- Email: [email protected]
Beaumont of the Beaumont gastric fistula
14
BJERKNES AND CHENG
GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol. 116, No. 1
20. Schmidt GH, Wilkinson MM, Ponder BAJ. Cell migration pathway in the intestinal epithelium: an in situ marker system using mouse aggregation chimeras. Cell 1985;40:425–429. 21. Wilson TJG, Ponder BAJ, Wright NA. Use of a mouse chimaeric model to study cell migration patterns in the small intestinal epithelium. Cell Tissue Kinet 1985;18:333–343. 22. Bjerknes M, Cheng H, Hay K, Gallinger S. APC mutation and the crypt cycle in murine and human intestine. Am J Pathol 1997;150: 833–839. 23. Park H-S, Goodlad RA, Wright NA. Crypt fission in the small intestine and colon. A mechanism for the emergence of G6PD locus-mutated crypts after treatment with mutagens. Am J Pathol 1995;147:1416–1427. 24. Bjerknes M. The crypt cycle and the asymptotic dynamics of the proportion of differently sized mutant crypt clones in the mouse intestine. Proc R Soc Lond B 1995;260:1–6. 25. Li YQ, Roberts SA, Paulus U, Loeffler M, Potten CS. The crypt cycle in mouse small intestinal epithelium. J Cell Sci 1994;107: 3271–3279. 26. Bjerknes M. Assessment of the symmetry of stem-cell mitoses. Biophys J 1985;48:85–91.
27. Bjerknes M. Theory of cell lineage graphs and their application to the intestinal epithelium. Semin Dev Biol 1993;4:263–273. 28. Solcia E, Fiocca R, Rindi G, Villani L, Luinetti O, Burrell M, Bosi F, Silini E. Endocrine tumors of the small and large intestine. Pathol Res Pract 1995;191:366–372. 29. Ajioka YL, Allison J, Jass JR. Significance of MUC1 and MUC2 mucin expression in colorectal cancer. J Clin Pathol 1996;49:560– 564. 30. Rubio CA, Kanter L, Bjork J, Poppen B, Bry L. Paneth cell–rich flat adenoma of the rectum: report of a case. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996;87:109–112.
Received August 12, 1998. Accepted September 29, 1998. Address requests for reprints to: Matthew Bjerknes, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S-1A8, Canada. e-mail: bjerknes@ crypt.med.utoronto.ca; fax: (416)-978-3844. Supported by National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Beaumont of the Beaumont gastric fistula William Beaumont (1785–1853) was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, and at first pursued the occupations of farmer and schoolteacher. Later, as was the frontier custom, he ‘‘read medicine’’ under the tutelage of Dr. Seth Pomeroy of Burlington, Vermont, then was apprenticed for practical instruction to Dr. Benjamin Chandler of nearby St. Albans. Once licensed at the outbreak of the War of 1812, Beaumont promptly joined the U.S. Army as an assistant surgeon. Later, he was assigned to the outpost at Fort Mackinaw, Michigan, near Sault Ste. Marie. The accident that thrust fame on Beaumont occurred in June 1822. A voyageur named Alexis St. Martin sustained a gunshot wound in the abdomen, which resulted in a permanent external gastric fistula. Beaumont seized the opportunity to investigate gastric digestion under varying conditions. His preliminary reports appeared in The Medical Recorder in 1825 and 1826. His major work was described in a monograph published in 1833 and contained an accurate description of gastric juice, distinguished acid and mucus secretion, confirmed that the principal acid was HCl, and recorded the changes in gastric secretion and motility that accompanied emotional disturbances in his subject—all of this in the primitive setting of a remote Army post. In the course of his study, Beaumont established mutually advantageous correspondence with academicians of his day, notably Benjamin Silliman at Yale and Robley Dunglison at the University of Virginia. In deference to his more learned confreres, Beaumont wrote, ‘‘I make no claim to originality in my opinions . . . [my] experiments [were] made in the true spirit of enquiry.’’ Eventually, he settled in St. Louis where he enjoyed a thriving private practice until his death at the age of 68. —Contributed by WILLIAM S. HAUBRICH, M.D. Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California
