Beach landscape management as a sustainable tourism resource in Fernando de Noronha Island (Brazil)

Marine Pollution Bulletin 150 (2020) 110621

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Beach landscape management as a sustainable tourism resource in Fernando de Noronha Island (Brazil)

T

Samanta da Costa Cristianoa,1, Gabriela Camboim Rocketta,∗,2, Luana Carla Portzb, José Rodrigues de Souza Filhoc a

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - PPGGEO/IGEO/UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43113, Sala 207, Agronomia, Zip Code: 15001, Porto Alegre, CEP: 91501-970, RS, Brazil b Universidad de la Costa – CUC, Calle 58 # 55 - 66, Barranquilla, Colombia c Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano - IF Baiano. Rua do Rouxinol, 115, Imbuí, Salvador - BA, CEP: 41720-052, Brazil

A R T I C LE I N FO

A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Conservation units Coastal scenarios World natural heritage National heritage

The Coastal Scenery Evaluation System was used to analyze the landscape of touristic beaches at the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, using a checklist with 26 physical and human parameters. The beaches are divided into classes ranging from 1 (extremely attractive natural site) to 5 (unattractive urban areas). The data reflects the natural and anthropogenic characteristics of the coastal Noronha scenery, which have international relevance and are between classes 1–4. Class 3 and 4 beaches are associated with anthropogenic factors/parameters. Seasonal sedimentary stock variation has also contributed to the differences in classes between the seasons at some beaches. The results of this study are useful to create new perspectives for sustainable development based on the singularities of this touristic resource – the landscape. The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago depends on its landscapes for tourism. Therefore, government policies should seek the sustainable management of its beaches, so as to ensure the protection of natural and cultural resources.

1. Introduction Travelling has become a growing activity during the annual vacation period -a social achievement of the industrial society -, raising the fluxes of people who travel short, medium and long distances (Conti, 2002). According to (Mathieson and Wall, 1982), tourism is defined as temporary movement of people to a destination outside of the workplace and the usual place of residence, the activities that they do while staying at the destination and the facilities provided to meet their needs. One of the most common types of tourism is coastal tourism. The coastal tourism sector is growing worldwide in terms of importance and contribution to national economies, as well as the well-being of local communities (Hall, 2001; UNEP, 2009). Islands and coastal areas are extremely vulnerable to environmental factors such as storms, extreme climatic events, coastal erosion,

physical damage to infrastructure, rising sea levels, floods, water shortages, and water contamination. Tourism growth also leads to urban development and spatial needs (WTO (World Tourism Organization), 2003), which are frequently associated with degradation or alteration of the coastal environment, thus increasing its vulnerability. The problem is that tourism involves the observation of a space (landscape) while occupying it at the same time (hotels, apartments, secondary residences). This creates a conflict of interest since the more attractive a landscape, the higher the number of tourists; and the higher the touristic influx, the higher the territory occupation; and therefore, the less virgin landscapes. This generates an self-destructive cycle of the touristic interest for an area due to its own touristic success (Llinas, 1999). In this context, the discussions about the need to pursue sustainable tourism are already accepted by international organizations such as the World Tourism Organization and UNESCO (UNESCO, 2009;

∗

Corresponding author.. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S.d.C. Cristiano), [email protected] (G.C. Rockett), [email protected] (L.C. Portz), jrsouzageografi[email protected] (J.R.d. Souza Filho). 1 Present address: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerenciamento Costeiro, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – PPGC/IO/FURG. Av. Itália, Km. 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande – RS, Brazil. Zip Code: 474, CEP: 96.201–900. 2 Present address: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Campus Litoral Norte., Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos/CECLIMAR, Av. Tramandaí, 976, Imbé/RS, Brazil.CEP 95625-000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110621 Received 18 June 2019; Received in revised form 20 September 2019; Accepted 21 September 2019 Available online 24 October 2019 0025-326X/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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2003), thereby making tourism more sustainable. Even though touristic activities have several impacts on the environment, Feitosa and Gómez (2013) mention that “when performed in a planned and conscious way, they can provide systemic benefits, which include economic growth and social well-being”. Therefore, some questions can be formulated to define and implement sustainable strategies. These questions are: are there mechanisms to use the landscape as a resource for tourism at Fernando de Noronha? Has the landscape been altered by tourism? Recently, several approaches have been developed for the assessment of beach landscapes, as well as the parameters that most influence these alterations (Ergin et al., 2011, 2006; 2004; Mooser et al., 2018). These approaches have been used in many different regions and landscapes, such as New Zealand, Australia, Japan, USA, Pakistan, Colombia, Cuba, Spain and south of Brazil (i. e. Anfuso et al., 2014; Cristiano et al., 2016; da Costa Cristiano et al., 2018; Rangel-Buitrago et al., 2013; Williams et al., 2012). Typically, the results of these studies can be used to create new perspectives, not only regarding the potential of coastal tourism development in natural areas but also regarding policies to improve the landscape in areas that are already very touristic (Rangel-Buitrago et al., 2013). The new environmental paradigm and tendencies for tourism management demand knowledge and analysis of the landscape in order to create a competitive, but sustainable, development that is based on the singularities of the resource – the landscape (ZuluagaCadavid, 2006). The aim of this paper is to understand the dynamics of the Fernando de Noronha tourist beaches’ scenario by applying a methodology widely used in beaches around the world (Anfuso et al., 2019), which evaluates 26 physical and human parameters from 19 beach sectors in two seasons. From this, we sought to identify the key parameters of each sector (Derogatory aspects and Positive human parameters) and formulate proposals for the sustainable management of the Noronha coastal scenario, which makes up the basis of tourism in this World Heritage Site.

