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Autoimmunity and toxicology: Immune disregulation induced by drugs and chemicals
Immunology Today, Vol. 11, No. 5 1990
book
Autoimmunity and Toxicology: Immune Disregulation Induced by Drugs and Chemicals
enced and up-to-date. The chapter Dy Anthony Allison 'Theories of self tolerance and autoimmunity' is outstanding in this respect and must be compulsory reading for anyone interested in this area or looking for a review to recommend to students. edited by M.E Kammuller,IV. Bloksmaand W. After this introductory section, Semen, Elsevier, 1989. £132.00 (xxix + 473 there are two sections composed of pages)ISBN0 444 81023 4 chaoters detailing the autoimmune phenomena induced in humans by Autoimmunity and Toxicology is a different drugs and chemicals and fascinating book which examines in exploring the possible mechanisms detail the ability of drugs and chemi- underlying these manifestations. The chapter by Edith Sire suggesting a cals to induce autoimmune states. The first two sections of the book role for drug interactions with cominclude chapters which provide ponents of the complement system in overviews of drug-induced auto- induced autoreactive responses is immunity, the adaptive immune clearly presented and wel! argued. The final section of the book response and theories that have been proposed to explain the mechanisms outlines a variety of experimental by which self tolerance is established approaches aimed at establishing the and is broken in autoimmunity. These potential for any agent to induce chapters are extremely well refer- autoimmune reactions and in par-
Retrovirusesand Disease edited by Hidesaburo Hanafusa, Abraham P;nte~ and Maynard E. Pullman, Academic Press, 1989.$45.00(xii+ 196pages)lSBN012 322570 1 Retroviruses and Disease is a compilation of a series of lectures given at the Public Research Institute in 1987 to celebrate the 45th anniversary of the founding of the Institute. This collection deals with limited aspects of various retroviruses including the genetics of replication and structurefunction characteristics of various retroviral genes in murine leukemia virus, avian leukosis virus, human T-cell leukemia virus 1 and human immunodeficiency virus, HIV. The chapter on the genetics of replication of Moloney murine leukemia virus by Stephen Goff describes the use of viral mutants in defining the function of viral gene products, whereas the chapter on functions of murine leukem;a virus envelope gene products in leukemogenesis by Abraham Pinter focuses on the MulV envgene ~-roducts and a possible role of the env proteins in the induction of hematopoietic proliferation and vaccine development. Hanafusa discusses transformation by R~us sarcoma virus and deals with the transforming potential of the cellular
src gene and cell transformation by D60vsrc, protein kinase activity, and subcellular localization, while the chapter by William Hayward on multiple stages in avian leukosis virusinduced B-cell lymphoma deals with the importance of mutational events in the activation of c-myc and c-bic genes in lymphomagenesis induced by ALV. The chapter by Mariano Barbacid on oncogenes (From retroviral to human oncogenes: the molecular basis of human cancer) provides an excellent summary of the importance of various oncogenes, including c-r~vc, v-myc, L-myc, abl, erbB-2, trk and metoncogenes in human cancer. Eli Giiboa discusses retroviral gene transfer - application to human therapy deals with studies on retroviral gene transfer, gene therapy and the use of antisense RNA inhibition to protect cells from HTLV-1 function. The antisense RNA approach to interfere with virus replication was first described by Zamecnik and coworkers in 1978 and has been st,ccessfully extended to inhibit HIV-1 replication by Zamecnik et al. (1986) and ~arin et al. (1988). The antisense approach to inhibit virus replication has reached a stage where it is now ready for clinical trials in HIV infected individuals. The contribution by Chen and coworkers on models f~r mechanisms of transformation by the
titular describing a variety of animal models. The chapter by Gleichmann and colleagues is particularly interesting and outlines in some detail an experimental approach (a popliteal lymph node assay) for assessing the ability of drugs or chemicals to induce T-cell responses and hence possibly autoimmunity. In a multi-author book there are often differences between chapters with regard to style, timeliness and clarity. This book has a sufficient number of excellent chapters to warrant a recommenoaticl ~o purchase or borrow to any ~ndividu~i ;nterested in this particular area.
