- Email: [email protected]
Basic laboratory methods in medical parasitology
35
Parasitology Today, vol. 8, no. I, 1992
This information is most appropriately obtained through well-designed epidemiological studies that account for the long-term survival and accumulation of Ascaris and Trichuris eggs in soil. If such studies provided data complementary to our own, the relaxation of the guideline would have considerable benefits. A waste stabilization pond system designed to produce an effluent with ten eggs per litre would be smaller (by up to 40%) and hence its construction costs would be correspondingly lower than one designed to produce only one egg per litre. We recognize that epidemiological evidence to assess the health risks of wastewater exposure is required to confirm whether or not such a relaxation is justified based on the findings of these studies. Acknowledgement We would like to thank the Overseas Development Administration for their funding of our work under Research Schemes R4497 and R4336.
References I Strauss, M and Blumenthal U J (1989) IRCWD Report No. 08/90, International Reference Centre for Wastes Disposal, Duebendorf 2 Shuval, H.I. et ol. (1986) World Bank Technical Paper No. 51, The World Bank, Washington 3 World Health Organization (1989) Technical Report Series No. 778 4 Mara, D.D. and Cairncross, S. (1989) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture: Measures for Public Health Protection, World Health Organization 5 Bhaskaran, T.R. et al. (1956) Ind. J. Med. Res. 44, 163-180 6 Liebmann, H. (1965) in Advances in Water Pollution Research (Baars, J.K., ed.), pp 269-276, Pergamon Press 7 Ayres, R.M, Lee, D.L. and Mara, D.D. (1989) Final Report ODA Research Scheme R4336, University of Leeds 8 SchwaRzbrod, J. et aL (1989) Water Sci. Technol. 21,295-297 9 Kumada, M. (I 965) ]pn. J. Parasitol. 14, 495-499 I 0 Choi, D.W. (1970) Korean ]. Parasitol. 18, 19 II Anaur, A.K. and P~amachandran,C.P. (1977) Med. J. Malays. 31,262-265 12 Krishnamoorthi, K.P., Abdulappa, M.K. and Anwikar, A.K. (1973) in Proceedings of a
Symposium on Environmental Pollution (Saraf, R.K., ed.), pp 347-355, Central Public Health Engineering Institute, Nagpur, India 13 Linnemann, C.C. eta/. (1984)J. Occup. Meal. 26, 41-44 14 Shuval, H.I., Yekutiel, P. and Fattal, B. (1984) Water Sci. TechnoL 17, 433-442 15 Pillai,S.C., Rajagopalan,R. and Subrahmanyan, F.N.I. (1955) Bull. Nat. Inst. Sci. India 10, 160-179 16 International Reference Centre for Wastes Disposal (1985) IRCWD News 23, 11-18 17 Ayres, R.M. et d. ( 1991) Environ. Technol. 12, 617-623 18 Mara, D.D. et al. (1990) Final Report ODA Research Scheme R4442A, University of Leeds 19 Ayres, R.M. et d. Water Sci. Technol. (in press) 20 Rhallabi,N. et al. (1990) Actes Inst. Agron. Vet. I 0, 57-66 21 Rowan, W.B. and Gram, A.L. (1959)J. Parasitol. 45, 615-62 I. 22 Katakura, K., Hamada, A. and Kobayashi, A. (I 986)]pn. ]. Parasitol. 35, I-9
RachelAyres, RebeccaStott and Duncan Mara are at the Department of Civil Engineeringand Rachel Ayres, Rebecca Stott and Donald Lee are at the Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Universityof Leeds, LeedsLS2 9IT, UK.
BeeRs
I B@@115
II i@I
I
Advances in Disease Vector Research edited by Kerry F. Harris, Springer-Verlag, 1991. Volume 7, DMI58 (ix + 211 pages) ISBN 0 387 97335 4; Volume 8, DMI68 (xvii + 209 pages) ISBN 0 387 97478 These latest additions to a well-established series contain contributions by international authorities in a variety of fields. Volume 7 consists of seven diverse chapters, two of which are of particular interest to parasitologists: Artificial Diets for Blood-feeding Insects by John R. DeLoach and George Spates and Transmission of African Trypanosomiasis: Interactions Among Tsetse Immune Systems, Symbionts and Parasites by lan Maudlin. The chapter on mosquito spiroplasmas by Claude Chastel and lan Humphery-Smith will interest specialists. Volume 8 also contains seven chapters and, again, two are concerned with parasitological topics: Detection of Malarial Parasites in Mosquitoes by Robert A. Wirtz and Thomas R. Burkot and Advances in Triatome Bug Ecology in Relation to Chagas Disease by Toby V. Barrett. The chapter on integrated control of mosquitoes and mosquitoborne diseases in ricelands by Motoyoshi Magi and Teiji Sota briefly mentions malaria.