UNWTO, 2019). A common definition of sustainable tourism is the one by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO): "Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support system”. For that reason, sustainable tourism development is ecologically sustainable, economically viable as well as ethically and socially equitable. Sustainable tourism respects the fragile environmental balance that characterizes many tourism destinations, particularly in environmentally sensitive areas (UNESCO, 2009). In this context, the growing concern about the destructive nature of tourism in coastal areas without a view towards sustainability has led to government interventions. One way to guarantee the conservation of natural resources is the creation of conservation units. Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (northeast of Brazil) is an area of high biological importance for the conservation of the marine zone (MMA, 2002). This area is important for the reproduction and feeding of fish, sharks, turtles and marine mammals. The area plays an important role in the natural repopulation of fish in the region (UNESCO, 2019) and hosts many endemic species (Barroso et al., 2016; Hachich et al., 2015; Mausfeld et al., 2002). Here is the largest concentration of tropical seabirds in the Western Atlantic and includes the only examples of Atlantic Insular Forest and the only oceanic mangrove in the South Atlantic (UNESCO, 2019). The archipelago is considered an UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) World Heritage Site (UNESCO, 2019). It also has differentiated legal protection, divided into the Fernando de Noronha National Marine Park (PARNAMAR – Parque Nacional Marinho) and the Fernando de Noronha Environmental Protection Area - Rocas - São Pedro and São Paulo (APA – Área de Proteção Ambiental). Besides its biodiversity, Fernando de Noronha also has an important geological heritage associated with its architectural heritage, which reflects the occupational history of the archipelago – churches, houses, and forts (Wildner and Ferreira, 2012). The landscape, a result of the iteration between physical, ecological, and cultural aspects, synthesizes the relation between touristic activities and the environment (Vera et al., 1997). Therefore, the landscape is one of the main reasons for tourism development, which, in turn, threatens the landscape. The touristic infrastructure of Fernando de Noronha has an accommodation offer higher than the allowed demand. One of the main problems of the island is the increased disorderly flux of tourists due to the lack of control in the arrival of ships in the island. It causes a high influx of tourists in a short period, creating inadequate conditions for the enjoyment of the attractions (Governo Estadual de Pernambuco, 2008). Nowadays, crises in certain touristic destinations have motivated conservation and environmental quality improvement initiatives. A well-preserved location will be valued as a property of interest for the local community. Conflicting relations between the local populations and the managing institutions or the protectionist interests have been common since the first environmental protection initiatives in Brazil (Almudi and Kalikoski, 2010; Lopes et al., 2017). In order to attenuate these conflicts, PARNAMAR has a concession agreement for the provision of services to support public visitation and ticket collection (EcoNoronha Company – PATTAC - via a bidding process) in the area. Currently, the concession aims for sustainability and the correct management of ecotourism. It also aims at strengthening the society's relationship with the Conservation Unit, with actions that improve the life quality of the local population. In this way, tourism can become a crucial factor that allows environmental conservation to adapt to the territory and the local population through a careful process of planning and management (Capacci,

1.1. Study area The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago is located on the Northeast of the Brazilian Atlantic Ocean (Fig. 1), 545 km away from Recife (capital of Pernambuco state) and 360 km from Natal (capital of Rio Grande do Norte state), Brazil. 1.1.1. Natural aspects The archipelago has a total area of 26 km2 (whereof 9 km2 is the marine platform and 17 km2 is emerged surface). Its volcanic base is located at a depth of more than 4 thousand meters, with a diameter of 70 km. It is formed by an alignment of submarine volcanic hills distributed between the Atlantic Ridge and the Brazilian continental shelf (near Ceará) (Moreira, 2009). The archipelago has a main island (Fernando de Noronha), 18 smaller islands, and isolated groups of rocks (Moreira, 2009). The volcanic activities that created the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago initiated with lava spills denominated Remédios Formation, followed by rocks from the Quixaba Formation (Moreira, 2009). Aside from the volcanic rocks, the archipelago has several sedimentary deposits related to physical and biological processes, which create carbonated sands, elevated beach terraces, recent dune fields, recent sand and/or gravel beaches, and algae reefs that border most of the islands. The northwest coast of the island, known as Mar de Dentro (Inner Sea), is protected from the currents and winds that come from the Southern quadrant. This sector of the island has 11 sandy beaches with clear waters and waves during the summer, which attract surfers from all over the world. The Southeast coast, called Mar de Fora (Outer Sea), receives waves and wind throughout the year; it has dark blue waters, and only three sandy beaches protected by islands (Moreira, 2009). The 2

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Fig. 1. Study area location. A) National context; B) Regional context showing the Environmental Protection Area of Fernando de Noronha – Rocas Atoll – São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago (APA); C) Assessed beaches. Sources: Base map: Environmental Systems Research Institute ESRI, 22J; APA and PARNAMAR shapefiles: Instituto Chico Mendes da Biodiversidade ICMBio. (Geographic Coordinate System - Datum WGS84).

Pernambuco Estate Government – State District of Fernando de Noronha, the Brazilian Air Force Command, and the Chico Mendes Biodiversity Conservation Institute – ICMBio (Instituto Chico Mendes da Biodiversidade). More specifically, the APA area of Fernando de Noronha is administrated by the Pernambuco State Government – ADEFN (Fernando de Noronha State District Administration– Administração do Distrito Estadual de Fernando de Noronha) and by IBAMA, within their competencies. Part of this area is under the Brazilian Air Force Command jurisdiction. The rest of the archipelago belongs to the PARNAMAR area and is under the jurisdiction of the ICMBio (IBAMA, n.d.). There is no privately owned land, only areas that were given away to one of the three institutions mentioned previously. The population of the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago lives in areas under the jurisdiction of the State District of Fernando de Noronha or

constant winds have mainly a Southeast direction, an average velocity of 6.6 m/s, and the highest intensities occur during July and August (IBAMA, n.d.). The biotic aspects of Fernando de Noronha draw a lot of attention, especially the marine fauna, which includes several species of colorful fish, sponges, algae, and corals, besides elasmobranchs, and the only concentration of rotator dolphins (Stenella longirostris) in the Atlantic Ocean (Pagano, 2000; Tischer et al., 2013). The vegetation has been altered by anthropogenic action, particularly by wood extraction, fires, exotic species invasion, and deforestation for agriculture (Pagano, 2000). 1.1.2. Socioeconomic aspects Fernando de Noronha is administratively divided between the 3