Anne Cooke Departmem of Immunology, UniversityCollegeand MiddlesexSchoolof Meo~cine,Arthur i Stanley House, 40-50 Tottenham Street, | London W1P9PG,UK. ____..~..,J
human T-cell ;eukemia viruses deals with the role of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 regulatory genes on disease induction. HTLV-1 has been identified as the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia, whereas the identification of HTLV-2 from hairy cell leukemia patients has not been linked with the cause of the disease. Thomas Woldmann's discussion of disorders of IL-2 receptor expression in HTLV-1associated adult T-cell leukemia gives at; excellent summary of the forms of cellular receptors for IL-2, the distribution ol=IL-2 receptors and I!-~ receptor as a target for treatrrent of patients with ATL and 9the: autoimmune disorders. The last three chapters summarize molecular biology of HIV and may appear to be confusing to the reader since the terminology for the different HIV regulatory genes has been changed. New names for the various regulatory genes are: vif (old name, sor); rev (old names, art or trs); nef (old name 3'-off); vpu, vpr and vpx. Malcolm Martin and Klaus Strebel describe the properties of HIV-A (sor) gene mutant, which is transmi~ed by cell to cell interaction and the cellfree virus particles are essentially noninfectious. Flossie Wong-Staal summarizes structure-function analysis of HIV regulatory genes, especially tat and 181
book
Autoimmunity and Toxicology: Immune Disregulation Induced by Drugs and Chemicals
enced and up-to-date. The chapter Dy Anthony Allison 'Theories of self tolerance and autoimmunity' is outstanding in this respect and must be compulsory reading for anyone interested in this area or looking for a review to recommend to students. edited by M.E Kammuller,IV. Bloksmaand W. After this introductory section, Semen, Elsevier, 1989. £132.00 (xxix + 473 there are two sections composed of pages)ISBN0 444 81023 4 chaoters detailing the autoimmune phenomena induced in humans by Autoimmunity and Toxicology is a different drugs and chemicals and fascinating book which examines in exploring the possible mechanisms detail the ability of drugs and chemi- underlying these manifestations. The chapter by Edith Sire suggesting a cals to induce autoimmune states. The first two sections of the book role for drug interactions with cominclude chapters which provide ponents of the complement system in overviews of drug-induced auto- induced autoreactive responses is immunity, the adaptive immune clearly presented and wel! argued. The final section of the book response and theories that have been proposed to explain the mechanisms outlines a variety of experimental by which self tolerance is established approaches aimed at establishing the and is broken in autoimmunity. These potential for any agent to induce chapters are extremely well refer- autoimmune reactions and in par-
Retrovirusesand Disease edited by Hidesaburo Hanafusa, Abraham P;nte~ and Maynard E. Pullman, Academic Press, 1989.$45.00(xii+ 196pages)lSBN012 322570 1 Retroviruses and Disease is a compilation of a series of lectures given at the Public Research Institute in 1987 to celebrate the 45th anniversary of the founding of the Institute. This collection deals with limited aspects of various retroviruses including the genetics of replication and structurefunction characteristics of various retroviral genes in murine leukemia virus, avian leukosis virus, human T-cell leukemia virus 1 and human immunodeficiency virus, HIV. The chapter on the genetics of replication of Moloney murine leukemia virus by Stephen Goff describes the use of viral mutants in defining the function of viral gene products, whereas the chapter on functions of murine leukem;a virus envelope gene products in leukemogenesis by Abraham Pinter focuses on the MulV envgene ~-roducts and a possible role of the env proteins in the induction of hematopoietic proliferation and vaccine development. Hanafusa discusses transformation by R~us sarcoma virus and deals with the transforming potential of the cellular
src gene and cell transformation by D60vsrc, protein kinase activity, and subcellular localization, while the chapter by William Hayward on multiple stages in avian leukosis virusinduced B-cell lymphoma deals with the importance of mutational events in the activation of c-myc and c-bic genes in lymphomagenesis induced by ALV. The chapter by Mariano Barbacid on oncogenes (From retroviral to human oncogenes: the molecular basis of human cancer) provides an excellent summary of the importance of various oncogenes, including c-r~vc, v-myc, L-myc, abl, erbB-2, trk and metoncogenes in human cancer. Eli Giiboa discusses retroviral gene transfer - application to human therapy deals with studies on retroviral gene transfer, gene therapy and the use of antisense RNA inhibition to protect cells from HTLV-1 function. The antisense RNA approach to interfere with virus replication was first described by Zamecnik and coworkers in 1978 and has been st,ccessfully extended to inhibit HIV-1 replication by Zamecnik et al. (1986) and ~arin et al. (1988). The antisense approach to inhibit virus replication has reached a stage where it is now ready for clinical trials in HIV infected individuals. The contribution by Chen and coworkers on models f~r mechanisms of transformation by the
titular describing a variety of animal models. The chapter by Gleichmann and colleagues is particularly interesting and outlines in some detail an experimental approach (a popliteal lymph node assay) for assessing the ability of drugs or chemicals to induce T-cell responses and hence possibly autoimmunity. In a multi-author book there are often differences between chapters with regard to style, timeliness and clarity. This book has a sufficient number of excellent chapters to warrant a recommenoaticl ~o purchase or borrow to any ~ndividu~i ;nterested in this particular area.
Anne Cooke Departmem of Immunology, UniversityCollegeand MiddlesexSchoolof Meo~cine,Arthur i Stanley House, 40-50 Tottenham Street, | London W1P9PG,UK. ____..~..,J
human T-cell ;eukemia viruses deals with the role of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 regulatory genes on disease induction. HTLV-1 has been identified as the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia, whereas the identification of HTLV-2 from hairy cell leukemia patients has not been linked with the cause of the disease. Thomas Woldmann's discussion of disorders of IL-2 receptor expression in HTLV-1associated adult T-cell leukemia gives at; excellent summary of the forms of cellular receptors for IL-2, the distribution ol=IL-2 receptors and I!-~ receptor as a target for treatrrent of patients with ATL and 9the: autoimmune disorders. The last three chapters summarize molecular biology of HIV and may appear to be confusing to the reader since the terminology for the different HIV regulatory genes has been changed. New names for the various regulatory genes are: vif (old name, sor); rev (old names, art or trs); nef (old name 3'-off); vpu, vpr and vpx. Malcolm Martin and Klaus Strebel describe the properties of HIV-A (sor) gene mutant, which is transmi~ed by cell to cell interaction and the cellfree virus particles are essentially noninfectious. Flossie Wong-Staal summarizes structure-function analysis of HIV regulatory genes, especially tat and 181