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Behavioral and neural correlates of attractiveness judgement: An ERP study
100
IOP 2016
associated with aging. The cued GO/NOGO paradigm represents one of the experimental tools for studying brain operations during proactive and reactive cognitive control. In order to test hypotheses ERP correlates of cognitive control in the visual GO/NOGO task were studied in a large group of healthy subjects (N=454) of age from 18 to 84 years old. To demonstrate gradual changes of ERP waves and their components with age the whole group is divided into five age groups: 18-23, 24-33, 34-50, 51-60 and 61-84 years. The ERP waves of cognitive control such N2Cue, P3Cue, CNV-O, CNV-E, N2NOGO, P3NOGO and other were decomposed into latent components by means a blind source separation method. The behavioral performance and reaction time is roughly similar for the different age groups so that anticipated neurophysiological differences cannot be attributed to different performance levels. The processing speed hypothesis was supported by the finding that latencies of all cognitive control components increase with age: early components at 8 ms per decade while late components at 20 ms per decade. The compensatory hypothesis of aging was supported by the observation that amplitudes of the components localized in the posterior areas decrease with age, whereas the amplitudes of the components localized in the prefrontal cortical areas increase with age in order to keep the performance in this task at relatively stable level. We can speculate about the functional meaning of the latent components and their parts based on a loose association with previous studies of ERP waves. The next step to study the functional meaning of the components would be to manipulate the stimulus properties and task conditions. One of the ways would be to correlate the latent components of healthy subjects with components from GO/NOGO task in a group of patients with different types of disorders (developmental, personality etc.). Russian Science Foundation (grant RSF № 16-15-10213) supported the research.
latency values were measured. GMV of left and right thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens were measured using an automatic segmentation toolkit called FIRST (FMRIB’s Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool) based on FSL (FMRIB Software Library). Results: Repeated measures of ANOVA revealed main GROUP effects on P300 amplitudes [F(1.46) = 5.702; p = 0.021] and P300 latencies [F(1.46) = 20.853; p = 0.000]. MCI patients had lower amplitude values at F3, Fz, F4, C3, P4, O2 electrode locations (p b 0.05) and prolonged latencies at all frontal, central and parietal electrode sites (p b 0.02) compared to healthy controls. MCI patients showed reduced GMV in bilateral thalamus, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens compared with healthy controls (p b 0.02). Furthermore, negative correlations were observed between P300 latency over all frontal, central and parietal locations and GMV in the left hippocampus (-0.35). Conclusion: Amnestic MCI patients demonstrated decreased amplitudes and prolonged latencies of P300 compared to healthy controls. Subcortical gray matter reductions were also observed in MCI and subcortical GMV was correlated with P300 latency and amplitude. The present study provides further support to the clinical use of EEG/ERPs in AD/MCI and the combined use of MRI volumetry and EEG/ERPs can lead to a better discrimination between MCI and normal aging. Acknowledgements: This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Grant no: 112S459). The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) supported this study (Grant no: 112S459). doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.306
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.305
307 304 P300 responses are associated with subcortical gray matter volume in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and normal aging Derya Durusu Emek-Savaa,b, Berrin Çavuşoğlub, Duygu Hünerlib, Deniz Yerlikayab,c, Arife Gökçeoğlub, Ezgi Fideb, Emel Adad, Gorsev G. Yenerb,e,f a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey b Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey c Department of Electroneurophysiology, School of Health, Izmir University, Izmir, Turkey d Department of Radiology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey e Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey f Brain Dynamics Multidisciplinary Research Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey Background: Previous studies demostrated decreased amplitudes and prolonged latencies of the event-related potential (ERP) component P300 in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Recent research reported volume differences of subcortical gray matter in AD and MCI, in addition to the well-known cortical atrophy. The present study investigated auditory P300 responses and their relationship with subcortical gray matter volumes (GMV) in amnestic MCI patients and healthy controls. Methods: Twenty-six patients with amnestic MCI and 22 age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls participated. EEG was recorded from F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4, O1, Oz and O2 electrode sites, using a classical auditory oddball paradigm and P300 amplitude and
