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Autoimmune Diseases
128
A u t o g e n o u s C o n t ro l
Re RN (1988) Emerging issues in the cellular biology of the cardiovascular system. American Journal of Cardiology 62(11): 7G±12G. Smith R, Peters G and Dickson C (1988) Multiple RNAs expressed from the int-2 gene in mouse embryonal carcinoma cell lines encode a protein with homology to fibroblast growth factors. EMBO Journal 7(4): 1013±1022. Sporn MB and Todaro GJ (1980) Autocrine secretion and malignant transformation of cells. New England Journal of Medicine 303(15): 878±880. Thomas KA (1988) Transforming potential of fibroblast growth factor genes. Trends in Biochemical Science 13(9): 327±328. Valtieri M, Tweardy DJ, Caracciolo D et al. (1987) Cytokinedependent granulocytic differentiation: regulation of proliferative and differentiative responses in a murine progenitor cell line. Journal of Immunology 138(11): 3829±3835. Waterfield MD, Scrace GT and Whittle N (1983) Plateletderived growth factor is structurally related to the putative transforming protein p28sis of simian sarcoma virus. Nature 304(5921): 35±39. Yayon A, Klagsbrun M, Esko JD, Leder P and Ornitz DM (1991) Cell surface, heparin-like molecules are required for binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to its high affinity receptor. Cell 64(4): 841±848.
See also: Growth Factors; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
Autogenous Control
both the specific and the memory component of the immune response to provide long-term protection from a specific disease. The immune response is normally directed against external agents but a category of diseases, autoimmune diseases, arise as a result of immune reactivity to the body's own components. These autoimmune responses are both specific and have memory. When this immune reactivity is directed against a discrete target organ such as the insulin-secreting b cells of the pancreas, this is termed an organ-specific autoimmune disease. If the reactivity is directed against a more generalized target such as DNA this is called a nonorgan-specific autoimmune disease. The development of autoimmune disease is normally controlled by many genes, some of which may govern the innate and some the adaptive immune response. See also: Immunoglobulin Gene Superfamily
Autonomous Controlling Element Copyright ß 2001 Academic Press doi: 10.1006/rwgn.2001.1770
An autonomous controlling element is an active transposon (in maize) demonstrating the ability to transpose (cf. nonautonomous controlling element)
Copyright ß 2001 Academic Press doi: 10.1006/rwgn.2001.1769
See also: Nonautonomous Controlling Elements; Transposable Elements
Autogenous control is the process by which a gene product either inhibits (negative autogenous control) or activates (positive autogenous control) expression of the gene coding for it.
Autoradiography
See also: Gene Expression
Autoimmune Diseases A Cooke Copyright ß 2001 Academic Press doi: 10.1006/rwgn.2001.0092
The immune system provides one of the body's most important defense mechanisms against infection. The immune system can be subdivided into two branches, innate and adaptive. Key features of the adaptive immune response are that it is specific and that it has a memory component. Vaccination utilizes
Copyright ß 2001 Academic Press doi: 10.1006/rwgn.2001.1771
Autoradiography is a technique for detecting radioactively labeled molecules by virtue of their ability to create an image on photographic film.
Autoregulation J Hodgkin Copyright ß 2001 Academic Press doi: 10.1006/rwgn.2001.0093
Autoregulation is a term used for situations in which a gene or gene product regulates its own activity, either positively or negatively. Most cases of autoregulation
A u t o g e n o u s C o n t ro l
Re RN (1988) Emerging issues in the cellular biology of the cardiovascular system. American Journal of Cardiology 62(11): 7G±12G. Smith R, Peters G and Dickson C (1988) Multiple RNAs expressed from the int-2 gene in mouse embryonal carcinoma cell lines encode a protein with homology to fibroblast growth factors. EMBO Journal 7(4): 1013±1022. Sporn MB and Todaro GJ (1980) Autocrine secretion and malignant transformation of cells. New England Journal of Medicine 303(15): 878±880. Thomas KA (1988) Transforming potential of fibroblast growth factor genes. Trends in Biochemical Science 13(9): 327±328. Valtieri M, Tweardy DJ, Caracciolo D et al. (1987) Cytokinedependent granulocytic differentiation: regulation of proliferative and differentiative responses in a murine progenitor cell line. Journal of Immunology 138(11): 3829±3835. Waterfield MD, Scrace GT and Whittle N (1983) Plateletderived growth factor is structurally related to the putative transforming protein p28sis of simian sarcoma virus. Nature 304(5921): 35±39. Yayon A, Klagsbrun M, Esko JD, Leder P and Ornitz DM (1991) Cell surface, heparin-like molecules are required for binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to its high affinity receptor. Cell 64(4): 841±848.
See also: Growth Factors; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
Autogenous Control
both the specific and the memory component of the immune response to provide long-term protection from a specific disease. The immune response is normally directed against external agents but a category of diseases, autoimmune diseases, arise as a result of immune reactivity to the body's own components. These autoimmune responses are both specific and have memory. When this immune reactivity is directed against a discrete target organ such as the insulin-secreting b cells of the pancreas, this is termed an organ-specific autoimmune disease. If the reactivity is directed against a more generalized target such as DNA this is called a nonorgan-specific autoimmune disease. The development of autoimmune disease is normally controlled by many genes, some of which may govern the innate and some the adaptive immune response. See also: Immunoglobulin Gene Superfamily
Autonomous Controlling Element Copyright ß 2001 Academic Press doi: 10.1006/rwgn.2001.1770
An autonomous controlling element is an active transposon (in maize) demonstrating the ability to transpose (cf. nonautonomous controlling element)
Copyright ß 2001 Academic Press doi: 10.1006/rwgn.2001.1769
See also: Nonautonomous Controlling Elements; Transposable Elements
Autogenous control is the process by which a gene product either inhibits (negative autogenous control) or activates (positive autogenous control) expression of the gene coding for it.
Autoradiography
See also: Gene Expression
Autoimmune Diseases A Cooke Copyright ß 2001 Academic Press doi: 10.1006/rwgn.2001.0092
The immune system provides one of the body's most important defense mechanisms against infection. The immune system can be subdivided into two branches, innate and adaptive. Key features of the adaptive immune response are that it is specific and that it has a memory component. Vaccination utilizes
Copyright ß 2001 Academic Press doi: 10.1006/rwgn.2001.1771
Autoradiography is a technique for detecting radioactively labeled molecules by virtue of their ability to create an image on photographic film.
Autoregulation J Hodgkin Copyright ß 2001 Academic Press doi: 10.1006/rwgn.2001.0093
Autoregulation is a term used for situations in which a gene or gene product regulates its own activity, either positively or negatively. Most cases of autoregulation