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Barkhausen-noise strain gauges
37411
Burtseva, V.A.; Pravdin, L.S.; Shcherbinin, V.E.; Yakovlev,
S.G. Selecting the method of nondestructive inspection of the mechanical properties of high-strength cast iron Soviet Journal of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 22, No. 11, pp. 772-779 (Jul. 1987) As a result of analysis, the magnetoelastic method was selected for the nondestructive inspection of casting of high-strength cast iron (HCi) from the group of methods used for inspecting iron-carbon alloys. The method is physically substantiated. The field dependences of the magnetoelastic scnsitivitiesof HCI are examined and the parameters sensitive to the variation of the mechanical properties of HCI are selected. 37405
Theiner, W.A.; Deimel, P.
Non-Destructive testing of welds with the 3MA-analyzer Nuclear Engineerin g and Design, Vol. 102, No. 3, pp. 257-264 (Jul. 1987) For the microstructurc and stress determination in the near surface region (< 1 ram) micromagnetic non-destructive methods can bc used. This contribution gives an actual survey about the possibilities of determining non-destructively hardness and residual stress values in the weld region. 37282
Namkung, M., Utrata. D.; Heyman, J.S.; Allison, S.G.
Low-field magnetoacoustic residual stress measurement in steel Solid Mechanics Research for Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Proceedings of the O N R Symposium on Solid Mechanics Research for Q N D E , Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (United States), 18-2/) Sep. 1985. pp. 301-318. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (1987) Much of the recent development of the magnctoacoustic technique has been devoted to refine the technique described in this paper as a reliable and practical tool for measuring bulk residual stress in steel components. For this, the effects of structural and metallurgical properties on the magnctoacoustic interaction have bccn studied for various types of steel samples. Also, progress is being made to obtain quantitative residual stress measurements in railroad wheels. This paper reviews the physical basis and the experimental results of the magnctoacoustic stress measurements in steels. 37267
Kameda, J. Ranjan, R. ;
Nondestructive evaluation of steels using acoustic and magnetic Barkhausen signals-l. Effect of carbide precipitation and hardness Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 35, No. 7, pp. 1515-1526 (Jul. 1987) The effect of microstructurcs on acoustic and magnetic Barkhauscn signals has bccn investigated in a quenched and tempered steel and sphcroidizcd steels with various carbon contents. Many different features between the acoustic and magnetic Barkhauscn signals wcrc observed. A major peak of the acoustic Barkhausen signal was induced when a magnetic field was increased from zero to the saturation state. A minor peak of the acoustic signal and a single peak of the magnetic signal appeared during the decreasing field. It was found in all the steels that the peak value of the acoustic Barkhauscn signal shows a linear dependence on the sweep rate of a magnetic field while that of the magnetic Barkhauscn signal does a nonlinear one. The increasing tempering temperature which gives rise to a decrease in hardness and an increase carbide size and spacing caused that acoustic and magnetic Barkhausen peak voltages to increase prccipitiously and gradually, respectively. 37266
Kameda, J.; Rajan, R.
Nondestructive evaluation of steels using acoustic and magnetic Barkhausen signals-ll. Effect of intergranular impurity segregation Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 35, No. 7, pp. 1527-1531 (Jul. 1987) The present paper has studied the influence of intergranular impurity segregation on acoustic and magnetic Barkhausen signals induced during magnetization in an undoped nickel-chromium steel and doped steels with antimony, tin or'phosphorus. While the intcrgranular impurity segregation did not affect the magnetic hysteresis loop at all. it caused the characteristics of the acoustic and magnetic Barkhausen signals to change in a different manner. The impurity-doped steels produced a higher magnitude of the acoustic signal than the undopcd one. However, the acoustic signal intensity of the impurity-doped steels remained the same independent of the quantity and type of segregants. With increasing quantity of scgrcgants, the magnitude of the magnetic signal initiallydecreased and then increased above 0.078 atomic fraction. The magnetic signal also did not depend on the type of segregants. The effect of segregated impurities on the grain boundary energy and the magnetostatic energy at grain boundaries which change the nucleation and growth processes of domains is discussed.
Kuleev, V.G.; Shcherbinin, V.E.; Zhakov, S.V.; Subbotin, Y. S.; Men'shikov, N.M.
37251
Effect of physical differences between the Barkhausen effect and Barkhausen acoustic emission on their application in nondestructive inspection Soviet Journal of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 22, No. 9, pp. 573-585 (May 1987) The physical differences between the Barkhausen effect and Barkhausen acoustic emission arc examined and recommendations arc given with respect to the possibilitiesof using these phenomena in nondestructive inspection.