Behavioral and neural correlates of attractiveness judgement: An ERP study Takayuki Sekiguchia, Hiroaki Shojib Graduate School of Education, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan b College of Education, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
a
Previous studies have shown that a late positive potential (LPP) is elicited by emotional stimuli. Furthermore, Sugimoto & Nittono (2008) revealed that a larger LPP was induced for an attractive object. However, it remains unclear whether the LPP is modulated by biased judgement so that more objects are judged to be attractive. Therefore, we examined neural correlates of behavioral characteristics on attractive judgement. 14 student volunteers (7 men and 7 women, 18–23 years old, mean age 20.6 years) participated in this experiment. 120 color pictures composed of 4 categories (animals, foods, general goods, and sweets) were used as stimuli. A picture within each category was presented for 1500 ms on 19inch CRT display in random order, followed by a fixation crosshatch for 500 ms. After that, participants were asked to press a button with their left or right thumb to judge whether the presented object was attractive or unattractive for them when a question mark was presented for 1000 ms. A session was comprised of 30 trials in each category. In order to confirm repeatability of the attractiveness judgement, a session in each category repeated twice, i.e., 8 sessions in total 240 trials were performed. EEG recordings were recorded from 19 scalp locations with Ag/AgCl sintered ring electrodes. The EEG data were mathematically rereferenced to linked earlobes. Horizontal and vertical EOGs were also recorded simultaneously. EEGs were filtered between 0.05 and 50 Hz in frequency, and digitized at a rate of 500 Hz. The period between 200 ms before and 1500 ms after the onset of the picture presentation was averaged separately by attractiveness judgement. The mean amplitude
IOP 2016
of LPP was calculated at each electrode site within the time window of 500-700 ms after stimulus onset. Based on the attractive judgement, participants were separated into two groups as followed. (1) The biased judgement group (n=7): the difference between the attractive and unattractive judgement was large (more than 10 %). (2) The non-biased judgement group (n=7): the attractive and unattractive judgement was almost equal ratio (less than 10%). In the non-biased group, LPP amplitude for the attractive judgement was significantly larger than that for the unattractive judgement at frontcentral area. On the other hand, in the biased group, such a larger LPP was not observed for the attractive judgement. These results suggested that biased judgement on attractiveness might affect the LPP amplitude. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.307
310 Transcranial Alternating current stimulation (tACS) as a tool to modulate P300 amplitude and latency Fabian Poppa, Isa M. Dallmer-Zerbea, Christoph S. Herrmanna,b,c a Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany b Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany c Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany The P300 is a component of an event-related potential (ERP) occurring 300 – 900 ms after stimulus onset in the electroencephalogram (EEG). It is evoked by infrequent random stimuli embedded in frequent stimuli in an oddball paradigm. P300 amplitude and latency has been associated to probability and task relevance of a stimulus and processing speed, respectively. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been shown to modulate brain oscillations, in particular shifting frequencies and increasing amplitudes of endogenous oscillations. In a novel approach, we attempted to modulate an ERP component using tACS. Therefore, tACS was applied to enhance amplitude and latency of the P300 using a multi-electrode configuration corresponding to the topography of the P300. Thus, an inner and an outer ring of electrodes around Pz each consisting of 6 Ag/AgCl electrodes was used for stimulation. 11 subjects (6 female) were performing three blocks of a visual oddball task, receiving stimulation in the second block whereas EEG was recorded during the whole experiment. Individual stimulation parameters were determined using a time-frequency decomposition of the baseline data of the first block. A time-frequency decomposition of the data from the first block revealed the frequency of the P300 component. This led to the individual stimulation frequency in the delta (1-4 Hz) or theta range (4-8 Hz) with a constant stimulation intensity of 1 mA across all subjects. TACS was applied in phase to the endogenous peaks of the P300. P300 latency decreased significantly after stimulation (p = 0.04). Additionally, an amplitude increase is apparent descriptively. Hence, this study indicates that additionally to brain oscillations also ERPs can be modulated using tACS. Amplitude and latency of the P300 are altered in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), who show an increase in latency and a decrease in amplitude compared to healthy controls. Since this study demonstrated that the P300 could be modulated by tACS, we provide a potential method to treat symptoms in ADHD patients.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.308
101