BJERKNES AND CHENG
GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol. 116, No. 1
20. Schmidt GH, Wilkinson MM, Ponder BAJ. Cell migration pathway in the intestinal epithelium: an in situ marker system using mouse aggregation chimeras. Cell 1985;40:425–429. 21. Wilson TJG, Ponder BAJ, Wright NA. Use of a mouse chimaeric model to study cell migration patterns in the small intestinal epithelium. Cell Tissue Kinet 1985;18:333–343. 22. Bjerknes M, Cheng H, Hay K, Gallinger S. APC mutation and the crypt cycle in murine and human intestine. Am J Pathol 1997;150: 833–839. 23. Park H-S, Goodlad RA, Wright NA. Crypt fission in the small intestine and colon. A mechanism for the emergence of G6PD locus-mutated crypts after treatment with mutagens. Am J Pathol 1995;147:1416–1427. 24. Bjerknes M. The crypt cycle and the asymptotic dynamics of the proportion of differently sized mutant crypt clones in the mouse intestine. Proc R Soc Lond B 1995;260:1–6. 25. Li YQ, Roberts SA, Paulus U, Loeffler M, Potten CS. The crypt cycle in mouse small intestinal epithelium. J Cell Sci 1994;107: 3271–3279. 26. Bjerknes M. Assessment of the symmetry of stem-cell mitoses. Biophys J 1985;48:85–91.
27. Bjerknes M. Theory of cell lineage graphs and their application to the intestinal epithelium. Semin Dev Biol 1993;4:263–273. 28. Solcia E, Fiocca R, Rindi G, Villani L, Luinetti O, Burrell M, Bosi F, Silini E. Endocrine tumors of the small and large intestine. Pathol Res Pract 1995;191:366–372. 29. Ajioka YL, Allison J, Jass JR. Significance of MUC1 and MUC2 mucin expression in colorectal cancer. J Clin Pathol 1996;49:560– 564. 30. Rubio CA, Kanter L, Bjork J, Poppen B, Bry L. Paneth cell–rich flat adenoma of the rectum: report of a case. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996;87:109–112.
Received August 12, 1998. Accepted September 29, 1998. Address requests for reprints to: Matthew Bjerknes, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S-1A8, Canada. e-mail: bjerknes@ crypt.med.utoronto.ca; fax: (416)-978-3844. Supported by National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Beaumont of the Beaumont gastric fistula William Beaumont (1785–1853) was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, and at first pursued the occupations of farmer and schoolteacher. Later, as was the frontier custom, he ‘‘read medicine’’ under the tutelage of Dr. Seth Pomeroy of Burlington, Vermont, then was apprenticed for practical instruction to Dr. Benjamin Chandler of nearby St. Albans. Once licensed at the outbreak of the War of 1812, Beaumont promptly joined the U.S. Army as an assistant surgeon. Later, he was assigned to the outpost at Fort Mackinaw, Michigan, near Sault Ste. Marie. The accident that thrust fame on Beaumont occurred in June 1822. A voyageur named Alexis St. Martin sustained a gunshot wound in the abdomen, which resulted in a permanent external gastric fistula. Beaumont seized the opportunity to investigate gastric digestion under varying conditions. His preliminary reports appeared in The Medical Recorder in 1825 and 1826. His major work was described in a monograph published in 1833 and contained an accurate description of gastric juice, distinguished acid and mucus secretion, confirmed that the principal acid was HCl, and recorded the changes in gastric secretion and motility that accompanied emotional disturbances in his subject—all of this in the primitive setting of a remote Army post. In the course of his study, Beaumont established mutually advantageous correspondence with academicians of his day, notably Benjamin Silliman at Yale and Robley Dunglison at the University of Virginia. In deference to his more learned confreres, Beaumont wrote, ‘‘I make no claim to originality in my opinions . . . [my] experiments [were] made in the true spirit of enquiry.’’ Eventually, he settled in St. Louis where he enjoyed a thriving private practice until his death at the age of 68. —Contributed by WILLIAM S. HAUBRICH, M.D. Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California