Parasite-Host Environment, Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1991. US$20.00 (276 pages) The Second International School, Parasite-Host Environment, organized by the Bulgarian Institute of Parasitology, was held in Sofia from 28 May-I June 1991, and this small, camera-ready volume represents the proceedings. There are 15 invited lectures, mainly from the UK, including two in summary form, and 48 poster abstracts, many from Eastern Europe. The poster abstracts provide some insight into parasitological work not easily available to English-speaking scientists.
the equipment and materials required for a diagnostic parasitology laboratory, reagents and their preparation, the preparations of culture media and the cleaning and storage of microscope slides. The manual is concerned with basic techniques and does not include any immunological or biochemical procedures. Although aimed at workers in health centres and first-referral hospitals, this manual would be invaluable for practical classes in any university or polytechnic where parasitology is taught. F.E.G. Cox
Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology, World Health Organization,
199 I.
Sw.fr.21.00
(Sw.fr. 14.70 in Developing Countries) $18.00 (vii + 114 pages) ISBN 92 4 154410 4 This manual is intended as a practical guide for laboratory workers in health centres and is based on information collated from a variety of sources, including published books and well-tried training courses. Topics covered include basic laboratory safety, care and use of the microscope, the examination of faecal samples, urine specimens, vaginal material and blood. There is also a wellillustrated section on the identification of parasite species, including five pages of colour plates, and appendices listing
D.J. Ortner and A.C. AufderHeide Human Paleopathology - Current Syntheses and Future Options, 1991. £54.50, US$83.95 (viii + 311 pages) ISBN I 56098 039 7 W.M. Scheld, R.J.Whitley and D.T. Durack (eds) Infections of the Central Nervous System, 1991. US$199.00 (xix + 937 pages) ISBN 0 88167 766 3 P.M. Whitiker-Azmitia and S.J.Perontka (eds) The Neurapharmacology of Serotonin The New York Academy of Sciences, 1990. US$160.00 (ix + 718 pages) ISBN 0 89766 610 0 T. Yanagita (ed.) Natural Microbial Communities: Ecological and Physiological Features JapanScientific Societies Press, 1990. DMI98.00 (xx + 485 pages) ISBN 3 540 52088 0
Parasitology Today, vol. 8, no. I, 1992
This information is most appropriately obtained through well-designed epidemiological studies that account for the long-term survival and accumulation of Ascaris and Trichuris eggs in soil. If such studies provided data complementary to our own, the relaxation of the guideline would have considerable benefits. A waste stabilization pond system designed to produce an effluent with ten eggs per litre would be smaller (by up to 40%) and hence its construction costs would be correspondingly lower than one designed to produce only one egg per litre. We recognize that epidemiological evidence to assess the health risks of wastewater exposure is required to confirm whether or not such a relaxation is justified based on the findings of these studies. Acknowledgement We would like to thank the Overseas Development Administration for their funding of our work under Research Schemes R4497 and R4336.
References I Strauss, M and Blumenthal U J (1989) IRCWD Report No. 08/90, International Reference Centre for Wastes Disposal, Duebendorf 2 Shuval, H.I. et ol. (1986) World Bank Technical Paper No. 51, The World Bank, Washington 3 World Health Organization (1989) Technical Report Series No. 778 4 Mara, D.D. and Cairncross, S. (1989) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture: Measures for Public Health Protection, World Health Organization 5 Bhaskaran, T.R. et al. (1956) Ind. J. Med. Res. 44, 163-180 6 Liebmann, H. (1965) in Advances in Water Pollution Research (Baars, J.K., ed.), pp 269-276, Pergamon Press 7 Ayres, R.M, Lee, D.L. and Mara, D.D. (1989) Final Report ODA Research Scheme R4336, University of Leeds 8 SchwaRzbrod, J. et aL (1989) Water Sci. Technol. 21,295-297 9 Kumada, M. (I 965) ]pn. J. Parasitol. 14, 495-499 I 0 Choi, D.W. (1970) Korean ]. Parasitol. 18, 19 II Anaur, A.K. and P~amachandran,C.P. (1977) Med. J. Malays. 31,262-265 12 Krishnamoorthi, K.P., Abdulappa, M.K. and Anwikar, A.K. (1973) in Proceedings of a
Symposium on Environmental Pollution (Saraf, R.K., ed.), pp 347-355, Central Public Health Engineering Institute, Nagpur, India 13 Linnemann, C.C. eta/. (1984)J. Occup. Meal. 26, 41-44 14 Shuval, H.I., Yekutiel, P. and Fattal, B. (1984) Water Sci. TechnoL 17, 433-442 15 Pillai,S.C., Rajagopalan,R. and Subrahmanyan, F.N.I. (1955) Bull. Nat. Inst. Sci. India 10, 160-179 16 International Reference Centre for Wastes Disposal (1985) IRCWD News 23, 11-18 17 Ayres, R.M. et d. ( 1991) Environ. Technol. 12, 617-623 18 Mara, D.D. et al. (1990) Final Report ODA Research Scheme R4442A, University of Leeds 19 Ayres, R.M. et d. Water Sci. Technol. (in press) 20 Rhallabi,N. et al. (1990) Actes Inst. Agron. Vet. I 0, 57-66 21 Rowan, W.B. and Gram, A.L. (1959)J. Parasitol. 45, 615-62 I. 22 Katakura, K., Hamada, A. and Kobayashi, A. (I 986)]pn. ]. Parasitol. 35, I-9
RachelAyres, RebeccaStott and Duncan Mara are at the Department of Civil Engineeringand Rachel Ayres, Rebecca Stott and Donald Lee are at the Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Universityof Leeds, LeedsLS2 9IT, UK.
