunomodulator, cardiac, infectious). In France, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is estimated between 36% and 79–81% based on a threshold set at 50 nmol/L or 75 nmol/L, respectively. Due to these effects, vitamin D seems necessary to the health of athletes. The objective of this study was to determine the vitamin D status of in athletics athletes, and to analyse the possibilities of a screening questionnaire of vitamin D deficiency. Patients and methods We conducted a prospective study on an athletics season including high-level athletics athletes. Athletes performed 2 blood sample to determine the vitamin D level during the season: one in winter and one in summer, and completed a questionnaire on the day of the winter blood sample. Results During the winter, the average vitamin D level was 76.8 nmol/L and 72% of athletes had normal (greater than 50 nmol/L); 11.1% of athletes were impaired (below 30 nmol/L). During the summer, the average rate was 102.3 nmol/L, 95% of athletes had normal, and no athlete had a deficiency of vitamin D. There was a significant relationship between vitamin D levels and the score found by the questionnaire. The deficiency of factors that appeared to be significantly associated with vitamin D levels were: skin color, the use of sunscreen, working conditions for sun exposure and craving for the sun. Discussion/Conclusion The high-level athletics athletes were less deficient than the general population. This could be explained by the fact that they were training most often outside and had better eating habits. The questionnaire was correlated to blood sample for vitamin D and could be a relevant factor in the screening strategy. Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.053 PO057
Athletic injury prevention: Determinants of sprint performance Pascal Edouard 9,∗ , Pierrick Arnal 3 , Philippe Gimenez 2 , Pierre Samozino 4 , Pedro Jimenez-Reyes 5 , Matt Brughelli 6 , Jurdan Mendiguchia 7 , Jean-Benoit Morin 1,8 1 CHU de Saint-Étienne, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l’Exercice, Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France 2 Université de Franche-Comté, Besanc¸on, France 3 Université Jean-Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France 4 Université Savoie, Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France 5 Catholic University of San Antonio, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Sport, Murcia, Spain 6 Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland, New Zealand
SOFMER 2016 / Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 59S (2016) e15–e23 7 ZENTRUM Rehab and Performance Center, Department of Physical Therapy, Bara˜ nain, Spain 8 Université Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratoire Motricité Humain, Éducation, Sport, Santé (EA6312), Nice, France 9 CHU de Saint-Étienne, Université Jean-Monnet, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l’Exercice, Unité de médecine du sport et Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Saint-Étienne, France ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Edouard)
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The acute effects of dynamic and static stretching on the knee isokinetic muscle strength and balance control in athletes Imen Fekhfekh 2 , Abdelmoneem Yahia 2,∗ , Mokhtar Chaabene 1 , Salma Jribi 2 , Nizar Suissi 3 , Mohamed Habib Elleuch 2 , Sameh Ghroubi 2 1 CHU Habib Bourguiba, Médecine Physique, Sfax, Tunisia 2 Unité de Recherche de l’Évaluation des Pathologies de l’Appareil Locomoteur UR12ES18, Service de Médecine Physique, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia 3 Laboratoire de Recherche “Optimisation de la Performance Sportive”, Centre National de la Médecine du Sport, Tunis, Tunisia ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: abdelmoneem [email protected] (A. Yahia)
Objective The hamstring muscles are the most injured muscles in athletes practicing sprints. However, they seem greatly contributing to the production of horizontal force, a key element in the sprint acceleration performance. The aim of our study was to experimentally analyse the link between the production of horizontal force and strength of the hamstrings at maximum sprints on a treadmill and in fatigue conditions. Patients and methods Fourteen male subjects accustomed to sprint participated in the experiment consisting in 12 6-seconds sprints separated by 44 seconds of recovery on an instrumented treadmill sprint for measuring the horizontal force, coupled with the simultaneous recording of the EMG activity of the vastus lateralis, rectus biceps femoris and gluteus muscles. Before and after the 12 sprints, the maximum isokinetic strength of the flexors and extensors of the hip and knee was measured on isokinetic dynamometer type CONTREX with 3 maximum repetitions at 120◦ /s in concentric and eccentric. A comparison before and after analysis and correlation between the parameters was carried