NDT International February 1991
37246
Buttle, D.J.; Jakubovics, J.P.; Briggs, G.A.D.; Scruby, C.B.
Magneto-acoustic and Barkhausen emission from domain-wall interactions with precipitates in lncoloy 904 Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 735-756 (1987) Magneto-acoustic emission (MAE) and Barkhausen emission (BE) have been measured from single crystals and polycrystals of lncoloy 904 alloy, in which a uniform, random distribution of coherent spherical precipitates (non-magnetic inclusions) forms on isothermal ageing. The volume fraction of these inclusions remains constant but their diameter can be varied by the length of the heat treatment. BE activity and MAE activity profiles were measured as a function of the magnetizing field, and the number of Barkhausen events were counted as a function of their peak amplitude for each of the lncoloy specimens. 37245
Buttle, D.J.; Scruby, C.B.; Jakubovics, J.P.; Briggs, G.A.D.
Magneto-acoustic and Barkhausen emission: their dependence on dislocations in iron Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 717-734 (1987) Magneto-acoustic emission (MAE) and Barkhausen emission (BE) have been measured from polycrystals of pure iron which had been strained by 4.9%. The specimens were then heat-treated at successively higher temperatures. The heat treatments resulted in stress recovery and, at higher temperatures, a reduction in the dislocation density. BE activity and MAE activity profiles were measured after each anneal as a function of the magnetizing field, and the number of Barkhausen events was counted as a function of their peak amplitude. 37168
Pro, R.J.
Grinding burn detection during production using magnetic Barkhausen Noise measurements Materials Evaluation, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 610, 612 (Jun. 1987) Grinding may adversely affect the mechanical properties of a finished metallic part if performed improperly. The variations in surface hardness, brittleness, and stress that result when grinding burns are present often lead to surface cracking. Uneven surface wear is another problem that may occur in burned parts. Barkhausen noise measurement lets one nondestructively assess the state of stress if the microstructurc of a material is controlled or to detect microstructural defects if the state of stress is controlled. This fact has important implications for the detection of grinding burns. 36995
Piech, T.; Tietz, H.D.
Barkhausen-noise strain gauges Proceedings of the 9th Congress on Material Testing, Budapest (Hungary), 29 Sep. - 3 Oct. 1986. Vol.2. pp. 497-498. E d i t e d by E. Czoboty. Scientific Society of Mechanical E n g i n e e r s (1986) This report describes a high sensitivity strain gauge based on the Barkhausen effect. The advantages of the devised transducer are discussed and compared with conventional solutions. 36994
Piech, T.
Application of the Barkhausen effect to mechanical stress measurements in ferromagnetics Proceedings of the 9th Congress on Material Testing, Budapest (Hungary), 29 Sep. - 3 Oct. 1986. Vol.2. pp. 495-496. E d i t e d by E Czoboly. Scientific Society of Mechanical E n g i n e e r s (1986) This report presents the problem of making use of Barkhausen-Effect to measurements of mechanical stresses and forces in ferromagnetics. The field of application has been indicated as well as the results of laboratory investigations conducted by means of measuring apparatus devised. Standard deviation of the method and the accuracy of the measuring device has been estimated. 36993
Posgay, G.; Toth, F.J.
Measurement possibilities of mechanical stress distribution according to depth with Barkhausen - noise analyser Proceedings of the 9th Congress of Materials Testing, Bu d ap es t (Hungary), 29 Sep. 3 Oct. 1986. Vol.2. pp. 628-629. E d i t e d by E. Czoboly. Scientific Society of Mechanical Engi ne e rs (1986). We have worked out methods on non-destructive testing of mechanical stress distribution according to depth with Barkhausen-noise analyser. We show the application of our method on rolled surfaces. 36985
Ono, K.
Magnetomechanical acoustic emission - a review University of California, Los Angeles, California (U ni t e d States), A D - A171-848, 13 pp. (Sep. 1986) This article reviews magnetomechanical acoustic emission (MAE) that can be used in developing nondestructive testing techniques for residual stress measurements and microstructural characterization. Effects of metallurgical and magnetic parameters on MAE arc considered drawing from basic studies on nickel and iron as well as from applied research on rail and wheel steels. Some of the observed features of MAE can be explained in terms of the domain theory. Practical applications require additional developmental efforts, but potential for useful residual stress analysis is well demonstrated. 36981
Filinov, V. V., Sokolik, A.I., Shaternikov, V.E.
