- Email: [email protected]
Atlas of Polymer and Plastic Analysis, Volume 2, Part b, Second Completely Revised Edition, by D.O. Hummel and F. Scholl
trendsin analyticalchemistry, vol. 8, no. IO, 1989
383
a promising method for the analysis of environmental samples. The laser microprobe utilises an intense pulsed laser to evaporate ions from a solid surface for mass analysis and is possibly applicable to a wide range of materials. Although much work has to be done on quantitative analysis as well as on quantitative depth environmental applications profiling, interesting have already been reported2. It is especially useful for spatially resolved mass analysis of organic molecules on environmental particles. The large variation in SIMS sensitivity for different elements is overcome, to some extent, by the use of different primary ion sources for electropositive and electronegative elements. In sputtered neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS)3, neutrals sputtered by an ion beam from the surface are post-ionized using a low pressure plasma, a laser or an electron beam and mass analyzed. Since the ionization efficiency is matrix independent, SNMS may give a reliable quantitative analysis.
Conclusions At the present stage of our experience, a combination of XPS and SIMS is a favorable choice with reference to the conditions listed in Table I, being applicable to the analysis of the broadest range of environmental samples. The development of a microscopic XPS technique*’ and of SIMS and other mass spectrometric methods applied to insulating and heterogeneous material will further our understanding of the surface chemistry of environmental solid materials.
References 1 D. F. S. Natusch and J. R. Wallace, Science (Washington, D. C.), 186 (1974) 695. 2 F. Adama and J. De Waele, Surf. ZnterfuceAnal., 12 (1988) 551. 3 J. M. Walls (Editor), Methods of Surface Analysis, Cambridge University Press, London, 1989. 4 M. Soma, A. Tanaka, H. Seyama, H. Ogura and Y. Kuzuhara, Znt. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 36 (1989) 103. 5 R. W. Linton, A. Loh and D. F. S. Natusch, Science (Wushington, D. C.), 191(1976) 852. 6 R. W. Linton, P. Williams, C. A. Evans, Jr. and D. F. S. Natusch, Anal. Chem., 49 (1977) 1514. 7 M. Soma, H. Seyama and K. Okamoto, Tuluntu, 32 (1985) 177. 8 H. Seyama and M. Soma, Res. Rept. Nutl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Japan, 111(1988) 121. 9 M. Soma and H. Seyama, Chem. Geol., 55 (1986) 97. 10 J. L. Hock and D. Lichtman, Environ. Sci. Technol., 16 (1982) 423.
11 B. E. A. Bisdom, S. Hens&a, M. J. Kooistra, W. J. van Ooij and T. H. Visser, Spectrochim. Actu, 40B (1985) 879. 12 R. R. Martin, R. St. C. Smart and K. Tazaki, Soil. Sci. Sot. Am. J., 52 (1989) 1492. 13 D. W. Mogk and W. W. Locke, III, Geochim. Cosmochim. Actu, 52 (1989) 2537. 14 X. B. Cox, III, S. R. Bryan and D. P. Griffis, Anal. Chem., 59 (1987) 2018. 15 K. Okamoto, Res. Rept. Nutl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Japan, 38 (1982) 112. 16 H. W. Nesbitt and I. J. Muir, Nature, 334 (1988) 336. 17 J.-C. Petit, G. Della Mea, J.-C. Dran, J. Schott and R. A. Bemer, Nature, 325 (1987) 705. 18 F. Degreve and J. M. Lang, Surf. Znterfuce Anal., 7 (1985) 177. 19 H. Seyama and M. Soma, Surf. Interface Anal., in press. 20 J. A. Gardella, Jr., Anal. Chem., 61(1989) 589A. Drs. M. Somu and H. Seyumu are at the National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onoguwu, Tsukubu 305, Japan.
Polymer analysis
work provides an extensive and valuable reference. Volume 2 Part b is presented in
Atlas of Polymer and Plastic Analysis, Volume 2, Part b, Second Completely Revised Edition, by D. 0. Hummel and F. Scholl, VCH Verlugsgesellschaft, 1988, DM 580.00 (xxviii + 577 pages) ISBN 3527-26091-9
two parts. The first and substantially larger Part b/I is entitled Text and Part b/II Bibliography and Index. The former is divided into seven areas, the first small chapter Simple Physical Parameters lists five series of physical characteristics. This data is of value to polymer chemists and analysts. It is extracted from other works without explanation of why the particular characteristics were selected. The chapter is however trivial and contributes little to the
The Atlases of Hummel have almost become a legend in the analysis of industrial materials. With the assembly of a vast amount of information the
overall work. Chemical Methods of Identification follows and briefly details procedures for elemental analysis before the application of chemical tests to thermoplastics, elastomers and naturally occurring polymeric materials. The chapter concludes with the examination of low molecular weight reactants. The treatment provides a valuable insight into ancillary chemical methods of analysis applicable to polymers and is additional to the instrumental procedures which seem in many quarters to be considered as the sole methods of analysis.
