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Autopoietic Systems Diagram for Describing Creative Processes
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Innovation Sciences 26Networks (2011) 30Conference – 37 Collaborative 2010
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
COINs2010: Collaborative Innovation Networks Conference
Autopoietic Systems Diagram for Describing Creative Processes Takashi Iba Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Endo 5322, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan
Abstract In this paper, I propose a diagram for describing creative process based on the creative systems theory, where creative processes are considered as autopoietic reproduction networks of discoveries. Creative systems diagram has three views: elements view, summary view, and details view. Elements view describes the flow of discoveries and their groups; summary view describes the relations among the groups; and details view describes more details information about the emergence of elements. As a case, this paper shows diagrams for creative processes to invent a visualizing method with using chaos, which we call “footprints of chaos.” I anticipate that my proposed diagram would be useful toolkits to make reflections of creative process in any domains. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of COINs 2010 Organizing Committee Keywords: creative systems diagram, creative systems theory, autopoiesis.
1. Introduction How creative processes are possible? In order to answer the question, our previous study (Iba 2010) proposed a new theory for creativity based on the autopoietic systems theory (Maturana & Varela 1980; Luhmann 1984). In the theory, a creative process is defined as an autopoietic system whose elements are discoveries. In other words, creative process is a reproduction network of discoveries. Each discovery is emerged only when a synthesis of the following three selections occurs: idea, association, and finding (Figure 1). While we cannot predict the direction of any creative processes due to the nature of contingency, we can trace the process with the terms of the theory. However, the way to comprehend the creative process remains unclear, since our previous study only suggested a framework. Here we propose a method to describe creative processes in diagrams, which I call “creative systems diagram.” Furthermore, I also show an example from our own experiences of creative processes. 2. Creative Systems Diagram A creative systems diagram shows the relationships among discoveries in a certain creative process. There are three views of diagram: elements view, summary view, and details view (Figure 2). In what follows, I will explain each view, mentioning concepts of the creative systems theory (Iba 2010).
1877-0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.559
Takashiname Iba //Procedia – 37 Author Procedia-–Social Socialand andBehavioral BehavioralSciences Sciences2600(2011) (2011)30000–000
31
2.1. Elements View Elements view of creative systems theory describes the flow of discoveries. This view is most important because elements of a creative system are discoveries, where each discovery is produced based on previous discovery, associating the on-going creation. The basic notation is shown in Figure 3. The symbol shaped like cloud indicates a discovery, which is an element of creative systems; an arrow means reproduction, which is an operation of creative systems. In the diagram, discoveries are grouped into groups for convenience of understanding. Since group is not a concept for creative systems theory, you can decide to group discoveries when drawing the diagram.
Figure 1 Creative system as an autopoietic reproduction of discoveries
Figure 2 Three views of creative systems diagram
Figure 3 Elements view of creative systems diagram
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/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 26 (2011) 30 – 37 AuthorTakashi name / Iba Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000
2.2. Summary View Summary view of creative systems theory describes the relations among the groups of discoveries. This view is useful to take an overview the creative process. The basic notation is shown in Figure 4. The oval symbol indicates a group of discoveries; an arrow means transition from a group to another group. Note that group is not a concept for creative systems theory.
Figure 4 Summary view of creative systems diagram
2.3. Details View Details view of creative systems theory describes more details information about the emergence of elements, discoveries. In the creative systems theory, discovery is emerged from a synthesis of following three selections: idea, association, and finding. In other words, discovery happens only when a finding is obtained as a result of that an idea is associated to the on-going creation. There are intrinsically uncertainties for realization of discovery, however discoveries are possible by virtue of media, which are evolutionary achievements for overcoming these uncertainties. Furthermore, this theory emphasizes that the human belong to the environment of the creative system, since the system consists only of certain elements, discoveries. However, of course, human contributor is necessary to realize the creative process. Thus, the emergence of elements is the synthesis of idea, association, and finding with the aid of media and contributor.