Effect of surface plastic deformation of steel components on the parameters of the Barkhausen effect Soviet Journal of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 391-394 (Feb. 1987)
47
Burtseva, V.A.; Pravdin, L.S.; Shcherbinin, V.E.; Yakovlev,
S.G. Selecting the method of nondestructive inspection of the mechanical properties of high-strength cast iron Soviet Journal of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 22, No. 11, pp. 772-779 (Jul. 1987) As a result of analysis, the magnetoelastic method was selected for the nondestructive inspection of casting of high-strength cast iron (HCi) from the group of methods used for inspecting iron-carbon alloys. The method is physically substantiated. The field dependences of the magnetoelastic scnsitivitiesof HCI are examined and the parameters sensitive to the variation of the mechanical properties of HCI are selected. 37405
Theiner, W.A.; Deimel, P.
Non-Destructive testing of welds with the 3MA-analyzer Nuclear Engineerin g and Design, Vol. 102, No. 3, pp. 257-264 (Jul. 1987) For the microstructurc and stress determination in the near surface region (< 1 ram) micromagnetic non-destructive methods can bc used. This contribution gives an actual survey about the possibilities of determining non-destructively hardness and residual stress values in the weld region. 37282
Namkung, M., Utrata. D.; Heyman, J.S.; Allison, S.G.
Low-field magnetoacoustic residual stress measurement in steel Solid Mechanics Research for Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Proceedings of the O N R Symposium on Solid Mechanics Research for Q N D E , Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (United States), 18-2/) Sep. 1985. pp. 301-318. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (1987) Much of the recent development of the magnctoacoustic technique has been devoted to refine the technique described in this paper as a reliable and practical tool for measuring bulk residual stress in steel components. For this, the effects of structural and metallurgical properties on the magnctoacoustic interaction have bccn studied for various types of steel samples. Also, progress is being made to obtain quantitative residual stress measurements in railroad wheels. This paper reviews the physical basis and the experimental results of the magnctoacoustic stress measurements in steels. 37267
Kameda, J. Ranjan, R. ;
Nondestructive evaluation of steels using acoustic and magnetic Barkhausen signals-l. Effect of carbide precipitation and hardness Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 35, No. 7, pp. 1515-1526 (Jul. 1987) The effect of microstructurcs on acoustic and magnetic Barkhauscn signals has bccn investigated in a quenched and tempered steel and sphcroidizcd steels with various carbon contents. Many different features between the acoustic and magnetic Barkhauscn signals wcrc observed. A major peak of the acoustic Barkhausen signal was induced when a magnetic field was increased from zero to the saturation state. A minor peak of the acoustic signal and a single peak of the magnetic signal appeared during the decreasing field. It was found in all the steels that the peak value of the acoustic Barkhauscn signal shows a linear dependence on the sweep rate of a magnetic field while that of the magnetic Barkhauscn signal does a nonlinear one. The increasing tempering temperature which gives rise to a decrease in hardness and an increase carbide size and spacing caused that acoustic and magnetic Barkhausen peak voltages to increase prccipitiously and gradually, respectively. 37266
Kameda, J.; Rajan, R.
Nondestructive evaluation of steels using acoustic and magnetic Barkhausen signals-ll. Effect of intergranular impurity segregation Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 35, No. 7, pp. 1527-1531 (Jul. 1987) The present paper has studied the influence of intergranular impurity segregation on acoustic and magnetic Barkhausen signals induced during magnetization in an undoped nickel-chromium steel and doped steels with antimony, tin or'phosphorus. While the intcrgranular impurity segregation did not affect the magnetic hysteresis loop at all. it caused the characteristics of the acoustic and magnetic Barkhausen signals to change in a different manner. The impurity-doped steels produced a higher magnitude of the acoustic signal than the undopcd one. However, the acoustic signal intensity of the impurity-doped steels remained the same independent of the quantity and type of segregants. With increasing quantity of scgrcgants, the magnitude of the magnetic signal initiallydecreased and then increased above 0.078 atomic fraction. The magnetic signal also did not depend on the type of segregants. The effect of segregated impurities on the grain boundary energy and the magnetostatic energy at grain boundaries which change the nucleation and growth processes of domains is discussed.
Kuleev, V.G.; Shcherbinin, V.E.; Zhakov, S.V.; Subbotin, Y. S.; Men'shikov, N.M.
37251
Effect of physical differences between the Barkhausen effect and Barkhausen acoustic emission on their application in nondestructive inspection Soviet Journal of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 22, No. 9, pp. 573-585 (May 1987) The physical differences between the Barkhausen effect and Barkhausen acoustic emission arc examined and recommendations arc given with respect to the possibilitiesof using these phenomena in nondestructive inspection.
