- Email: [email protected]
Behavioral Activation System modulation of brain activity during task switching
S52
Abstracts / Personality and Individual Differences 60 (2014) S48–S78
tation conditions of visual images: mouth only, mouth and eyes, and face. The result revealed that individuals with higher scores for autistic traits respectively might report less visually captured responses in all conditions. This suggests that autistic traits might be related to ‘‘weak central coherence’’ in speech perception rather than abnormalities in face perception. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.211
Behavioral Activation System modulation of brain activity during task switching P. Fuentes, A. Barrós-Loscertales, A. Rodríguez-Pujadas, N. VenturaCampos, J.C. Bustamante, V. Costumero, P. Rosell-Negre, C. Ávila Universitat Jaume I, Spain The aim of this work was to study the relationship between individual differences in Behavioral Activation System (BAS) sensitivity and brain activity during task switching. BAS sensitivity was hypothesized to modulate activity in brain regions involved in cognitive flexibility, including anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus and striatum. Twenty-eight healthy participants underwent fMRI while performing a switching task devised by Barceló et al. (2008). BAS sensitivity was measured with the Sensitivity to Reward (SR) scale from the SPSRQ (Torrubia et al., 2001). The task yielded the expected behavioral switch costs and brain activity in fronto-striatal regions associated with the switching cue. SR scores were negatively associated with brain activity during task switching in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and right anterior insula. These results indicate that BAS sensitivity may modulate cognitive processes occurring in brain areas commonly involved in attention, working memory and cognitive flexibility. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.212
Behavioral plasticity and personality traits in Trust Game P. Shih, J.M. Caperos, S. Sánchez Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain In a recent paper, Ferguson, Heckman and Corr (2011) propose an integrative framework for incorporating concepts and methods from biology, evolutionary theory and economics to address key issues in personality psychology. In this study, we tackle one of the topics posed in the paper: ’’the expression of behavior associated with traits across contexts’’. Specifically, we examine the relationship between personality traits and behavioral plasticity. 216 undergraduate students completed the Trust Game across three conditions: neutral, cooperative-equality and cooperative-unequality. In addition, the participants filled out the NEO-FFI and completed the Dot-MatrixTest. We observed significant correlations (p < .05) between behavioral plasticity index (absolute value of differences between conditions) and Neuroticism (r= .154), Openness (r=.145), and WorkingMemory (r=.178). The results are consistent with the idea that the mean level of the trait may affect behavioral plasticity (Ferguson et al., 2011). Strong conclusions could not be drawn from this exploratory study, but would encourage further studies. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.213
Belief and ability: A closer look at the predictive power of motivation constructs on school achievement in a Chinese sample Y. Su, W. Johnson, J. Shi, F.M. Spinath Saarland University, Germany
Intelligence is consistently related to school achievement. However, Dweck has pointed out that students’ beliefs about whether intelligence is fixed or malleable are important to academic success regardless of intelligence. Bearing in mind the stability of individual differences in measured intelligence, we aimed to address how students’ beliefs about the efficacy of effort, self-perceptions of ability, and measured intelligence affect their school achievement. In a sample of 199 first-year middle-school students from an open neighborhood school in Beijing, we found that students’ beliefs about the efficacy of effort and self-perceptions of ability were highly correlated, and each was moderately correlated with intelligence. Intelligence explained about 16% of the variance in both Chinese and Math achievement, but students’ beliefs and self-perceptions still explained an additional 13% of the variance in Math and 14% in Chinese achievement. We discuss the theoretical implications of these results. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.214
Beneficial effect of trait worry on episodic retrieval: A link overshadowed by trait anxiety P. Pajkossy, M. Racsmány Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary We investigated how individual differences in anxiety affect different forms of episodic retrieval. Specifically, we measured the level of trait anxiety and trait worry using well-known scales of these constructs and observed their impact on tasks requiring the recognition, cued recall or free recall of previously presented information. In a series of three experiments, using multiple linear regression analysis, we consistently found that trait anxiety and trait worry exert an opposite partial effect on free recall performance, a pattern referred to as suppression (e.g. McFatter, 1979, Tzelgov& Henik, 1991). Our results thus show that once the level of trait anxiety is controlled, higher levels of trait worry are associated with better performance in episodic memory tasks requiring effortful, strategic retrieval. We interpret our results using the cognitive avoidance theory of worry (Borkovec, Ray & Stöber, 1998) and the attentional control theory of anxiety (Eysenck et al., 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.215
Can schizotypy be extracted from the natural language? J. Medjedovic, M. Aleksic, D. Meskovic, Z. Ljubicic, D. Deh, B. Regoje, I. Adzemovic Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Serbia An extensive search for schizotypy descriptors in the lexicon of Serbian language was conducted. One hundred and fiftysix candidate terms were found and transformed into questionnaire items. Those items were administrated to the sample of 410 participants (67% females, mean age 22.2 years, SD = 4.46), together with the existing measures of schizotypy traits and basic personality traits (HEXACO personality framework). Parallel analysis, performed on the results of exploratory principal component analysis, suggested that the optimal representation of the latent space of the schizotypy descriptors is constituted of ten dimensions. They were rotated in the promax position and interpreted as: Depressiveness, Oddity, Derangement, Magical Thinking, Hyperemotionality, Social Anhedonia, Mania, Daydreaming, Forgetfulness and Odd Speech. All content of the components was validated by significant positive correlations with existing schizotypy measures, and by irreducibility of schizotypy to basic personality traits. Conceptual