Figure 5 Details view of creative systems diagram
Takashiname Iba //Procedia – 37 Author Procedia-–Social Socialand andBehavioral BehavioralSciences Sciences2600(2011) (2011)30000–000
33
The details view of creative systems diagram describes these factors for realizing the emergence of elements. The basic notation is shown in Figure 5. As well as elements view, the symbol shaped like cloud indicates a discovery, which is an element of creative systems, and an arrow means reproduction, which is an operation of creative systems. In the cloud symbol, three selections, idea, association, and finding, for the discovery are described. The square and triangle symbols indicate media for discoveries, and the symbol shaped like actor indicates contributor for discoveries. 3. Case: “Footprint of Chaos” Project Here I show the example of creative systems diagrams for the creative process to inventing a visualizing method with using chaos, which we call “footprints of chaos” (Shimonishi & Iba 2008; Iba & Shimonishi 2008; Shimonishi, et. al. 2008). This method is quite interesting because diverse complex patterns can be generated by the simple chaotic map function. See our paper (Iba & Shimonishi 2011) for more details about the method and resulting patterns. 3.1. Summary View of Creative Systems Diagram Figure 6 shows the summary view of creative systems diagram for “Footprints of chaos” project. The starting point is a question “Is it possible that unity and diversity coexist?” To answer the question, the following types of discoveries are emerged:1. Learning from the science of complexity, 2. Understanding the nature of chaos, 3. Understanding the nature of cellular automata, 4. Realizing the importance of inventing a new method, 5. Shaping an idea of collective drawing, and 6. Shaping an idea of chaotic drawing.
Figure 6 Summary view of creative systems diagram for “Footprints of Chaos” Project
3.2. Elements View of Creative Systems Diagram Figure 7 shows the elements view of creative systems diagram for “Footprints of chaos” project.
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Iba / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 26 (2011) 30 – 37 Author Takashi name / Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000
Figure 7 Elements view of creative systems diagram for “Footprints of Chaos” Project
Takashiname Iba //Procedia – 37 Author Procedia-–Social Socialand andBehavioral BehavioralSciences Sciences2600(2011) (2011)30000–000
3.3. Details View of Creative Systems Diagram Figure 8 shows a part of details view of creative systems diagram for “Footprints of chaos” project.
Figure 8 Details view of creative systems diagram for “Footprints of Chaos” Project
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/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 26 (2011) 30 – 37 AuthorTakashi name / Iba Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000
The followings are the details of each discovery in the group #6 in the creative process of “Footprints of chaos” project. 6. Shaping an idea of chaotic drawing 6-1: Another approach is to invent a new method for pattern generation. Association: Rethinking the approach. Idea: Pattern generating system like cellular automata. Finding: Inventing a new method to generate worlds to explore helps exploring “shape-as-it-could-be.” 6-2: It seems interesting to make a shape from the complex behavior of chaos. Association: Are there any concepts useful for the purpose? Idea: Chaos: a system under deterministic rules exhibits quite complex behavior. Finding: It seems interesting to make a shape from the complex behavior of chaos. 6-3: A system exhibits chaos draws something on a canvas. Association: How to make the shape? Idea: Drawings are often made on white canvas. Finding: A system exhibits chaos draws something on a canvas. 6-4: Plotting simply shaped objects based on chaos. Association: How to draw with chaos? Idea: Plotting the simple-shaped objects like circle or square Finding: Simply shaped objects like circle or square are plotted successively; the resulting trajectory will jump here and there. 6-5: Vector representation is suitable for expressing the trajectory. Association: How to obtain the series of plots from chaos? Idea: The relation between any two points on a two-dimensional plane can be expressed with vectors. Finding: Suppose that the length of the vector is fixed, there rests the angle of the vector. 6-6: Logistic map is good since it is most simple chaotic map. Association: Which map function is used for generating chaos? Idea: Logistic map: the simplest and most well known one-dimensional chaotic map. Finding: Logistic map seems be easy to manipulate, and adequate because of only one variable. 6-7: Degree of angle can be calculated by the values. Association: How to convert the value of a variable into an angle of vector? Idea: In the logistic map, the variable is ranging from 0 to 1. Finding: To convert the value of a variable, ranging from 0 to 1, into the angle, ranging from 0 to 2. 6-8: Processing is suitable for implementing the mechanism. Association: How to implement the mechanism? Idea: It is easy to manipulate visual expression on Processing. Finding: Processing is suitable for implementing the mechanism. 6-9: Amazing diverse patterns can be generated. Association: What’s happen as a result? Idea: (Program in Processing language) Finding: Diverse patterns are generated with the invented mechanism, which looks very interesting! 6-10: “Footprints of Chaos” as a name