311 Spatial differentiation of sensory discrimination and comparison in working memory in GoNogo task: an fMRI study Maxim V. Kireeva,b, Natalia V. Medvedevaa, Ruslan S. Masharipova, Alexander D. Korotkova, Juri D. Kropotova,c,d, Svyatoslav V. Medvedeva a N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia b St.Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia c Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway d Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland Cognitive control over behavior allows for the flexible adaption of ongoing action to behavioral goals. The key aspect of this control is the ability to inhibit prepared actions in order to achieve goals in a rapidlychanging environment. The specific role of particular brain regions in action inhibition/stopping or their functional connections has been extensively studied (Cieslik et al., 2015, Swick et al. 2011), while the issue of the brain basis of environmentally- or voluntary-driven inhibitory processes remains unclear. In recent ERP studies, it was demonstrated that hypothetical operations of category discrimination, in comparison with working memory and action-selection operations, are associated with the specific latent ERP-components revealed in delayed match to sample task, which assumes the inhibition of a prepared response (Kropotov J.D., 2013, 2015). The present fMRI study was aimed at assessing such differentiation at the level of functional neuroanatomy. A two stimuli match-to-sample (s1-s2) task was used to model processes of sensory discrimination and working memory comparison. Identity of s1s2 stimuli determined whether an action should be executed. Therefore, the representation of a particular image is retained in the working memory and appearance of any other non-identical image will lead to a mismatch and inhibition of prepared action. Twenty-one healthy subjects participated in the present fMRI study. Data were acquired with a Philips Achieva 3 T scanner. Statistical parametric maps were computed using SPM12 and were thresholded at p b 0.001. The comparison of s1-s2 matched and s1-s2 mismatched NoGo conditions revealed that a mismatch between incoming visual stimulus and retained representation of the expected target stimulus was associated with an increased activity in left and right parahippocampal gyri, middle precuneus/cingulate cortex (corresponding cluster level FWE corrected p-values: p = 0.021 and p = 0.001, p = 0.002). In addition, when the presented stimuli in s1-s2 pair were different, the activation of fusiform gyri was observed during both waiting for target stimulus for the action and for a trial completion when no action was prepared (p = 0.001 FWE corrected). The obtained results demonstrate for the first time a spatial differentiation of the operations of sensory discrimination and sensory comparison with the expected template, which was associated with activity within the fusiform and parahippocampal gyri, respectively. Revealed findings complement previous ERP data and demonstrate how action inhibition can rely on processes of comparison of presented images with its mental template. Acknowledgments: this study was supported by the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation# 14-06-00915a. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.309
312 Variations of EEG complexity across the 24 hr-cycle in patients with disorders of consciousness Manuel Schabusa, Tomasz Wieleka, Peter Ottb, Julia Lechingera, Stefan Wegenkittlb
IOP 2016
associated with aging. The cued GO/NOGO paradigm represents one of the experimental tools for studying brain operations during proactive and reactive cognitive control. In order to test hypotheses ERP correlates of cognitive control in the visual GO/NOGO task were studied in a large group of healthy subjects (N=454) of age from 18 to 84 years old. To demonstrate gradual changes of ERP waves and their components with age the whole group is divided into five age groups: 18-23, 24-33, 34-50, 51-60 and 61-84 years. The ERP waves of cognitive control such N2Cue, P3Cue, CNV-O, CNV-E, N2NOGO, P3NOGO and other were decomposed into latent components by means a blind source separation method. The behavioral performance and reaction time is roughly similar for the different age groups so that anticipated neurophysiological differences cannot be attributed to different performance levels. The processing speed hypothesis was supported by the finding that latencies of all cognitive control components increase with age: early components at 8 ms per decade while late components at 20 ms per decade. The compensatory hypothesis of aging was supported by the observation that amplitudes of the components localized in the posterior areas decrease with age, whereas the amplitudes of the components localized in the prefrontal cortical areas increase with age in order to keep the performance in this task at relatively stable level. We can speculate about the functional meaning of the latent components and their parts based on a loose association with previous studies of ERP waves. The next step to study the functional meaning of the components would be to manipulate the stimulus properties and task conditions. One of the ways would be to correlate the latent components of healthy subjects with components from GO/NOGO task in a group of patients with different types of disorders (developmental, personality etc.). Russian Science Foundation (grant RSF № 16-15-10213) supported the research.