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indicator of attractiveness of the evaluated place. The system has five classes according to the D-value (Ergin et al., 2011):

the Brazilian Air Force Command – Second Regional Command (IBAMA, n.d.). According to the last census, there are 2,630 people living in Fernando de Noronha (IBGE, 2010). Habitants that have a Residence Tombo, a Property Occupation Term, or a Land Use Permit provided or validated by the ADEFN (Normative Instruction from October 10, 2000) are considered Permanent Residents at Fernando de Noronha. The number of visitors remained fairly constant even with touristic infrastructure improvements. Currently, Fernando de Noronha is economically dependent on several investors around the continent, which employ most of the island's workers (Reis and Hayward, 2013). Tourists and private companies have to pay an Environmental Preservation Fee (TPA), which is used for the maintenance of the island's environmental and ecological conditions. The fee is proportional to the length of stay on the island. Besides that, a ticket is required to access the PARNAMAR beaches; 70% of the ticket's value is forwarded directly to the improvement of the park (ICMBio, 2019). The great majority of tourists go to the island looking for “sun, sand and sea” as well as ecological experiences. According to the Empresa Pernambucana de Turismo (EMPETUR), the socioeconomic profile of the tourists that visit the Fernando de Noronha archipelago is characterized by a high level of education and income. More than 75% of the visitors have an undergraduate or graduate degree, and about 35% have an individual income 10 times greater than Brazilian minimum wage. Foreign tourists represent in average 10% of the total number of tourists; Argentina is the country with the most visitors, followed by the United States, and France (EMPETUR, 2016). The government agencies responsible for the island are concerned about sustainability; however, there is no planning of an identity for the island (Andrade et al., 2013). This identity refers to the organization strategy, what is desired for tourists to perceive (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 2000) and should be focused on the sustainability of the tourist destination, not only on the landscape's appeal, observing that these are protected areas. The ADEFN aims to educate and familiarize tourists with the rules and local procedures. The educational campaigns in practice are limited to the presentation of an educational video at the airport arrival room and a welcome speech (Andrade et al., 2013). Other institutions that contribute to environmental education in the island are the Archipelago School's Education Center, the Rotator Dolphin Project and the Tamar Project (Falcão, 2010). Feitosa and Gómez (2013), however, identified that tourism, as it has been developed in the island, negatively impacts the ecosystem, particularly because of fuel burning from planes and for electricity generation. In other words, the island's natural resources do not supply the tourism consumption. The current touristic development of the island needs to be rethought, since long-term impacts can become irreversible (Feitosa and Gómez, 2013). This article contributes proposals for the sustainable management of tourism on the island by elucidating key aspects of each evaluated sector, such as the disposal of effluents and garbage, which directly affect the beach scenario and consequently tourism, which depends on the quality of the landscape.

• Class 1 (D > 0.85): extremely attractive natural site. • Class 2 (0.85 > D ≥ 0.65): natural, attractive areas with high landscaping value site. • Class 3 (0.65 > D ≥ 0.4): mostly natural areas with some landscaping value highlighted. • Class 4 (0.4 > D ≥ 0): urban areas, mainly unattractive, with few landscaping value highlighted. • Class 5 (D < 0): unattractive urban areas, with intense development and low landscaping value.

The Fernando de Noronha beaches were divided into sectors according to the landscape homogeneity (Fig. 1). Some beaches have only one denomination but with enough extension and landscape variation to provide different experiences to tourists (e.g. Atalaia/rocky, Atalaia/ sandy, Porto/Pier Beach, and Porto/Natural Beach). Based on this perspective, we obtained 19 beach sectors (10 APA beaches and 9 PARNAMAR beaches) that were evaluated (Fig. 1). Each sector was evaluated based on observations done during walks in the area, observations from viewpoints, with remote data conferencing using Google Earth imagery. The field team was composed of geography and biology professionals. Given the island seasonality, evaluations were performed during winter and summer, based on observations obtained during fieldwork from 2014 (summer) and 2016 (spring). After filling checklists and data processing, the weighted averages were obtained as well as association degrees and histograms, which provide a graphical summary of the investigated scenery (Williams and Khattabi, 2015). The more parameters scoring 5 are identified, the better the beach scenery is; that is a right-leaning association degree curve. Similarly, the weighted average indicates the potential status of the scenic assessment, and the more parameters scoring 5, the better the coastal scenery (Williams and Khattabi, 2015). In addition, the data obtained in this study were inserted into a Geographic Information System, and are available as Support Information in.kmz file. 3. Results and discussion The APA/Mar de Dentro area has the highest diversity of classes. Meanwhile, the PARNAMAR/Mar de Fora area has only one beach in class 3 (mostly natural areas, with some landscape parameters that stands out), and all the other beaches fall into classes 1 (extremely attractive natural sites) and 2 (natural, attractive areas with high landscaping value sites) (Fig. 2B). Most of the PARNAMAR beaches are classified in class 1 (56%), and class 2 represents 33% of the beaches in this area. The APA beaches are better represented by class 2 beaches (40% of the beaches in this class, and 30% are in class 1). 20% of the APA beaches and 11.11% of the PARNAMAR beaches are in class 3. Only the APA area had class 4 beaches (urban areas, mainly unattractive, with few landscaping value highlighted) (Fig. 2C). None of the island's beaches were classified as class 5 (unattractive urban areas, with intense development and low landscaping value) (Fig. 2A). The APA and PARNAMAR beaches have different classifications. The APA includes most of the Mar de Dentro (Inner Sea) beaches, which are sandy beaches with clear waters, but with higher touristic use, given their less restrictive protection measures. PARNAMAR, in turn, includes more beaches from the Mar de Fora (Outer Sea) area, predominantly rocky (the sandy ones are protected by islands), with dark blue waters and more restricted access. Sancho Bay (Fig. 3A) was the beach with the highest D-value (most attractive scenario). This result is corroborated by past touristic evaluations, which classified this beach as the best beach in the world (Trip Advisor website, 2015). Sancho Bay and Porcos Bay belong to the