Takashiname Iba //Procedia – 37 Author Procedia-–Social Socialand andBehavioral BehavioralSciences Sciences2600(2011) (2011)30000–000
37
Association: What name best describes the mechanism? Idea: 1. It looks like raindrops falling on the canvas. 2. The generated patterns are just traces, not generating systems. 3. Each plot is drawn at a time step. Finding: “Footprints of Chaos” 4. Conclusion In this paper, I proposed a diagram for describing creative process based on the creative systems theory, where creative processes are considered as autopoietic reproduction networks of discoveries. Also, as a case, this paper shows diagrams for creative processes of “footprints of chaos” project. I anticipate that the proposed method and diagram will be useful toolkits like the ones of System Dynamics (Forrester, 1961; Sterman 2000) and Soft Systems Methodology (Checkland 1981; Wilson 1984). Acknowledgement I would like to thank to K. Shimonishi and Junya Hirose for answering many questions to draw a diagram shown in this paper. Also, I would like to thank to the participants who gave me comments and advices to improve this study. References Checkland, P.B. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, John Wiley & Sons. Forrester, J.W. (1961) Industrial Dynamics. Pegasus Communications. Iba, T. (2010). “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, 1st International Conference on Collaborative Innovation Networks, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 6610-6625 Iba, T. & Shimonishi, K. (2008) "Exploring Patterns on Footprints of Chaos", 3rd International Nonlinear Sciences Conference. Iba, T. & Shimonishi, K. (2011), "The Origin of Diversity: Thinking with Chaotic Walk," in Unifying Themes in Complex Systems Volume VIII: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Complex Systems, New England Complex Systems Institute Series on Complexity (Sayama, H., Minai, A. A., Braha, D. and Bar-Yam, Y. eds., NECSI Knowledge Press, 2011), pp.447-461. Luhmann, N. (1984) Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie, Suhrkamp. (English translation: Social Systems, Stanford University Press, 1995) Maturana, H.R. & Varela, F.J. (1980). Autopoiesis and Cognition: The realization of The Living, Springer. Shimonishi, K. & Iba, T. (2008) "Visualizing Footprints of Chaos", 3rd International Nonlinear Sciences Conference. Shimonishi, K., Hirose, J. & Iba, T., (2008) "The Footprints of Chaos: A Novel Method and Demonstration for Generating Various Patterns from Chaos", SIGGRAPH2008 Sterman, J.D. (2000) Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. McGraw Hill. Wilson, B. (1984) Systems: Concepts, Methodologies and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Innovation Sciences 26Networks (2011) 30Conference – 37 Collaborative 2010
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
COINs2010: Collaborative Innovation Networks Conference
Autopoietic Systems Diagram for Describing Creative Processes Takashi Iba Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Endo 5322, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan
Abstract In this paper, I propose a diagram for describing creative process based on the creative systems theory, where creative processes are considered as autopoietic reproduction networks of discoveries. Creative systems diagram has three views: elements view, summary view, and details view. Elements view describes the flow of discoveries and their groups; summary view describes the relations among the groups; and details view describes more details information about the emergence of elements. As a case, this paper shows diagrams for creative processes to invent a visualizing method with using chaos, which we call “footprints of chaos.” I anticipate that my proposed diagram would be useful toolkits to make reflections of creative process in any domains. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of COINs 2010 Organizing Committee Keywords: creative systems diagram, creative systems theory, autopoiesis.
1. Introduction How creative processes are possible? In order to answer the question, our previous study (Iba 2010) proposed a new theory for creativity based on the autopoietic systems theory (Maturana & Varela 1980; Luhmann 1984). In the theory, a creative process is defined as an autopoietic system whose elements are discoveries. In other words, creative process is a reproduction network of discoveries. Each discovery is emerged only when a synthesis of the following three selections occurs: idea, association, and finding (Figure 1). While we cannot predict the direction of any creative processes due to the nature of contingency, we can trace the process with the terms of the theory. However, the way to comprehend the creative process remains unclear, since our previous study only suggested a framework. Here we propose a method to describe creative processes in diagrams, which I call “creative systems diagram.” Furthermore, I also show an example from our own experiences of creative processes. 2. Creative Systems Diagram A creative systems diagram shows the relationships among discoveries in a certain creative process. There are three views of diagram: elements view, summary view, and details view (Figure 2). In what follows, I will explain each view, mentioning concepts of the creative systems theory (Iba 2010).