BeeRs
I B@@115
II i@I
I
Advances in Disease Vector Research edited by Kerry F. Harris, Springer-Verlag, 1991. Volume 7, DMI58 (ix + 211 pages) ISBN 0 387 97335 4; Volume 8, DMI68 (xvii + 209 pages) ISBN 0 387 97478 These latest additions to a well-established series contain contributions by international authorities in a variety of fields. Volume 7 consists of seven diverse chapters, two of which are of particular interest to parasitologists: Artificial Diets for Blood-feeding Insects by John R. DeLoach and George Spates and Transmission of African Trypanosomiasis: Interactions Among Tsetse Immune Systems, Symbionts and Parasites by lan Maudlin. The chapter on mosquito spiroplasmas by Claude Chastel and lan Humphery-Smith will interest specialists. Volume 8 also contains seven chapters and, again, two are concerned with parasitological topics: Detection of Malarial Parasites in Mosquitoes by Robert A. Wirtz and Thomas R. Burkot and Advances in Triatome Bug Ecology in Relation to Chagas Disease by Toby V. Barrett. The chapter on integrated control of mosquitoes and mosquitoborne diseases in ricelands by Motoyoshi Magi and Teiji Sota briefly mentions malaria.
Parasite-Host Environment, Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1991. US$20.00 (276 pages) The Second International School, Parasite-Host Environment, organized by the Bulgarian Institute of Parasitology, was held in Sofia from 28 May-I June 1991, and this small, camera-ready volume represents the proceedings. There are 15 invited lectures, mainly from the UK, including two in summary form, and 48 poster abstracts, many from Eastern Europe. The poster abstracts provide some insight into parasitological work not easily available to English-speaking scientists.
the equipment and materials required for a diagnostic parasitology laboratory, reagents and their preparation, the preparations of culture media and the cleaning and storage of microscope slides. The manual is concerned with basic techniques and does not include any immunological or biochemical procedures. Although aimed at workers in health centres and first-referral hospitals, this manual would be invaluable for practical classes in any university or polytechnic where parasitology is taught. F.E.G. Cox
Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology, World Health Organization,
199 I.
Sw.fr.21.00
(Sw.fr. 14.70 in Developing Countries) $18.00 (vii + 114 pages) ISBN 92 4 154410 4 This manual is intended as a practical guide for laboratory workers in health centres and is based on information collated from a variety of sources, including published books and well-tried training courses. Topics covered include basic laboratory safety, care and use of the microscope, the examination of faecal samples, urine specimens, vaginal material and blood. There is also a wellillustrated section on the identification of parasite species, including five pages of colour plates, and appendices listing
D.J. Ortner and A.C. AufderHeide Human Paleopathology - Current Syntheses and Future Options, 1991. £54.50, US$83.95 (viii + 311 pages) ISBN I 56098 039 7 W.M. Scheld, R.J.Whitley and D.T. Durack (eds) Infections of the Central Nervous System, 1991. US$199.00 (xix + 937 pages) ISBN 0 88167 766 3 P.M. Whitiker-Azmitia and S.J.Perontka (eds) The Neurapharmacology of Serotonin The New York Academy of Sciences, 1990. US$160.00 (ix + 718 pages) ISBN 0 89766 610 0 T. Yanagita (ed.) Natural Microbial Communities: Ecological and Physiological Features JapanScientific Societies Press, 1990. DMI98.00 (xx + 485 pages) ISBN 3 540 52088 0