2. Material and methods The landscape quality evaluation of Fernando de Noronha was performed using the Coastal Scenery Evaluation System proposed by Ergin et al. (2011), 2006, 2004. This method converts qualitativequantitative data into quantitative data by estimating weights for 26 parameters (18 physical parameters – P - and 8 human-related parameters – H) considered essential for an attractive coastal landscape (Table 1). The main parameters that define the landscape quality are classified from 1 (absence/bad quality) to 5 (presence/excellent quality). A mathematical model based on fuzzy logic was utilized to integrate the parameters’ weights in a special system for the classification of scenarios, resulting in a value named D. The D-value is the 4

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Table 1 Scenic evaluation checklist used in this study (Ergin et al., 2004). Physical Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Cliff

Dunes Valley Skyline landform Tides Coastal landscape featuresb Vistas Water color and clarity

17

Natural vegetation cover

Beach Face

Rocky Shore

Height (m) Slope (°) Special featuresa Type Width (m) Colour Slope (°) Extent (m) Roughness

18 Vegetation debris Human parameters 19 Noise disturbance 20 Litter 21 Sewage discharge evidence 22 Non built environment 23

Built environmentc

24

Access type

25 26

Skyline Utilitiesd

1

2

3

4

5

Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Not visible Macro (4 m) None Open on one side Muddy brown/grey

5–30 m 45° 1 Mud 5 > 100 Dark 5° 5m Distinctly jagged Remnants Dry valley Flat

31–60 m Circa 60° 2 Cobble/Boulder > 5 ≤ 25 Dark tan 5°–10° 5–10 m Deeply pitted and/or irregular Fore-dune (1 m) Stream Undulating Meso (2–4 m) 2

61–90 m Circa 75° 3 Pebble/Gravel > 25 ≤ 50 Light tan/bleached 10°–20° 10–20 m Shallow pitted Secondary ridge (1–4 m) Stream Highly undulating

90 m Circa vertical Many (3) Sand > 50 ≤ 100 White/gold 20°–45° 20 m Smooth Several River/limestone gorge Mountainous Micro (2 m) Many (3) Open on four sides Very clear turquoise

Bare

1 Open on two sides Milky/blue/green/ opaque Scrub/garigue

Continuous 1 Intolerable Continuous Sewage evidence None

Full strand line 2 Tolerable Full strand line

Heavy Industry

Heavy tourism and/ or urban No buffer zone/light traffic

No buffer zone/heavy traffic Very unattractive 3

3

Green/grey/blue

3 Open on three sides Clear blue/dark blue

Wetlands/meadow

Coppices, maquis

Single accumulation 3

Few scattered items 4 Little Few scattered items

Single accumulation Same evidence (1–3 items) Hedgerow/terracing/ monoculture Light tourism and/or urban and/or sensitive

Sensitively designed high/low 2

Sensitive tourism and/or urban Parking lot visible from coastal area Very sensitively designed 1

Varity of mature trees/mature natural cover None 5 None Virtually absent No evidence of sewage Field mixed cultivation trees/ natural Historic and/or none Parking lot not visible from coastal area Natural/historic feature None

a

Special Cliff Features: indentation, banding, folding, screes, irregular profile. Coastal Landscape Features: Peninsulas, rock ridges, irregular headlands, arches, windows, caves, waterfalls, deltas, lagoons, islands, stacks, estuaries, reefs, fauna, embayment, tombola, etc. c Built Environment: Caravans will come under Tourism, grading 2: Large intensive caravan site, grading 3: Light, but still intensive caravan sites, grading 4: Sensitively designed caravan sites. d Utilities: Power lines, pipelines, streetlamps, groins, seawalls, revetments. b

natural characteristics. Among the class 2 beaches, the Abreus sector (Fig. 3C), located on Mar de Fora, must be highlighted. This sector has rocky characteristics, but no anthropogenic interference, which maintains its D-value high in both evaluated seasons. The low human interference on the sector is represented on Fig. 3A, which shows a high weighted average for human parameters (absence of interference). The Abreus sector has natural pools carved by the sea, which are located at the end of a guided and restricted trail that needs to be booked in advance. The Capim-Açú sector, also class 2, has characteristics that are similar to the Abreus sector, but a more difficult access. Sueste Bay (Fig. 3D) is a class 2 sector located on the Mar de Fora/ PARNAMAR. It has a sandy beach protected by islands and contains huge marine and coastal biodiversity. Sueste Bay is located in a small mangrove, the only insular mangrove in the South Atlantic (Pagano, 2000; Wildner and Ferreira, 2012). Topographic profiles of the Sueste beach studied by (Barcellos et al., 2018) revealed erosion and a seasonal accretion processes due to oceanographic and climatic factors, and a silting process in the lagoon and mangrove areas. During heavy rainfall events, the mangrove establishes a connection with the sea, creating a natural channel that enables exchanges with the marine environment. The access to the beach happens through an Information and Control Point (PIC), located over the vegetated frontal dunes system, on the northern end of the beach. Next to the PIC, there is also a parking lot and a bus stop, which due to their proximity to the beach line, contribute noise and degrade the landscape on the northern end of the beach. These human impacts are evidenced by the higher weighted average of human attributes (value 4), which also create a peak on this

