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Auger electron spectroscopy—materials applications and quantification
Vacuum
news
of BS 1826 and the other set was published by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) as NBS 561 and is based on work done at NBS in 1933. Both BS 1826 and NBS 561 were originally made in terms of the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48). Thermocouples made to fit BS 1826 differ in composition from those made to fit NBS 561. The 10% tables of BS 1826 differ from those of NBS 561 by about 4.5”C at 1500°C while the 13% tables differ by about 10°C at 1500°C. Upon the introduction of a revised temperature scale in 1968, known as the IPTS-68. it became necessary to issue corrections to both BS 1826 and NBS 561. Provisional correction slips were issued for BS 1826 pending a full reprinting. Meanwhile both NPL and NBS in collaboration with the major manufacturers in both UK and USA, together with the National Research Council of Canada, agreed to take this opportunity to produce unified reference tables for platinum metal thermocouples to be based on IPTS-68. These new tables have now been completed and have been adopted as the basis for new national standards in both the UK and USA and are in the course of adoption as new international standards by the International Electrotechnic Commission, on which are represented the major industrial nations of the world. The new tables differ from the old in three main respects; they are in terms of IPTS-68; they refer to thermocouple material made to have a composition as close as possible to the nominal 10% or 13% rhodium ; and they are the result of new experimental work at the three national standards laboratories. For BS 1826 it so happens that the numerical differences due to the first and second of these factors, which are of opposite sign, are of nearly the same magnitude and hence almost cancel one another out. Thus the main differences between the new tables and BS 1826 stem from the new experimental work having produced a much smoother table. The differences between the two tables do not exceed 1.5”C up to 1650°C for either the 10% or 13% thermocouples as shown in Table 1.
Table
1.
Difference “C, between BS 1826, uncorrected tables for Pt: 10% Flh-Pt and Pt: 13% Ah-Pt Temp (“Cl
Pt:
400 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1650
10% Rh-Pt
for IPTS-68. thermocouples
Pt:
-I .I -0.5 +0.6 -0.1 +0.3 0 -0.8
and the
new
13% Rh-Pt -1.0 +0.3 +0.5 -0.2 +0.3 +0.9 +0.7
The composition differences between thermocouples made to fit the new tables and those made to fit NBS 561 are, however, somewhat larger. This, together with the smoothness of the new tables, has resulted in NBS 561 differing from the new tables by about 1 “C at 1200°C and 4.5”C at 1600°C for 10% thermocouples and almost 2.5”C at 1200°C and 8.5”C at 1600°C for the 13% thermocouples. This is shown in more detail in Table 2. Table
2. Difference “C. between NBS 561. uncorrected tables for Pt: 10% Rh-Pt and Pt: 13% Rh-Pt
for IPTS-68. thermocouples
and the
new
Temp Pt:
(“Cl 400 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1650
10%
Rh-Pt
-0.9 -I .4 -1.2 -1.0 -2.6 -4.6 -4.5
Pt:
13%
Rh-Pt
-0.8 -2.0 -2.5 -2.3 -4.7 -8.4 -8.5
It is clear from the foregoing that, taking into account the accuracy and sensitivity of most industrial instruments, the effect of the change-over from BS 1826 to the new tables will be of little practical significance and should cause no inconvenience. Circle number
Johnson Matthey Metals Ltd 54 on Reader Enquiry Service card
Conferencesandgroupactivities Varian announces Seminar
Eleventh Annual Vacuum Technology
Palo Alto, Calif-Newton, Mass will be the site of the Eleventh Annual Vacuum Technology Seminar sponsored by the Vacuum Division of Varian Associates on 4, 5 and 6 June, 1973, at the Marriott Hotel. The programme for the 3-day seminar will cover fundamentals and latest techniques in vacuum pumping, gauging, leak detection, thin film deposition by sputtering and evaporation, and surface analysis with Auger Spectroscopy. The seminar will include lectures and workshops designed to meet the needs of workers in many disciplines involving vacuum. The workshop demonstrations will be conducted at the new facility of the Vacuum Division in Lexington, with dynamic equipment. Among the guest lecturers joining speakers from the Varian Vacuum Division staff will be Dr Peter M Hall of Bell Telephone Laboratories, Allentown, Pa, co-author of the book Thin Film Technology, Dr C C Chang, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, a noted worker in the field of surface analysis, and Prof Leonard Levenson of the University of Missouri, an authority on the conductance of gasses. A seminar fee of $195 will cover three days of conferences, printed notes and a special dinner. Reservations and inquiries should be addressed to Varian Vacuum Seminar Register, 611 Hansen Way, Palo Alto, Calif 94303. 190
Thin and thick films The School of Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh will hold a 2-week Summer Institute beginning 11 June 1973 on the subject of ‘Thin and Thick Films. Address for information is : School of Engineering, Special Projects and Services, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Franco-British Centenary Conference A joint conference to mark the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Societe Francaise de Physique and of the Physical Society of London will be held in St Helier, Jersey, Channel Islands, 5-9 April 1974. The four morning plenary sessions will be devoted to review papers covering, infer a//a, the following fields: Biophysics, Cosmology, Geophysics, Particle Physics, Polymers. There will also be an evening plenary session on the subject ‘The financing and administration of physics research in France and in the UK: past, present and future’. The afternoon parallel sessions will cover by means of invited and contributed papers the following subjects : Physics condensed maffer: magnetic effects in metals and alloys. The metal-insulator transition. Asrrophysics: nuclear, atomic and molecular physics in relation to the abundance of the elements in the Universe and to other astrophysical problems.