latency values were measured. GMV of left and right thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens were measured using an automatic segmentation toolkit called FIRST (FMRIB’s Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool) based on FSL (FMRIB Software Library). Results: Repeated measures of ANOVA revealed main GROUP effects on P300 amplitudes [F(1.46) = 5.702; p = 0.021] and P300 latencies [F(1.46) = 20.853; p = 0.000]. MCI patients had lower amplitude values at F3, Fz, F4, C3, P4, O2 electrode locations (p b 0.05) and prolonged latencies at all frontal, central and parietal electrode sites (p b 0.02) compared to healthy controls. MCI patients showed reduced GMV in bilateral thalamus, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens compared with healthy controls (p b 0.02). Furthermore, negative correlations were observed between P300 latency over all frontal, central and parietal locations and GMV in the left hippocampus (-0.35). Conclusion: Amnestic MCI patients demonstrated decreased amplitudes and prolonged latencies of P300 compared to healthy controls. Subcortical gray matter reductions were also observed in MCI and subcortical GMV was correlated with P300 latency and amplitude. The present study provides further support to the clinical use of EEG/ERPs in AD/MCI and the combined use of MRI volumetry and EEG/ERPs can lead to a better discrimination between MCI and normal aging. Acknowledgements: This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Grant no: 112S459). The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) supported this study (Grant no: 112S459). doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.306
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.305
307 304 P300 responses are associated with subcortical gray matter volume in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and normal aging Derya Durusu Emek-Savaa,b, Berrin Çavuşoğlub, Duygu Hünerlib, Deniz Yerlikayab,c, Arife Gökçeoğlub, Ezgi Fideb, Emel Adad, Gorsev G. Yenerb,e,f a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey b Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey c Department of Electroneurophysiology, School of Health, Izmir University, Izmir, Turkey d Department of Radiology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey e Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey f Brain Dynamics Multidisciplinary Research Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey Background: Previous studies demostrated decreased amplitudes and prolonged latencies of the event-related potential (ERP) component P300 in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Recent research reported volume differences of subcortical gray matter in AD and MCI, in addition to the well-known cortical atrophy. The present study investigated auditory P300 responses and their relationship with subcortical gray matter volumes (GMV) in amnestic MCI patients and healthy controls. Methods: Twenty-six patients with amnestic MCI and 22 age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls participated. EEG was recorded from F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4, O1, Oz and O2 electrode sites, using a classical auditory oddball paradigm and P300 amplitude and
Behavioral and neural correlates of attractiveness judgement: An ERP study Takayuki Sekiguchia, Hiroaki Shojib Graduate School of Education, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan b College of Education, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
a
Previous studies have shown that a late positive potential (LPP) is elicited by emotional stimuli. Furthermore, Sugimoto & Nittono (2008) revealed that a larger LPP was induced for an attractive object. However, it remains unclear whether the LPP is modulated by biased judgement so that more objects are judged to be attractive. Therefore, we examined neural correlates of behavioral characteristics on attractive judgement. 14 student volunteers (7 men and 7 women, 18–23 years old, mean age 20.6 years) participated in this experiment. 120 color pictures composed of 4 categories (animals, foods, general goods, and sweets) were used as stimuli. A picture within each category was presented for 1500 ms on 19inch CRT display in random order, followed by a fixation crosshatch for 500 ms. After that, participants were asked to press a button with their left or right thumb to judge whether the presented object was attractive or unattractive for them when a question mark was presented for 1000 ms. A session was comprised of 30 trials in each category. In order to confirm repeatability of the attractiveness judgement, a session in each category repeated twice, i.e., 8 sessions in total 240 trials were performed. EEG recordings were recorded from 19 scalp locations with Ag/AgCl sintered ring electrodes. The EEG data were mathematically rereferenced to linked earlobes. Horizontal and vertical EOGs were also recorded simultaneously. EEGs were filtered between 0.05 and 50 Hz in frequency, and digitized at a rate of 500 Hz. The period between 200 ms before and 1500 ms after the onset of the picture presentation was averaged separately by attractiveness judgement. The mean amplitude
IOP 2016
of LPP was calculated at each electrode site within the time window of 500-700 ms after stimulus onset. Based on the attractive judgement, participants were separated into two groups as followed. (1) The biased judgement group (n=7): the difference between the attractive and unattractive judgement was large (more than 10 %). (2) The non-biased judgement group (n=7): the attractive and unattractive judgement was almost equal ratio (less than 10%). In the non-biased group, LPP amplitude for the attractive judgement was significantly larger than that for the unattractive judgement at frontcentral area. On the other hand, in the biased group, such a larger LPP was not observed for the attractive judgement. These results suggested that biased judgement on attractiveness might affect the LPP amplitude. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.307