NDT International February 1991
37246
Buttle, D.J.; Jakubovics, J.P.; Briggs, G.A.D.; Scruby, C.B.
Magneto-acoustic and Barkhausen emission from domain-wall interactions with precipitates in lncoloy 904 Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 735-756 (1987) Magneto-acoustic emission (MAE) and Barkhausen emission (BE) have been measured from single crystals and polycrystals of lncoloy 904 alloy, in which a uniform, random distribution of coherent spherical precipitates (non-magnetic inclusions) forms on isothermal ageing. The volume fraction of these inclusions remains constant but their diameter can be varied by the length of the heat treatment. BE activity and MAE activity profiles were measured as a function of the magnetizing field, and the number of Barkhausen events were counted as a function of their peak amplitude for each of the lncoloy specimens. 37245
Buttle, D.J.; Scruby, C.B.; Jakubovics, J.P.; Briggs, G.A.D.
Magneto-acoustic and Barkhausen emission: their dependence on dislocations in iron Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 717-734 (1987) Magneto-acoustic emission (MAE) and Barkhausen emission (BE) have been measured from polycrystals of pure iron which had been strained by 4.9%. The specimens were then heat-treated at successively higher temperatures. The heat treatments resulted in stress recovery and, at higher temperatures, a reduction in the dislocation density. BE activity and MAE activity profiles were measured after each anneal as a function of the magnetizing field, and the number of Barkhausen events was counted as a function of their peak amplitude. 37168
Pro, R.J.
Grinding burn detection during production using magnetic Barkhausen Noise measurements Materials Evaluation, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 610, 612 (Jun. 1987) Grinding may adversely affect the mechanical properties of a finished metallic part if performed improperly. The variations in surface hardness, brittleness, and stress that result when grinding burns are present often lead to surface cracking. Uneven surface wear is another problem that may occur in burned parts. Barkhausen noise measurement lets one nondestructively assess the state of stress if the microstructurc of a material is controlled or to detect microstructural defects if the state of stress is controlled. This fact has important implications for the detection of grinding burns. 36995
Piech, T.; Tietz, H.D.
Barkhausen-noise strain gauges Proceedings of the 9th Congress on Material Testing, Budapest (Hungary), 29 Sep. - 3 Oct. 1986. Vol.2. pp. 497-498. E d i t e d by E. Czoboty. Scientific Society of Mechanical E n g i n e e r s (1986) This report describes a high sensitivity strain gauge based on the Barkhausen effect. The advantages of the devised transducer are discussed and compared with conventional solutions. 36994
Piech, T.
Application of the Barkhausen effect to mechanical stress measurements in ferromagnetics Proceedings of the 9th Congress on Material Testing, Budapest (Hungary), 29 Sep. - 3 Oct. 1986. Vol.2. pp. 495-496. E d i t e d by E Czoboly. Scientific Society of Mechanical E n g i n e e r s (1986) This report presents the problem of making use of Barkhausen-Effect to measurements of mechanical stresses and forces in ferromagnetics. The field of application has been indicated as well as the results of laboratory investigations conducted by means of measuring apparatus devised. Standard deviation of the method and the accuracy of the measuring device has been estimated. 36993
Posgay, G.; Toth, F.J.
Measurement possibilities of mechanical stress distribution according to depth with Barkhausen - noise analyser Proceedings of the 9th Congress of Materials Testing, Bu d ap es t (Hungary), 29 Sep. 3 Oct. 1986. Vol.2. pp. 628-629. E d i t e d by E. Czoboly. Scientific Society of Mechanical Engi ne e rs (1986). We have worked out methods on non-destructive testing of mechanical stress distribution according to depth with Barkhausen-noise analyser. We show the application of our method on rolled surfaces. 36985
Ono, K.
Magnetomechanical acoustic emission - a review University of California, Los Angeles, California (U ni t e d States), A D - A171-848, 13 pp. (Sep. 1986) This article reviews magnetomechanical acoustic emission (MAE) that can be used in developing nondestructive testing techniques for residual stress measurements and microstructural characterization. Effects of metallurgical and magnetic parameters on MAE arc considered drawing from basic studies on nickel and iron as well as from applied research on rail and wheel steels. Some of the observed features of MAE can be explained in terms of the domain theory. Practical applications require additional developmental efforts, but potential for useful residual stress analysis is well demonstrated. 36981
Filinov, V. V., Sokolik, A.I., Shaternikov, V.E.
Effect of surface plastic deformation of steel components on the parameters of the Barkhausen effect Soviet Journal of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 391-394 (Feb. 1987)
47