of
news
of BS 1826 and the other set was published by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) as NBS 561 and is based on work done at NBS in 1933. Both BS 1826 and NBS 561 were originally made in terms of the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48). Thermocouples made to fit BS 1826 differ in composition from those made to fit NBS 561. The 10% tables of BS 1826 differ from those of NBS 561 by about 4.5”C at 1500°C while the 13% tables differ by about 10°C at 1500°C. Upon the introduction of a revised temperature scale in 1968, known as the IPTS-68. it became necessary to issue corrections to both BS 1826 and NBS 561. Provisional correction slips were issued for BS 1826 pending a full reprinting. Meanwhile both NPL and NBS in collaboration with the major manufacturers in both UK and USA, together with the National Research Council of Canada, agreed to take this opportunity to produce unified reference tables for platinum metal thermocouples to be based on IPTS-68. These new tables have now been completed and have been adopted as the basis for new national standards in both the UK and USA and are in the course of adoption as new international standards by the International Electrotechnic Commission, on which are represented the major industrial nations of the world. The new tables differ from the old in three main respects; they are in terms of IPTS-68; they refer to thermocouple material made to have a composition as close as possible to the nominal 10% or 13% rhodium ; and they are the result of new experimental work at the three national standards laboratories. For BS 1826 it so happens that the numerical differences due to the first and second of these factors, which are of opposite sign, are of nearly the same magnitude and hence almost cancel one another out. Thus the main differences between the new tables and BS 1826 stem from the new experimental work having produced a much smoother table. The differences between the two tables do not exceed 1.5”C up to 1650°C for either the 10% or 13% thermocouples as shown in Table 1.
Table
1.
Difference “C, between BS 1826, uncorrected tables for Pt: 10% Flh-Pt and Pt: 13% Ah-Pt Temp (“Cl
Pt:
400 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1650
10% Rh-Pt
for IPTS-68. thermocouples
Pt:
-I .I -0.5 +0.6 -0.1 +0.3 0 -0.8
and the
new
13% Rh-Pt -1.0 +0.3 +0.5 -0.2 +0.3 +0.9 +0.7
The composition differences between thermocouples made to fit the new tables and those made to fit NBS 561 are, however, somewhat larger. This, together with the smoothness of the new tables, has resulted in NBS 561 differing from the new tables by about 1 “C at 1200°C and 4.5”C at 1600°C for 10% thermocouples and almost 2.5”C at 1200°C and 8.5”C at 1600°C for the 13% thermocouples. This is shown in more detail in Table 2. Table
2. Difference “C. between NBS 561. uncorrected tables for Pt: 10% Rh-Pt and Pt: 13% Rh-Pt
for IPTS-68. thermocouples
and the
new
Temp Pt:
(“Cl 400 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1650
10%
Rh-Pt
-0.9 -I .4 -1.2 -1.0 -2.6 -4.6 -4.5
Pt:
13%
Rh-Pt
-0.8 -2.0 -2.5 -2.3 -4.7 -8.4 -8.5
It is clear from the foregoing that, taking into account the accuracy and sensitivity of most industrial instruments, the effect of the change-over from BS 1826 to the new tables will be of little practical significance and should cause no inconvenience. Circle number
Johnson Matthey Metals Ltd 54 on Reader Enquiry Service card
Conferencesandgroupactivities Varian announces Seminar
Eleventh Annual Vacuum Technology
Palo Alto, Calif-Newton, Mass will be the site of the Eleventh Annual Vacuum Technology Seminar sponsored by the Vacuum Division of Varian Associates on 4, 5 and 6 June, 1973, at the Marriott Hotel. The programme for the 3-day seminar will cover fundamentals and latest techniques in vacuum pumping, gauging, leak detection, thin film deposition by sputtering and evaporation, and surface analysis with Auger Spectroscopy. The seminar will include lectures and workshops designed to meet the needs of workers in many disciplines involving vacuum. The workshop demonstrations will be conducted at the new facility of the Vacuum Division in Lexington, with dynamic equipment. Among the guest lecturers joining speakers from the Varian Vacuum Division staff will be Dr Peter M Hall of Bell Telephone Laboratories, Allentown, Pa, co-author of the book Thin Film Technology, Dr C C Chang, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, a noted worker in the field of surface analysis, and Prof Leonard Levenson of the University of Missouri, an authority on the conductance of gasses. A seminar fee of $195 will cover three days of conferences, printed notes and a special dinner. Reservations and inquiries should be addressed to Varian Vacuum Seminar Register, 611 Hansen Way, Palo Alto, Calif 94303. 190
Thin and thick films The School of Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh will hold a 2-week Summer Institute beginning 11 June 1973 on the subject of ‘Thin and Thick Films. Address for information is : School of Engineering, Special Projects and Services, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Franco-British Centenary Conference A joint conference to mark the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Societe Francaise de Physique and of the Physical Society of London will be held in St Helier, Jersey, Channel Islands, 5-9 April 1974. The four morning plenary sessions will be devoted to review papers covering, infer a//a, the following fields: Biophysics, Cosmology, Geophysics, Particle Physics, Polymers. There will also be an evening plenary session on the subject ‘The financing and administration of physics research in France and in the UK: past, present and future’. The afternoon parallel sessions will cover by means of invited and contributed papers the following subjects : Physics condensed maffer: magnetic effects in metals and alloys. The metal-insulator transition. Asrrophysics: nuclear, atomic and molecular physics in relation to the abundance of the elements in the Universe and to other astrophysical problems.
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