310 Transcranial Alternating current stimulation (tACS) as a tool to modulate P300 amplitude and latency Fabian Poppa, Isa M. Dallmer-Zerbea, Christoph S. Herrmanna,b,c a Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany b Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany c Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany The P300 is a component of an event-related potential (ERP) occurring 300 – 900 ms after stimulus onset in the electroencephalogram (EEG). It is evoked by infrequent random stimuli embedded in frequent stimuli in an oddball paradigm. P300 amplitude and latency has been associated to probability and task relevance of a stimulus and processing speed, respectively. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been shown to modulate brain oscillations, in particular shifting frequencies and increasing amplitudes of endogenous oscillations. In a novel approach, we attempted to modulate an ERP component using tACS. Therefore, tACS was applied to enhance amplitude and latency of the P300 using a multi-electrode configuration corresponding to the topography of the P300. Thus, an inner and an outer ring of electrodes around Pz each consisting of 6 Ag/AgCl electrodes was used for stimulation. 11 subjects (6 female) were performing three blocks of a visual oddball task, receiving stimulation in the second block whereas EEG was recorded during the whole experiment. Individual stimulation parameters were determined using a time-frequency decomposition of the baseline data of the first block. A time-frequency decomposition of the data from the first block revealed the frequency of the P300 component. This led to the individual stimulation frequency in the delta (1-4 Hz) or theta range (4-8 Hz) with a constant stimulation intensity of 1 mA across all subjects. TACS was applied in phase to the endogenous peaks of the P300. P300 latency decreased significantly after stimulation (p = 0.04). Additionally, an amplitude increase is apparent descriptively. Hence, this study indicates that additionally to brain oscillations also ERPs can be modulated using tACS. Amplitude and latency of the P300 are altered in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), who show an increase in latency and a decrease in amplitude compared to healthy controls. Since this study demonstrated that the P300 could be modulated by tACS, we provide a potential method to treat symptoms in ADHD patients.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.308
101
311 Spatial differentiation of sensory discrimination and comparison in working memory in GoNogo task: an fMRI study Maxim V. Kireeva,b, Natalia V. Medvedevaa, Ruslan S. Masharipova, Alexander D. Korotkova, Juri D. Kropotova,c,d, Svyatoslav V. Medvedeva a N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia b St.Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia c Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway d Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland Cognitive control over behavior allows for the flexible adaption of ongoing action to behavioral goals. The key aspect of this control is the ability to inhibit prepared actions in order to achieve goals in a rapidlychanging environment. The specific role of particular brain regions in action inhibition/stopping or their functional connections has been extensively studied (Cieslik et al., 2015, Swick et al. 2011), while the issue of the brain basis of environmentally- or voluntary-driven inhibitory processes remains unclear. In recent ERP studies, it was demonstrated that hypothetical operations of category discrimination, in comparison with working memory and action-selection operations, are associated with the specific latent ERP-components revealed in delayed match to sample task, which assumes the inhibition of a prepared response (Kropotov J.D., 2013, 2015). The present fMRI study was aimed at assessing such differentiation at the level of functional neuroanatomy. A two stimuli match-to-sample (s1-s2) task was used to model processes of sensory discrimination and working memory comparison. Identity of s1s2 stimuli determined whether an action should be executed. Therefore, the representation of a particular image is retained in the working memory and appearance of any other non-identical image will lead to a mismatch and inhibition of prepared action. Twenty-one healthy subjects participated in the present fMRI study. Data were acquired with a Philips Achieva 3 T scanner. Statistical parametric maps were computed using SPM12 and were thresholded at p b 0.001. The comparison of s1-s2 matched and s1-s2 mismatched NoGo conditions revealed that a mismatch between incoming visual stimulus and retained representation of the expected target stimulus was associated with an increased activity in left and right parahippocampal gyri, middle precuneus/cingulate cortex (corresponding cluster level FWE corrected p-values: p = 0.021 and p = 0.001, p = 0.002). In addition, when the presented stimuli in s1-s2 pair were different, the activation of fusiform gyri was observed during both waiting for target stimulus for the action and for a trial completion when no action was prepared (p = 0.001 FWE corrected). The obtained results demonstrate for the first time a spatial differentiation of the operations of sensory discrimination and sensory comparison with the expected template, which was associated with activity within the fusiform and parahippocampal gyri, respectively. Revealed findings complement previous ERP data and demonstrate how action inhibition can rely on processes of comparison of presented images with its mental template. Acknowledgments: this study was supported by the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation# 14-06-00915a. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.309
312 Variations of EEG complexity across the 24 hr-cycle in patients with disorders of consciousness Manuel Schabusa, Tomasz Wieleka, Peter Ottb, Julia Lechingera, Stefan Wegenkittlb