384
Chapter 3 concerns Molecular Degradation of Polymers, both thermally and, where appropriate, chemically. Pyrolysis, and pyrolysis in association with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are each described with a number of relevant examples. The mechanism of pyrolysis of various homopolymers is discussed while the final section concerns chemical degradation both by hydrolysis and ether cleavage before the examination by thin-layer and gas chromatography of many simple degradation products. Physical Methods of Analysis forms Chapter 4 and is by far the largest contribution (about 40% of the work). The theory and application of vibrational spectroscopy, both infrared and to a minor extent Raman spectroscopy, appropriately forms the bulk of the chapter with absorption, electron spin resonance and photoelectron spectroscopy being briefly described. Characteristic Absorption Bands of Functional Groups is the title of Chapter 5 and the traditional development starting from alkanes is included. Chapter 6 develops from the preceding one and the treatment considers polymers containing a sequentially increasing number of elements and provides a valuable tool to assist in identification. The final chapter considers specific analytical problems and indicates
trendsin analyticalchemistry,vol. 8, no. lo,1989
applicable procedures to allow the examination of various types and physical forms of polymers. The bibliography and index are rather disappointing for several reasons. Many or most of the valuable references referred to in the text section are not included in the bibliography and to obtain details of a reference cited it is not simply a matter of referring to the bibliography but rather to Chemical Abstracts. Many thousands of references are included but these are classified by a decimal coding which again is not the same as used in the texts. The general cut off for the bibliography would seem to be about five years ago as relatively few references since this time are included. The work, like that of the earlier presentations provides an invaluable aid to the polymer analyst and as such it is recommended as an addition to the other works to be found on the laboratory bookshelf. Despite the somewhat increased scope of the volume, its strength and utility remain in the area of vibrational spectroscopy.
J. K. HAKEN Professor J. K. Haken is at the Department of Polymer Science, University of New South Wales, P. 0. Box 1, Kensington, N. S. W. 2033, Australia.
Electrochemical techniques in the biosciences Electrochemical Detection Techniques in the Applied Biosciences, Vol. 2, Fermentation and Bioprocess Control, Hygiene and Environmental Sciences, by G. A. Junter, Wiley, 1988, f 29.95 (I96 pages) ISBN O74.5-0494-2
Whereas Volume 1 was more concerned with the theory, design and operation of electroanalytical techniques and devices, this volume covers applications. The first part of the book contains five chapters covering fermentation and bioprocess control.
Chapter 1 provides an historical background and current status discussing in some detail the nature of bioreactor processes and the general requirements for sensors in their monitoring and control. Electrochemical techniques are compared with optical, acoustic and other techniques . Chapter 2 covers various amperometric techniques and biosensors. A survey of amperometric enzyme electrodes is presented with emphasis on amperometric glucose enzyme electrodes. The construction and operating characteristics of first, sec-
ond and third generation glucose enzyme electrodes are described. Chapters 3 and 4 cover potentiometric and conductometric systems, whereas Chapter 5 describes the application of sensor devices in bioreactor monitoring. Various measurement configurations are discussed with special attention given to the monitoring of biomass concentration. Part II covers hygiene and environmental sciences. One chapter describes the use of electrochemical techniques for determination of pollutants in foods and environmental samples. Various techniques are discussed in detail with attention given to sample pretreatment, anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) of toxic heavy metals and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED). A broad selection of examples of ASV and HPLC-ED is given in tables. This chapter also contains an interesting section on enzyme sensors that function primarily by the effect on the transducer response due to inhibition of toxic species, e.g. Hg, fluoride and pesticides. A relatively indepth account of electrochemical gas sensors is also given. The second chapter considers the determination of microbial contamination in waters and food. Topics discussed include the detection of gaseous hydrogen produced by microbial cultures; detection of bacterial reducing activity, and the use of impedance and conductance techniques to measure microbial levels. The applicability of these techniques to shelf life protection and commercial sterility are discussed. Volume 2 maintains the high standard of presentation of Volume 1. However, there is considerable overlap between the two volumes in regard to the description of various electroanalytical devices and techniques. This may have been unavoidable if the intention was to produce each volume as a self-contained book. The value of volume 2 lies in its overview of the subject. It would thus be of special interest as a guide to those unfamiliar with the field. However, certain sections give in-
383
a promising method for the analysis of environmental samples. The laser microprobe utilises an intense pulsed laser to evaporate ions from a solid surface for mass analysis and is possibly applicable to a wide range of materials. Although much work has to be done on quantitative analysis as well as on quantitative depth environmental applications profiling, interesting have already been reported2. It is especially useful for spatially resolved mass analysis of organic molecules on environmental particles. The large variation in SIMS sensitivity for different elements is overcome, to some extent, by the use of different primary ion sources for electropositive and electronegative elements. In sputtered neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS)3, neutrals sputtered by an ion beam from the surface are post-ionized using a low pressure plasma, a laser or an electron beam and mass analyzed. Since the ionization efficiency is matrix independent, SNMS may give a reliable quantitative analysis.