out. Results At the maximum sprint, the multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship (P = 0.02) between the horizontal force and the combination of EMG activity of the biceps femoris in late swing phase of the stride and the eccentric isokinetic strength of the knee flexors. After the 12 sprints, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the sprint performance, horizontal force, isokinetic strength and muscle activity. And there was a significant correlation between the horizontal force and eccentric strength of the knee extensors, and concentric strength of hip extensors. Discussion/Conclusion For a high-performance acceleration, it would seem necessary to be able both to strongly activate the hamstrings just before ground contact and have a great capacity eccentric strength of the hamstrings. In fatigue conditions, horizontal force reduction would seem not only related to the strength of decreased hamstring, but with d knee extensors eccentric strength decrease. Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Objective To study the acute effect of static and dynamic stretching on the knee muscle strength and postural capacity in athletes. Patients and methods Fifteen judokas performed 2 stretching protocols (static and dynamic) on the muscles of both lower limbs with an interval of 48 hours in a random order. An evaluation of the dominant knee muscle strength with an isokinetic dynamometer CybexNormII was performed before and after each stretching protocol in a concentric mode at a speed of 60 and 180◦ /s. Each athlete was evaluated on the Satel® plateform in static conditions open and closed eyes in the two trials. This evaluation was performed after a standard warm-up protocol (5 minutes on a bicycle ergometer) and a minute after the stretching protocol. The parameters were monitored: mediolateral (Long X) anteriorposterior deviations (Long Y) of the plantar center of pressure and the total area. Results Five judokas, with mean age of 21.3 ± 2.3 years, mean height of 177.8 ± 8.8 cm, and mean weight of 74.6 ± 14.6 kg participated in this study. We objectified an increase in the mean peak torque (PC) after the dynamic stretching protocol compared to the initial assessment at the speed of 60◦ /s in both the flexor (P < 0.001) and extensor (P = 0.005) muscles. Furthermore, we found a decrease in the PC after the static stretching protocol at the same speed with a statistically significant difference in both flexor (P < 0.001) and extensor (P < 0.001) muscles. Discussion/Conclusion On one hand, this study confirms the value of dynamic muscle stretching on the gain of the isokinetic strength of the knee muscles. On the other hand, a deterioration of the postural following capacity after both static and dynamic stretching was observed. Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.054
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.055
SOFMER 2016 / Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 59S (2016) e15–e23
PO055
PO056
Muscle injuries and hamstring muscle injuries during the international athletics championships between 2007 and 2015
Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in high-level athletics athletes
Pascal Edouard 3,∗ , Pedro Branco 1 , Juan-Manuel Alonso 2 European Athletics Association (EAA), European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, Lausanne, Switzerland 2 International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), Medical and Anti-doping Commission, Monaco, Monaco 3 CHU de Saint-Étienne, Université Jean-Monnet, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l’Exercice, Unité de médecine du sport et Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Saint-Étienne, France ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Edouard)
1
Objective The purpose of this study was to analyse the incidence and characteristics of muscle injuries and hamstring muscle injuries occurred during the international athletics championships from 2007 to 2015. Patients and methods National medical teams and local organizing committee physicians have collected every day all newly occurred injury whenever international championship from 2007 to 2015. Only the muscle injuries and hamstring muscle injuries, whatever gravity (cramp, contracture, rupture, avulsion), were analysed. Results A total of 720 muscle injuries have been reported on the total of 1762 recorded injuries, 40.9% of injuries; 57.5% (n = 414) have resulted in time loss of sport. The overall incidence of muscle injuries was significantly higher among male athletes than female athletes (49.1 ± 4.4 vs. 28.7 ± 3.7 injuries per 1000 registered athletes, respectively; RR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.46 to 2.00). A total of 185 hamstring muscle injuries were reported on the total of 1082 recorded injuries (9 championships included). This represented 17.1% of total injuries; 61.1% lead to time loss of sport. Hamstring muscle injuries represented 