1877-0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.559
Takashiname Iba //Procedia – 37 Author Procedia-–Social Socialand andBehavioral BehavioralSciences Sciences2600(2011) (2011)30000–000
31
2.1. Elements View Elements view of creative systems theory describes the flow of discoveries. This view is most important because elements of a creative system are discoveries, where each discovery is produced based on previous discovery, associating the on-going creation. The basic notation is shown in Figure 3. The symbol shaped like cloud indicates a discovery, which is an element of creative systems; an arrow means reproduction, which is an operation of creative systems. In the diagram, discoveries are grouped into groups for convenience of understanding. Since group is not a concept for creative systems theory, you can decide to group discoveries when drawing the diagram.
Figure 1 Creative system as an autopoietic reproduction of discoveries
Figure 2 Three views of creative systems diagram
Figure 3 Elements view of creative systems diagram
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/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 26 (2011) 30 – 37 AuthorTakashi name / Iba Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000
2.2. Summary View Summary view of creative systems theory describes the relations among the groups of discoveries. This view is useful to take an overview the creative process. The basic notation is shown in Figure 4. The oval symbol indicates a group of discoveries; an arrow means transition from a group to another group. Note that group is not a concept for creative systems theory.
Figure 4 Summary view of creative systems diagram
2.3. Details View Details view of creative systems theory describes more details information about the emergence of elements, discoveries. In the creative systems theory, discovery is emerged from a synthesis of following three selections: idea, association, and finding. In other words, discovery happens only when a finding is obtained as a result of that an idea is associated to the on-going creation. There are intrinsically uncertainties for realization of discovery, however discoveries are possible by virtue of media, which are evolutionary achievements for overcoming these uncertainties. Furthermore, this theory emphasizes that the human belong to the environment of the creative system, since the system consists only of certain elements, discoveries. However, of course, human contributor is necessary to realize the creative process. Thus, the emergence of elements is the synthesis of idea, association, and finding with the aid of media and contributor.
Figure 5 Details view of creative systems diagram
Takashiname Iba //Procedia – 37 Author Procedia-–Social Socialand andBehavioral BehavioralSciences Sciences2600(2011) (2011)30000–000
33
The details view of creative systems diagram describes these factors for realizing the emergence of elements. The basic notation is shown in Figure 5. As well as elements view, the symbol shaped like cloud indicates a discovery, which is an element of creative systems, and an arrow means reproduction, which is an operation of creative systems. In the cloud symbol, three selections, idea, association, and finding, for the discovery are described. The square and triangle symbols indicate media for discoveries, and the symbol shaped like actor indicates contributor for discoveries. 3. Case: “Footprint of Chaos” Project Here I show the example of creative systems diagrams for the creative process to inventing a visualizing method with using chaos, which we call “footprints of chaos” (Shimonishi & Iba 2008; Iba & Shimonishi 2008; Shimonishi, et. al. 2008). This method is quite interesting because diverse complex patterns can be generated by the simple chaotic map function. See our paper (Iba & Shimonishi 2011) for more details about the method and resulting patterns. 3.1. Summary View of Creative Systems Diagram Figure 6 shows the summary view of creative systems diagram for “Footprints of chaos” project. The starting point is a question “Is it possible that unity and diversity coexist?” To answer the question, the following types of discoveries are emerged:1. Learning from the science of complexity, 2. Understanding the nature of chaos, 3. Understanding the nature of cellular automata, 4. Realizing the importance of inventing a new method, 5. Shaping an idea of collective drawing, and 6. Shaping an idea of chaotic drawing.
Figure 6 Summary view of creative systems diagram for “Footprints of Chaos” Project
3.2. Elements View of Creative Systems Diagram Figure 7 shows the elements view of creative systems diagram for “Footprints of chaos” project.
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Iba / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 26 (2011) 30 – 37 Author Takashi name / Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000
Figure 7 Elements view of creative systems diagram for “Footprints of Chaos” Project
Takashiname Iba //Procedia – 37 Author Procedia-–Social Socialand andBehavioral BehavioralSciences Sciences2600(2011) (2011)30000–000
3.3. Details View of Creative Systems Diagram Figure 8 shows a part of details view of creative systems diagram for “Footprints of chaos” project.