Conclusions At the present stage of our experience, a combination of XPS and SIMS is a favorable choice with reference to the conditions listed in Table I, being applicable to the analysis of the broadest range of environmental samples. The development of a microscopic XPS technique*’ and of SIMS and other mass spectrometric methods applied to insulating and heterogeneous material will further our understanding of the surface chemistry of environmental solid materials.
References 1 D. F. S. Natusch and J. R. Wallace, Science (Washington, D. C.), 186 (1974) 695. 2 F. Adama and J. De Waele, Surf. ZnterfuceAnal., 12 (1988) 551. 3 J. M. Walls (Editor), Methods of Surface Analysis, Cambridge University Press, London, 1989. 4 M. Soma, A. Tanaka, H. Seyama, H. Ogura and Y. Kuzuhara, Znt. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 36 (1989) 103. 5 R. W. Linton, A. Loh and D. F. S. Natusch, Science (Wushington, D. C.), 191(1976) 852. 6 R. W. Linton, P. Williams, C. A. Evans, Jr. and D. F. S. Natusch, Anal. Chem., 49 (1977) 1514. 7 M. Soma, H. Seyama and K. Okamoto, Tuluntu, 32 (1985) 177. 8 H. Seyama and M. Soma, Res. Rept. Nutl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Japan, 111(1988) 121. 9 M. Soma and H. Seyama, Chem. Geol., 55 (1986) 97. 10 J. L. Hock and D. Lichtman, Environ. Sci. Technol., 16 (1982) 423.
11 B. E. A. Bisdom, S. Hens&a, M. J. Kooistra, W. J. van Ooij and T. H. Visser, Spectrochim. Actu, 40B (1985) 879. 12 R. R. Martin, R. St. C. Smart and K. Tazaki, Soil. Sci. Sot. Am. J., 52 (1989) 1492. 13 D. W. Mogk and W. W. Locke, III, Geochim. Cosmochim. Actu, 52 (1989) 2537. 14 X. B. Cox, III, S. R. Bryan and D. P. Griffis, Anal. Chem., 59 (1987) 2018. 15 K. Okamoto, Res. Rept. Nutl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Japan, 38 (1982) 112. 16 H. W. Nesbitt and I. J. Muir, Nature, 334 (1988) 336. 17 J.-C. Petit, G. Della Mea, J.-C. Dran, J. Schott and R. A. Bemer, Nature, 325 (1987) 705. 18 F. Degreve and J. M. Lang, Surf. Znterfuce Anal., 7 (1985) 177. 19 H. Seyama and M. Soma, Surf. Interface Anal., in press. 20 J. A. Gardella, Jr., Anal. Chem., 61(1989) 589A. Drs. M. Somu and H. Seyumu are at the National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onoguwu, Tsukubu 305, Japan.
Polymer analysis
work provides an extensive and valuable reference. Volume 2 Part b is presented in
Atlas of Polymer and Plastic Analysis, Volume 2, Part b, Second Completely Revised Edition, by D. 0. Hummel and F. Scholl, VCH Verlugsgesellschaft, 1988, DM 580.00 (xxviii + 577 pages) ISBN 3527-26091-9
two parts. The first and substantially larger Part b/I is entitled Text and Part b/II Bibliography and Index. The former is divided into seven areas, the first small chapter Simple Physical Parameters lists five series of physical characteristics. This data is of value to polymer chemists and analysts. It is extracted from other works without explanation of why the particular characteristics were selected. The chapter is however trivial and contributes little to the
The Atlases of Hummel have almost become a legend in the analysis of industrial materials. With the assembly of a vast amount of information the
overall work. Chemical Methods of Identification follows and briefly details procedures for elemental analysis before the application of chemical tests to thermoplastics, elastomers and naturally occurring polymeric materials. The chapter concludes with the examination of low molecular weight reactants. The treatment provides a valuable insight into ancillary chemical methods of analysis applicable to polymers and is additional to the instrumental procedures which seem in many quarters to be considered as the sole methods of analysis.