39.8% of all muscle damage, and 74.6% of all thigh muscle injuries. The overall incidence of hamstring muscle injuries was significantly higher in athletes than female athletes men (22.4 ± 3.4 vs. 11.5 ± 2.6 injuries per 1000 registered athletes, respectively; RR = 1 94; 95% CI: 1.42 to 2.66). The impacts of hamstring muscle injuries were significantly higher in male than female athletes for the sprints, hurdles and jumps. There was no difference between male and female athletes in the frequency of hamstring muscle injuries between outdoor and indoor championships, the type, cause, severity, discipline and age categories. Discussion/Conclusion During international athletics championships, muscle injury is the principal type of injury, and among those, the hamstring is the most commonly affected, with a two times higher risk in male than female athletes. Athletes in explosive power events, male athletes and older male athletes, in specific were more at risk of muscle injuries and hamstring injuries. Injury prevention strategies should be sex-specific. Keywords Hamstring; Muscle; Athletics; Epidemiology; Sports injury prevention Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest. Further reading Edouard P, Branco P, Alonso JM. Br J Sports Med 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.052
Pascal Edouard 3,∗ , Jean-Michel Serra 2 , Marie Lafleur 1 , Frédéric Depiesse 2 1 CHU de Saint-Étienne, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l’Exercice, Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France 2 Fédération Franc¸aise d’Athlétisme, Commission Médicale, Paris, France 3 CHU de Saint-Étienne, Université Jean-Monnet, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l’Exercice, Unité de médecine du sport et Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Saint-Étienne, France ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Edouard) Objective Vitamin D works on many biological parameters, functions and pathophysiological phenomena, such as bone metabolism but also extra-osseous metabolism (muscular role immunomodulator, cardiac, infectious). In France, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is estimated between 36% and 79–81% based on a threshold set at 50 nmol/L or 75 nmol/L, respectively. Due to these effects, vitamin D seems necessary to the health of athletes. The objective of this study was to determine the vitamin D status of in athletics athletes, and to analyse the possibilities of a screening questionnaire of vitamin D deficiency. Patients and methods We conducted a prospective study on an athletics season including high-level athletics athletes. Athletes performed 2 blood sample to determine the vitamin D level during the season: one in winter and one in summer, and completed a questionnaire on the day of the winter blood sample. Results During the winter, the average vitamin D level was 76.8 nmol/L and 72% of athletes had normal (greater than 50 nmol/L); 11.1% of athletes were impaired (below 30 nmol/L). During the summer, the average rate was 102.3 nmol/L, 95% of athletes had normal, and no athlete had a deficiency of vitamin D. There was a significant relationship between vitamin D levels and the score found by the questionnaire. The deficiency of factors that appeared to be significantly associated with vitamin D levels were: skin color, the use of sunscreen, working conditions for sun exposure and craving for the sun. Discussion/Conclusion The high-level athletics athletes were less deficient than the general population. This could be explained by the fact that they were training most often outside and had better eating habits. The questionnaire was correlated to blood sample for vitamin D and could be a relevant factor in the screening strategy. Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.053 PO057
Athletic injury prevention: Determinants of sprint performance Pascal Edouard 9,∗ , Pierrick Arnal 3 , Philippe Gimenez 2 , Pierre Samozino 4 , Pedro Jimenez-Reyes 5 , Matt Brughelli 6 , Jurdan Mendiguchia 7 , Jean-Benoit Morin 1,8 1 CHU de Saint-Étienne, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l’Exercice, Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France 2 Université de Franche-Comté, Besanc¸on, France 3 Université Jean-Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France 4 Université Savoie, Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France 5 Catholic University of San Antonio, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Sport, Murcia, Spain 6 Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland, New Zealand
SOFMER 2016 / Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 59S (2016) e15–e23 7 ZENTRUM Rehab and Performance Center, Department of Physical Therapy, Bara˜ nain, Spain 8 Université Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratoire Motricité Humain, Éducation, Sport, Santé (EA6312), Nice, France 9 CHU de Saint-Étienne, Université Jean-Monnet, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l’Exercice, Unité de médecine du sport et Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Saint-Étienne, France ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Edouard)