PARNAMAR but are located in the Mar de Dentro area (Fig. 2A). Both bays are composed of paradisiac scenarios and have restricted access. Porcos Bay, however, has a lower D-value because of its location on a small and closed bay. Sancho Bay is a wider bay with more difficult access, protected by rocks from the Quixaba Formation (Manso et al., 2011). Management actions contribute to touristic infrastructure equipment that is not visible from the beach line, such as boardwalks, viewpoints and a stairway to access the beach - the stairway is hidden inside a rock (cliff) fissure and the beach lies beneath the cliff. The scenario of Sancho Bay also contains great marine and terrestrial animals’ biodiversity and an important geodiversity, with the occurrence of a waterfall during rainfall periods. The membership degree curve and the weighted average with a high concentration of attributes on elevated values (5 to 3) depict the exceptional quality of the scenario in this sector (Fig. 3A). Leão Beach has the second highest D-value. It has clear sand and is protected by islands, with several attractive features, particularly during low tides, when exposed rocks become part of the landscape (Fig. 3B). The human parameters that interfere on the D-value of Leão Beach are one parking lot, which is visible, but far away from the beach line, and one small house to support the monitoring of sea turtles, which use the beach to nest. The membership degree curve also increases toward high-value attributes, but with a more pronounced peak in attributes 3 and 4 modifying its curvature. Based on the weighted average, it is possible to observe that most of the differences are based on physical attributes, with a higher concentration on values 3 and 4, when compared to Sancho Bay. Other beaches from the APA and PARNAMAR areas (Fig. 2) are also in class 1, with predominantly 5

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Fig. 2. Summary of the results. A) Average D-value (classes) distribution map; B) D-values (spring and summer) distribution graph and landscape classification; C) Percentage of beaches by class. (Sources: Base Map: ESRI; Shapefile: ICMBio).

and color. On Cacimba do Padre beach, the most significant change during summer is the decrease in beach width (score 4), and in spring it keeps the parameter at the maximum score (5). A study by Manso et al. (2011) identified the behavior of the sedimentary volume with beach profiles on the northern beaches of the island: Sancho, Cacimba do Padre – including the Bode Beach sector, Boldró and Conceição. The authors identified longer profiles during winter/spring and shorter profiles during summer. The profiles at Cacimba do Padre and Conceição beaches presented higher mobility than Boldró and Sancho, which are protected by reefs and rocky promontories, respectively. Cacimba do Padre and Conceição are beaches with a predominance of bioclastic sedimentation composed of fine to medium sands. The authors indicate an erosive process of unknown intensity, with an apparent sediment transfer from NE to SE, a factor that must be considered during the management of these beaches. Conceição Beach (Fig. 4B) is class 2 during spring (D-value = 0,57) and class 3 during summer (D-value = 0,7). The reasons for the class

value on the membership degree curve (Fig. 3D). The graphs from the Abreus and Sueste Bay sectors show that even beaches that have different characteristics regarding accessibility and natural aspects can be in the same class. The values in these two sectors are inverted. Abreus has a rocky landscape with low physical attributes, but high human attributes (lower human impact). Sueste, in turn, has higher physical attributes and lower human attributes (higher human impact) (Fig. 3C and D). The other class 2 sectors are sandy beaches located on the APA, mainly with natural characteristics and attractive features (Fig. 2). Some beaches presented a D-value and classification that differed between the evaluated seasons. Cacimba do Padre Beach is class 1 during spring (D-value = 0,89) and class 2 during summer (Dvalue = 0,79). The natural erosion and accretion cyclical processes change the landscape throughout the seasons, due to different wave action (large waves during the summer) (Fig. 4A). The sedimentary variation results in changes in beach parameters, such as: type, width 6

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Fig. 3. Class 1 and 2 beaches. A) Sancho Bay; B) Leão Beach; C) Abreus; D) Sueste Bay.

stock reduction pattern during summer (Table 1), but more intensely, having only gravel left during this season. The predominance of gravel interferes with human use. During the spring, when there is a sand strip, there are bars that generate noise. The presence of these bars is not feasible in the summer when there is no physical space for them (Fig. 4C). In this sector, the human factor has a strong influence on class variation, which is also influenced by physical variations. Cachorro

change at Conceição Beach are the same as in Cacimba do Padre. In this beach, landscape depreciation during summer is due to sedimentary stock decrease and increased noise caused by human presence. However, Conceição Beach is one class lower on both studied periods. Cachorro Beach has demonstrated the opposite behavior, going from class 3 during summer (D-value = 0,5) to class 4 during spring (Dvalue = 0,37). This beach's behavior follows the same sedimentary 7

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Fig. 4. Beaches with seasonal variations in their D-value (spring/summer). A) Beach size and human impact variation at Cacimba do Padre; B) Conceição Beach showing sand stock and human use variation; C) Cachorro Beach: sandy beach and human presence during spring, and gravely beach with less human presence during summer.

coming from touristic tents on the beach line, beach litter, and infrastructure equipment. These characteristics lower the membership degree curve and the weighted average distribution and create a peak on value 4 attributes.