384
Chapter 3 concerns Molecular Degradation of Polymers, both thermally and, where appropriate, chemically. Pyrolysis, and pyrolysis in association with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are each described with a number of relevant examples. The mechanism of pyrolysis of various homopolymers is discussed while the final section concerns chemical degradation both by hydrolysis and ether cleavage before the examination by thin-layer and gas chromatography of many simple degradation products. Physical Methods of Analysis forms Chapter 4 and is by far the largest contribution (about 40% of the work). The theory and application of vibrational spectroscopy, both infrared and to a minor extent Raman spectroscopy, appropriately forms the bulk of the chapter with absorption, electron spin resonance and photoelectron spectroscopy being briefly described. Characteristic Absorption Bands of Functional Groups is the title of Chapter 5 and the traditional development starting from alkanes is included. Chapter 6 develops from the preceding one and the treatment considers polymers containing a sequentially increasing number of elements and provides a valuable tool to assist in identification. The final chapter considers specific analytical problems and indicates
trendsin analyticalchemistry,vol. 8, no. lo,1989
applicable procedures to allow the examination of various types and physical forms of polymers. The bibliography and index are rather disappointing for several reasons. Many or most of the valuable references referred to in the text section are not included in the bibliography and to obtain details of a reference cited it is not simply a matter of referring to the bibliography but rather to Chemical Abstracts. Many thousands of references are included but these are classified by a decimal coding which again is not the same as used in the texts. The general cut off for the bibliography would seem to be about five years ago as relatively few references since this time are included. The work, like that of the earlier presentations provides an invaluable aid to the polymer analyst and as such it is recommended as an addition to the other works to be found on the laboratory bookshelf. Despite the somewhat increased scope of the volume, its strength and utility remain in the area of vibrational spectroscopy.
J. K. HAKEN Professor J. K. Haken is at the Department of Polymer Science, University of New South Wales, P. 0. Box 1, Kensington, N. S. W. 2033, Australia.
Electrochemical techniques in the biosciences Electrochemical Detection Techniques in the Applied Biosciences, Vol. 2, Fermentation and Bioprocess Control, Hygiene and Environmental Sciences, by G. A. Junter, Wiley, 1988, f 29.95 (I96 pages) ISBN O74.5-0494-2
Whereas Volume 1 was more concerned with the theory, design and operation of electroanalytical techniques and devices, this volume covers applications. The first part of the book contains five chapters covering fermentation and bioprocess control.
Chapter 1 provides an historical background and current status discussing in some detail the nature of bioreactor processes and the general requirements for sensors in their monitoring and control. Electrochemical techniques are compared with optical, acoustic and other techniques . Chapter 2 covers various amperometric techniques and biosensors. A survey of amperometric enzyme electrodes is presented with emphasis on amperometric glucose enzyme electrodes. The construction and operating characteristics of first, sec-
ond and third generation glucose enzyme electrodes are described. Chapters 3 and 4 cover potentiometric and conductometric systems, whereas Chapter 5 describes the application of sensor devices in bioreactor monitoring. Various measurement configurations are discussed with special attention given to the monitoring of biomass concentration. Part II covers hygiene and environmental sciences. One chapter describes the use of electrochemical techniques for determination of pollutants in foods and environmental samples. Various techniques are discussed in detail with attention given to sample pretreatment, anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) of toxic heavy metals and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED). A broad selection of examples of ASV and HPLC-ED is given in tables. This chapter also contains an interesting section on enzyme sensors that function primarily by the effect on the transducer response due to inhibition of toxic species, e.g. Hg, fluoride and pesticides. A relatively indepth account of electrochemical gas sensors is also given. The second chapter considers the determination of microbial contamination in waters and food. Topics discussed include the detection of gaseous hydrogen produced by microbial cultures; detection of bacterial reducing activity, and the use of impedance and conductance techniques to measure microbial levels. The applicability of these techniques to shelf life protection and commercial sterility are discussed. Volume 2 maintains the high standard of presentation of Volume 1. However, there is considerable overlap between the two volumes in regard to the description of various electroanalytical devices and techniques. This may have been unavoidable if the intention was to produce each volume as a self-contained book. The value of volume 2 lies in its overview of the subject. It would thus be of special interest as a guide to those unfamiliar with the field. However, certain sections give in-