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The acute effects of dynamic and static stretching on the knee isokinetic muscle strength and balance control in athletes Imen Fekhfekh 2 , Abdelmoneem Yahia 2,∗ , Mokhtar Chaabene 1 , Salma Jribi 2 , Nizar Suissi 3 , Mohamed Habib Elleuch 2 , Sameh Ghroubi 2 1 CHU Habib Bourguiba, Médecine Physique, Sfax, Tunisia 2 Unité de Recherche de l’Évaluation des Pathologies de l’Appareil Locomoteur UR12ES18, Service de Médecine Physique, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia 3 Laboratoire de Recherche “Optimisation de la Performance Sportive”, Centre National de la Médecine du Sport, Tunis, Tunisia ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: abdelmoneem [email protected] (A. Yahia)
Objective The hamstring muscles are the most injured muscles in athletes practicing sprints. However, they seem greatly contributing to the production of horizontal force, a key element in the sprint acceleration performance. The aim of our study was to experimentally analyse the link between the production of horizontal force and strength of the hamstrings at maximum sprints on a treadmill and in fatigue conditions. Patients and methods Fourteen male subjects accustomed to sprint participated in the experiment consisting in 12 6-seconds sprints separated by 44 seconds of recovery on an instrumented treadmill sprint for measuring the horizontal force, coupled with the simultaneous recording of the EMG activity of the vastus lateralis, rectus biceps femoris and gluteus muscles. Before and after the 12 sprints, the maximum isokinetic strength of the flexors and extensors of the hip and knee was measured on isokinetic dynamometer type CONTREX with 3 maximum repetitions at 120◦ /s in concentric and eccentric. A comparison before and after analysis and correlation between the parameters was carried out. Results At the maximum sprint, the multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship (P = 0.02) between the horizontal force and the combination of EMG activity of the biceps femoris in late swing phase of the stride and the eccentric isokinetic strength of the knee flexors. After the 12 sprints, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the sprint performance, horizontal force, isokinetic strength and muscle activity. And there was a significant correlation between the horizontal force and eccentric strength of the knee extensors, and concentric strength of hip extensors. Discussion/Conclusion For a high-performance acceleration, it would seem necessary to be able both to strongly activate the hamstrings just before ground contact and have a great capacity eccentric strength of the hamstrings. In fatigue conditions, horizontal force reduction would seem not only related to the strength of decreased hamstring, but with d knee extensors eccentric strength decrease. Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Objective To study the acute effect of static and dynamic stretching on the knee muscle strength and postural capacity in athletes. Patients and methods Fifteen judokas performed 2 stretching protocols (static and dynamic) on the muscles of both lower limbs with an interval of 48 hours in a random order. An evaluation of the dominant knee muscle strength with an isokinetic dynamometer CybexNormII was performed before and after each stretching protocol in a concentric mode at a speed of 60 and 180◦ /s. Each athlete was evaluated on the Satel® plateform in static conditions open and closed eyes in the two trials. This evaluation was performed after a standard warm-up protocol (5 minutes on a bicycle ergometer) and a minute after the stretching protocol. The parameters were monitored: mediolateral (Long X) anteriorposterior deviations (Long Y) of the plantar center of pressure and the total area. Results Five judokas, with mean age of 21.3 ± 2.3 years, mean height of 177.8 ± 8.8 cm, and mean weight of 74.6 ± 14.6 kg participated in this study. We objectified an increase in the mean peak torque (PC) after the dynamic stretching protocol compared to the initial assessment at the speed of 60◦ /s in both the flexor (P < 0.001) and extensor (P = 0.005) muscles. Furthermore, we found a decrease in the PC after the static stretching protocol at the same speed with a statistically significant difference in both flexor (P < 0.001) and extensor (P < 0.001) muscles. Discussion/Conclusion On one hand, this study confirms the value of dynamic muscle stretching on the gain of the isokinetic strength of the knee muscles. On the other hand, a deterioration of the postural following capacity after both static and dynamic stretching was observed. Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.054
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.055