Beach also has the presence of a drainage located in its northern area. There are reports of illegal discharge of leakage-contaminated effluent. Domestic sewage generally has high levels of total solids and nutrients, as well as contaminants such as metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides and other potentially toxic substances (Rodgers-Gray et al., 2000), which can result in negative environmental effects (Aragonés et al., 2016; Englebert et al., 2008). All cases that recorded seasonal variations of "D" presented variations on physical and anthropogenic aspects that, when combined, contribute to more pronounced alterations on the scenario (class). Seasonal changes on the parameters can be observed on the membership degree curve and weighted average graphs of Fig. 4. Other beaches, such as Porcos Bay, Americano, Bode Beach, Caieira and Boldró also showed seasonal differences on their profiles (physical), but maintained the same class. This corroborates the fact that physical changes – beach size reduction due to sedimentary stock variation – alone do not change the D-value enough to cause a class change. Instead, a class change happens when physical changes are associated with anthropogenic changes. Only the Caieira sector remains class 3 during summer and spring (Fig. 5A). The others, Conceição Beach, and Cachorro Beach have seasonal class variations. The Caieira sector is a class 3 sector due to physical parameters (presence of gravel) associated with low value in anthropogenic parameters. The membership degree curve and the weighted average distribution presented lower values, but a peak on class 5 attributes (excellent quality/absence). The sector of Porto/Pier Beach reached the lowest D-value among the touristic beaches of Noronha. This sector maintained a class 4 classification because it includes the Santo Antônio Bay Harbor (Fig. 5B). The class 4 result for this sector is due to its lower attractiveness caused by several human interference factors, such as noise generated by ship arrivals and departures from the harbor, music

3.1. Derogatory aspects of the scenarios Several aspects, physical, natural and anthropogenic, can depreciate the coastal scenario. The presence of beach litter is one of the recurrent negative aspects. Even at the restricted beaches, such as the Atalaia/ sandy (Fig. 6B), the litter is transported by the sea and can be found along the shoreline. According to a study by Ivar do Sul et al. (2009), the anti-clockwise twirl of the South Atlantic Ocean is the main reason why the sea can transport floating marine debris to the region that directly influences Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. The windward beaches (Mar de Fora – the outer sea) presented higher amounts of marine debris than the leeward beaches (Mar de Dentro – the inner sea), which also confirms the influence of the surface currents that transport floating marine debris (Debrot et al., 1999; Ivar do Sul et al., 2009). The contamination of oceanic islands by plastic waste is a wellestablished phenomenon as documented in the international literature (Derraik, 2002; Ivar do Sul et al., 2009; Ivar do Sul and Costa, 2007; Portz et al., 2018). The presence of microplastic is not so visually perceptible to the tourists, but directly impacts the local biota, as reported by Ivar do Sul et al. (2009). The proximity to roads and parking lots are also recurrent negative anthropogenic aspects (Fig. 6C, E, and G), and contribute to impoverish the landscape. These factors negatively affect the parameters of “Noise Disturbance”, ‘Built environment” and “Access type” (19, 22 and 24 – Table 1). Mainly, beach buggies and trucks do ground transportation and most of the vehicles are poorly kept. This has led to a fleet of noisy 8

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Fig. 5. Classes 3 and 4 beaches: A) Caieira Beach; B) Pier sector of Porto Beach.

Beach (Fig. 6F), and the effluent from desalinator is present in Boldró Beach (Fig. 6D). These factors also affect the parameter “Sewage discharge evidence” (21 – Table 1). Some natural aspects can also negatively affect the coastal scenario, such as the presence of vegetation debris, coarse dark sediment (Fig. 6E). On some touristic beaches in Noronha, it is possible to observe concentrated vegetation debris on the beach line, particularly on the Sueste Bay, where the debris occur mainly during low tide (Fig. 6H). Such vegetation debris can lead to the release of unpleasant odors, besides the degradation of the scenario. One of the actions that could be taken is their removal. However, they have an important ecological role when submerged on the shoreline, they serve as shelter for small sharks that hunt for food among the algae, and they provide nutrients to the soil while on the sand. Tourism can alter the biodiversity equilibrium in protected areas. Its impacts vary from disturbances by vegetation trampling and scaring wildlife to impacts caused by beach litter and sewage. The management of these impacts requires personnel capable of dealing with tourists and minimizing their damages; that, in its turn, requires investments on proper infrastructure and tourism management planning (Font et al., 2004). In Fernando de Noronha, there are initiatives for the sustainable management of tourism, such as the concession of PARNAMAR's beaches management to the private sector, however, there is still much to improve on from the perspective of the environmental quality of the island.

vehicles. Vehicle noise has been reported by Falcão (2010) as weak noise pollution inside the island. Due to the proximity of the parking lots to the evaluated beaches, the depreciation in the landscape occurs when the cars are observed from the beaches, and the noise can be a discomfort factor for users. The parking lots in several beaches are visible from the beach line, due to access and geomorphological factors. The further away from the beach the parking lot, the less noticeable it will be in the scenario. That is the case of Leão Beach, which is still in class 1, with a parking lot far away from the beach. On scenarios such as Meio Beach (Fig. 6C), Caieiras (Fig. 6E), and Cacimba do Padre (Fig. 6G), the access points with parking lots can be seen from the beach and the noise is perceivable. Besides the parking lot, the main road in Noronha, with light posts visible from the beach, as well as the only gas station of the island, and antennas, are located near the Caieiras sector, contributing for the class 3 classification of the area. These factors also affect the parameter “Utilities” (26 – Table 1). Porto/Pier Beach, the sector with the lowest D-value among the evaluated beaches, has the highest diversity of negative human aspects. The sector has a harbor, noise pollution, and the presence of a huge artificial breakwater that serves as a support for the boarding/disembarking of ships. In the sand strip are present unorganized boats, precarious and overfull garbage bins (Fig. 6A), and tents that provide touristic services (diving services and snack bars) that create noise pollution (because of the loud music). These factors negatively affect the parameters of “Noise Disturbance”, “Litter” and “Utilities” (19, 20 and 26 – Table 1). The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago presents several chronic territory management problems. These problems mainly relate to basic sanitation, such as the inexistence of solid waste separation and sewage treatment deficiencies, including irregular effluent disposal on the beaches. Effluent treatment takes place in two lagoon complexes for waste stabilization (Cachorro and Boldró). However, the treated outflow is not analyzed. Only 65.71% of the residences are connected to the sewage system; 31% of the residences have a septic tank system, and 3.29% still release their sewage in open ditches. Sewer overflows are frequent during the rainy season and the high touristic season. The old, cracked, and clogged piping at some points contributes to the leaks. The sewage system is deficient and obsolete, with problems that directly affect the local population's quality of life, as well as tourism (IBAMA, n.d.). Irregular effluents leakage and the occurrence of chickens has been identified in the north sector of Praia do Cachorro