Abstracts / Personality and Individual Differences 60 (2014) S48–S78
tation conditions of visual images: mouth only, mouth and eyes, and face. The result revealed that individuals with higher scores for autistic traits respectively might report less visually captured responses in all conditions. This suggests that autistic traits might be related to ‘‘weak central coherence’’ in speech perception rather than abnormalities in face perception. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.211
Behavioral Activation System modulation of brain activity during task switching P. Fuentes, A. Barrós-Loscertales, A. Rodríguez-Pujadas, N. VenturaCampos, J.C. Bustamante, V. Costumero, P. Rosell-Negre, C. Ávila Universitat Jaume I, Spain The aim of this work was to study the relationship between individual differences in Behavioral Activation System (BAS) sensitivity and brain activity during task switching. BAS sensitivity was hypothesized to modulate activity in brain regions involved in cognitive flexibility, including anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus and striatum. Twenty-eight healthy participants underwent fMRI while performing a switching task devised by Barceló et al. (2008). BAS sensitivity was measured with the Sensitivity to Reward (SR) scale from the SPSRQ (Torrubia et al., 2001). The task yielded the expected behavioral switch costs and brain activity in fronto-striatal regions associated with the switching cue. SR scores were negatively associated with brain activity during task switching in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and right anterior insula. These results indicate that BAS sensitivity may modulate cognitive processes occurring in brain areas commonly involved in attention, working memory and cognitive flexibility. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.212
Behavioral plasticity and personality traits in Trust Game P. Shih, J.M. Caperos, S. Sánchez Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain In a recent paper, Ferguson, Heckman and Corr (2011) propose an integrative framework for incorporating concepts and methods from biology, evolutionary theory and economics to address key issues in personality psychology. In this study, we tackle one of the topics posed in the paper: ’’the expression of behavior associated with traits across contexts’’. Specifically, we examine the relationship between personality traits and behavioral plasticity. 216 undergraduate students completed the Trust Game across three conditions: neutral, cooperative-equality and cooperative-unequality. In addition, the participants filled out the NEO-FFI and completed the Dot-MatrixTest. We observed significant correlations (p < .05) between behavioral plasticity index (absolute value of differences between conditions) and Neuroticism (r= .154), Openness (r=.145), and WorkingMemory (r=.178). The results are consistent with the idea that the mean level of the trait may affect behavioral plasticity (Ferguson et al., 2011). Strong conclusions could not be drawn from this exploratory study, but would encourage further studies. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.213
Belief and ability: A closer look at the predictive power of motivation constructs on school achievement in a Chinese sample Y. Su, W. Johnson, J. Shi, F.M. Spinath Saarland University, Germany
Intelligence is consistently related to school achievement. However, Dweck has pointed out that students’ beliefs about whether intelligence is fixed or malleable are important to academic success regardless of intelligence. Bearing in mind the stability of individual differences in measured intelligence, we aimed to address how students’ beliefs about the efficacy of effort, self-perceptions of ability, and measured intelligence affect their school achievement. In a sample of 199 first-year middle-school students from an open neighborhood school in Beijing, we found that students’ beliefs about the efficacy of effort and self-perceptions of ability were highly correlated, and each was moderately correlated with intelligence. Intelligence explained about 16% of the variance in both Chinese and Math achievement, but students’ beliefs and self-perceptions still explained an additional 13% of the variance in Math and 14% in Chinese achievement. We discuss the theoretical implications of these results. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.214
Beneficial effect of trait worry on episodic retrieval: A link overshadowed by trait anxiety P. Pajkossy, M. Racsmány Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary We investigated how individual differences in anxiety affect different forms of episodic retrieval. Specifically, we measured the level of trait anxiety and trait worry using well-known scales of these constructs and observed their impact on tasks requiring the recognition, cued recall or free recall of previously presented information. In a series of three experiments, using multiple linear regression analysis, we consistently found that trait anxiety and trait worry exert an opposite partial effect on free recall performance, a pattern referred to as suppression (e.g. McFatter, 1979, Tzelgov& Henik, 1991). Our results thus show that once the level of trait anxiety is controlled, higher levels of trait worry are associated with better performance in episodic memory tasks requiring effortful, strategic retrieval. We interpret our results using the cognitive avoidance theory of worry (Borkovec, Ray & Stöber, 1998) and the attentional control theory of anxiety (Eysenck et al., 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.215
Can schizotypy be extracted from the natural language? J. Medjedovic, M. Aleksic, D. Meskovic, Z. Ljubicic, D. Deh, B. Regoje, I. Adzemovic Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Serbia An extensive search for schizotypy descriptors in the lexicon of Serbian language was conducted. One hundred and fiftysix candidate terms were found and transformed into questionnaire items. Those items were administrated to the sample of 410 participants (67% females, mean age 22.2 years, SD = 4.46), together with the existing measures of schizotypy traits and basic personality traits (HEXACO personality framework). Parallel analysis, performed on the results of exploratory principal component analysis, suggested that the optimal representation of the latent space of the schizotypy descriptors is constituted of ten dimensions. They were rotated in the promax position and interpreted as: Depressiveness, Oddity, Derangement, Magical Thinking, Hyperemotionality, Social Anhedonia, Mania, Daydreaming, Forgetfulness and Odd Speech. All content of the components was validated by significant positive correlations with existing schizotypy measures, and by irreducibility of schizotypy to basic personality traits. Conceptual