Figure 8 Details view of creative systems diagram for “Footprints of Chaos” Project
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/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 26 (2011) 30 – 37 AuthorTakashi name / Iba Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000
The followings are the details of each discovery in the group #6 in the creative process of “Footprints of chaos” project. 6. Shaping an idea of chaotic drawing 6-1: Another approach is to invent a new method for pattern generation. Association: Rethinking the approach. Idea: Pattern generating system like cellular automata. Finding: Inventing a new method to generate worlds to explore helps exploring “shape-as-it-could-be.” 6-2: It seems interesting to make a shape from the complex behavior of chaos. Association: Are there any concepts useful for the purpose? Idea: Chaos: a system under deterministic rules exhibits quite complex behavior. Finding: It seems interesting to make a shape from the complex behavior of chaos. 6-3: A system exhibits chaos draws something on a canvas. Association: How to make the shape? Idea: Drawings are often made on white canvas. Finding: A system exhibits chaos draws something on a canvas. 6-4: Plotting simply shaped objects based on chaos. Association: How to draw with chaos? Idea: Plotting the simple-shaped objects like circle or square Finding: Simply shaped objects like circle or square are plotted successively; the resulting trajectory will jump here and there. 6-5: Vector representation is suitable for expressing the trajectory. Association: How to obtain the series of plots from chaos? Idea: The relation between any two points on a two-dimensional plane can be expressed with vectors. Finding: Suppose that the length of the vector is fixed, there rests the angle of the vector. 6-6: Logistic map is good since it is most simple chaotic map. Association: Which map function is used for generating chaos? Idea: Logistic map: the simplest and most well known one-dimensional chaotic map. Finding: Logistic map seems be easy to manipulate, and adequate because of only one variable. 6-7: Degree of angle can be calculated by the values. Association: How to convert the value of a variable into an angle of vector? Idea: In the logistic map, the variable is ranging from 0 to 1. Finding: To convert the value of a variable, ranging from 0 to 1, into the angle, ranging from 0 to 2. 6-8: Processing is suitable for implementing the mechanism. Association: How to implement the mechanism? Idea: It is easy to manipulate visual expression on Processing. Finding: Processing is suitable for implementing the mechanism. 6-9: Amazing diverse patterns can be generated. Association: What’s happen as a result? Idea: (Program in Processing language) Finding: Diverse patterns are generated with the invented mechanism, which looks very interesting! 6-10: “Footprints of Chaos” as a name
Takashiname Iba //Procedia – 37 Author Procedia-–Social Socialand andBehavioral BehavioralSciences Sciences2600(2011) (2011)30000–000
37
Association: What name best describes the mechanism? Idea: 1. It looks like raindrops falling on the canvas. 2. The generated patterns are just traces, not generating systems. 3. Each plot is drawn at a time step. Finding: “Footprints of Chaos” 4. Conclusion In this paper, I proposed a diagram for describing creative process based on the creative systems theory, where creative processes are considered as autopoietic reproduction networks of discoveries. Also, as a case, this paper shows diagrams for creative processes of “footprints of chaos” project. I anticipate that the proposed method and diagram will be useful toolkits like the ones of System Dynamics (Forrester, 1961; Sterman 2000) and Soft Systems Methodology (Checkland 1981; Wilson 1984). Acknowledgement I would like to thank to K. Shimonishi and Junya Hirose for answering many questions to draw a diagram shown in this paper. Also, I would like to thank to the participants who gave me comments and advices to improve this study. References Checkland, P.B. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, John Wiley & Sons. Forrester, J.W. (1961) Industrial Dynamics. Pegasus Communications. Iba, T. (2010). “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, 1st International Conference on Collaborative Innovation Networks, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 6610-6625 Iba, T. & Shimonishi, K. (2008) "Exploring Patterns on Footprints of Chaos", 3rd International Nonlinear Sciences Conference. Iba, T. & Shimonishi, K. (2011), "The Origin of Diversity: Thinking with Chaotic Walk," in Unifying Themes in Complex Systems Volume VIII: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Complex Systems, New England Complex Systems Institute Series on Complexity (Sayama, H., Minai, A. A., Braha, D. and Bar-Yam, Y. eds., NECSI Knowledge Press, 2011), pp.447-461. Luhmann, N. (1984) Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie, Suhrkamp. (English translation: Social Systems, Stanford University Press, 1995) Maturana, H.R. & Varela, F.J. (1980). Autopoiesis and Cognition: The realization of The Living, Springer. Shimonishi, K. & Iba, T. (2008) "Visualizing Footprints of Chaos", 3rd International Nonlinear Sciences Conference. Shimonishi, K., Hirose, J. & Iba, T., (2008) "The Footprints of Chaos: A Novel Method and Demonstration for Generating Various Patterns from Chaos", SIGGRAPH2008 Sterman, J.D. (2000) Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. McGraw Hill. Wilson, B. (1984) Systems: Concepts, Methodologies and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.