3.2. Positive human parameters The majority of the assessed human factors depreciate the coastal scenario. However, some aspects are important for tourism, such as boardwalks, bars and other services. Information and Control Points (PIC) have been constructed in order to control the accesses to the PARNAMAR beaches (with exception of the Porcos Bay, where there is only one controller). These points have gift shops, snack bars and touristic and environmental protection information (Fig. 7B). On the other hand, the company that manages these points (EcoNoronha) must develop and execute projects focused on the renovation and improvement of the touristic infrastructure. These projects seek the improvement of the touristic services at PARNAMAR, in order to fulfil the increasing demands from tourists and activities related to ecotourism. Some management actions include the installation of boardwalks and 9

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Fig. 6. Derogatory aspects of Noronha beaches. A) Porto/Pier Beach showing parked boats and the lack of maintenance of the garbage cans on the beach; B) Beach litter brought by the sea on the Atalaia/sandy Beach; C) Beach buggies parking lot visible from Meio Beach; D) Desalination effluent in Boldró Beach; E) Road and parking lot view from the Caieiras sector; F) Drainage with contamination by sewage leakage and presence of chickens (circulated in red); G) Anthropogenic structure to support tourism and buggy parking lot visible from Cacimba do Padre Beach; H) Vegetation debris at Sueste Bay. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

access stairs, indispensable at places, such as the Sancho Bay – which is accessed through stairs installed on a crack in the cliff. The use of concession agreements in national parks seeks the fulfilment of the basic objective of Conservation Units since it allows private companies to assume the responsibility for commercial operations under the supervision and monitoring of a public agency. Moreover, such concessions give the administrator more time to fulfil its more noble functions: the ones related to preservation, such as

supervision, monitoring, and research (Font et al., 2004). Meio Bar (Fig. 7C), located between Conceição and Meio beaches, is a touristic point next to Morro do Pico (Pico Hill). The presence of bars and restaurants near the beach can be controversial, but it is considered negative (touristic infrastructure) in this methodology, yet tourists can appreciate the sunset and use the infrastructure. Another tourist support infrastructure that interacts with the beach landscape is the umbrelas in Cacimba do Padre (Fig. 7D). 10

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Fig. 7. Protected touristic infrastructure and beaches. A) Boardwalk and the stairs that provide access to Sancho Bay/PARNAMAR; B) Information and Control Point (PIC) at Sueste Bay/PARNAMAR; C) Meio Bar, located between Conceição Beach and Meio Beach – view of Conceição Beach/Morro do Pico/APA; D) Beach umbrellas available for rent at Cacimba do Padre Beach/APA

crucial role in turning tourism into a tool for local economic growth, using infrastructure and services to generate recipe in the PARNAMAR area. In the same way, it is promoting the sustainability of tourism in the Park, considering that it seeks to involve all the stakeholders, promoting dialogue and knowledge sharing. It also promotes the economic growth and competitiveness of the island in a broader scope, while ensuring that the practices are responsible and balanced in the long term for environmental preservation. There is also an effort to improve the qualifications of resorts and people involved in tourism activities combined with the development of eco-friendly products and services that consolidate the destination and satisfy the visitors. Despite the positive results concerning sustainability in the park, it is still not possible to know if these three elements - social, economic and environmental - are equated (Estima et al., 2014). In this context, the evaluation carried out in this paper – focused on the environmental parameters – contributes to the identification of aspects that can be improved upon to increase the sustainability of tourism at Fernando de Noronha's beaches. The necessary actions are mainly focused on improvements in anthropogenic parameters. Among the main aspects that may depreciate the Fernando de Noronha beaches scenario were: (i) the presence of beach litter, (ii) the proximity of roads and parking lots, (iii) the presence of discharge evidences and (iv) noise from the proximity of roads and parking lots, as well as the sound of bars and boats. The presence of beach litter is a reality in most of the world's beaches (Derraik, 2002; Portz et al., 2011; Rangel-Buitrago et al., 2018; Silva et al., 2018). The beach litter observed in Fernando de Noronha is not always produced in the island (as reported by Ivar do Sul et al., 2009), but its impact does. As a strategy to improve this aspect, it is suggested to increase beach cleaning efforts, especially the beaches of PARNAMAR, as the concession must guarantee the conservation of protected environments. A critical review of beach cleaning methods and impacts was carried

Pires et al. (2016) have verified the high economic value of Noronha tourism, especially due to recreational activities, particularly diving with sharks. Touristic activities in insular areas require attention regarding the use of space, population densities, and the carrying capacity of ecosystems and local populations. The occupation and transformation of spaces with high landscape value must be accompanied by specific management projects to ensure that they can keep their essential qualities. It must always be considered that the demand for touristic infrastructure is high, and the control of its development must be one of the main priorities to preserve natural environments. Moreover, there are management tools that can help to plan and promote sustainable actions (Gorini et al., 2006; Hanai, 2012), such as the management plans of the island's protected areas and other existing instruments.

4. Management strategies to achieve sustainable tourism Scenic evaluation represents an extremely relevant tool for coastal preservation, conservation and development, as this provides a sound scientific basis for any envisaged management plan (Mooser et al., 2018). Some management strategies can improve the indicators evaluated in this paper, considering that the study area has a diversified management model, with overlapping assignments and that the beaches studied are located in protected areas. In this context, according to the Brazilian Environmental Ministry (ICMBio, 2010), the concession model allows private investments in attendance to visitors, promotes environmental conservation and, through the environmental agency of the Brazilian government (ICMBio), allows more actions to protect and manage the protected areas. The beaches management model in the Fernando de Noronha National Marine Park (PARNAMAR) also should be considered, since this national park is currently in concession for the private sector. The tourism concession, according to Estima et al. (2014), played a 11

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out by Zielinski et al. (2019). The authors made a clear overview of the impacts of mechanical cleaning, wrack removal, trampling and effectiveness to a lesser extent. For the beaches of Fernando de Noronha, the use of manual techniques would be ideal. The wrack should be removed only in specific cases, when largely accumulated. Lack of beach cleanliness can lead to the loss of the recreational potential in a beach, thereby affecting the economy and social well-being (Portman and Brennan, 2017), wherefore maintaining beaches clean is one important point regarding ecological, economic and social aspects. In addition, in 2019 Decree 002/2018 was enacted, which prohibits the entry of disposable plastics and similar products to the island. Known as “Plastic Zero”, the decree prevents the use and marketing of disposable containers and packaging. Plastic Zero is a priority action that is aligned with the National Solid Waste Policy, which is not only about recycling and reusing, but also about environmentally sound disposal of materials, with reduction of waste. The absence of a buffer zone between some beaches and roads or parking lots results in noise pollution and impoverishes the landscape. Some of the strategies that can alleviate this problem are the creation of a vegetation curtain, with native tree species nearby the roads and the relocating the parking lots close to the beach, to more distant places. In this way, structures such as light poles can be camouflaged with vegetation and the noise of the car parks attenuated with an increased buffer zone. The presence of sewage is extremely worrying, denounced in the media several times; it is still an ongoing problem, which may be related to the overlapping of competences of the institutions operating on the island, in addition to the lack of competence of the company responsible for the island's sanitation. The low maintenance of pipelines causes ruptures sometimes, leading inland sewage to Cachorro Beach through a watercourse that reaches the beach. The deposition of hypersaline waters (from the desalination equipment) in Boldró sandy beach also results in loss in landscape quality, together with the installation of warnings “water improper for bathing”. The measures to manage these problems are more complex, they depend on large investments, mainly in the maintenance of the sewer pipes of the island. However, tourists pay big preservation fees, which do not translate into stocks to remedy this problem. With respect to the hypersaline waters, the alternative of relocation of the disposal by the sea may be less complex. Rather than launching into a watercourse that cuts the sandy beach, the pipeline could be relocated to areas with rocks, where tourist access is hampered, not in the sand strip. With regard to the noise on the beaches, its sources vary from vehicles in the nearby parking lots and roads; from buggies used by tourists arriving at these points (the buggies available for rent in the Island have many problems due to lack of maintenance); the presence of bars with music; and the circulation of boats. As previously mentioned, the mitigation strategies for this problem are the reallocation of parking lots and the vegetal curtain, in the case of roads and parking lots. Concerning the music of bars and dive tents, environmental education would be ideal; however, because it is a protected area, it would also be interesting to issue a regulation to control noise emission, including also in this normative guidelines for maintenance of the vehicles in the island. Furthermore, in these cases, environmental education will always be a great alternative, seeking to meet the regulations that may be issued. Regarding the sound emissions by boats, management actions could be performed, except in Praia do Porto, considering that this is the beach used for supplying the island's population with food and other supplies, and for arrival and departure of tour/diving boats.

tourism helps to reduce the economic pressures that are unfavorable to the maintenance of areas without apparent tangible benefits. Activities associated with ecotourism depend on the environment's preservation to continue existing. The results of this study show that seasonal changes in only one or two physical parameters are not enough to change the classification of the evaluated beaches. Class 3 and 4 beaches have exuberant beauty, however, anthropogenic actions together with seasonal changes in physical/natural parameters lead to the reduction of this beauty. Noronha has so many relevant physical/natural attributes that, even with the deficiencies in territory management, none of its beaches reached class 5. Although protection measures are planned in the archipelago, they are not implemented satisfactorily. There is a need for more commitment and criteria in the application of management measures of the beach environments of the Island, as well as a risk assessment of tourism development in the island (Pagano, 2000). Even with the tax revenue for the island conservation, efficient management and environmental measures are not put into practice, particularly regarding basic sanitation. Besides solving the problems related to basic sanitation, it is also recommended to adopt a management plan for the beaches in order to improve landscape quality. Such a plan should aim for a sustainable use of the scenarios as a touristic resource. Since the main function of this island is to preserve its species, this plan must include strategies for beach cleaning, even for restricted beaches, which also accumulate litter transported by ocean currents. According to the WTO (2003), the management of natural resources tourism in protected areas requires guidelines for its development and a sustainable management. The development of these activities must pay more attention to the social and environmental fragilities of protected areas. The challenge of the managers of these areas is to ensure that tourists are aware of the values of the place and contribute to preserving it, while enjoying it. The management of Fernando de Noronha as a touristic destination must complement the management of the local natural and anthropogenic processes. It is necessary to maintain the use of concession agreements in natural parks in order to minimize potential negative aspects of tourism. This type of management will allow natural parks to be places for local development given their differentiation as touristic products. Since Fernando de Noronha depends on its landscape for touristic activities, politics must seek the establishment and execution of sustainable landscape regulations that can guarantee the protection of the natural and cultural resources.

5. Final consideration

References

Given the preservation status of the Fernando de Noronha landscapes, some management actions on the territory were expected. Tourism, when sustainably practiced, can be a huge ally to the preservation of these Conservation Units. By generating economic value,

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Acknowledgements This research was authorized by the Instituto Chico Mendes da Biodiversidade (number 42493-6), which provided accommodation and free access to the beaches for field surveys. We thank the Administração do Distrito Estadual de Fernando de Noronha for the logistical support. Our gratitude to Professor Giorgio Anfuso, from the Universidad de Cádiz, for sharing the methodology used. Thanks to Programa de PósGraduação em Geociências from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and Fundación Carolina for training. Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110621.

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